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Deterministic Compressed Sensing

Report ID:
TR-911-11
Authors:
Date:
August 2011
Pages:
209
Download Formats:
[PDF]

Abstract:

The central goal of compressed sensing is to capture attributes of a signal using very
few measurements. The initial publications by Donoho and by Candes and Tao have
been followed by applications to image compression, data streaming, medical signal
processing, digital communication and many others. The emphasis has been on random
sensing but the limitations of this framework include performance guarantees,
storage requirements, and computational cost. This thesis will describe two deterministic
alternatives.

The first alternative is based on expander graphs. We first show how expander graphs
are appropriate for compressed sensing in terms of providing explicit and ecient
sensing matrices as well as simple and efficient recovery algorithms. We show that
by reformulating signal reconstruction as a zero-sum game we can efficiently recover
any sparse vector. We provide a saddle-point reformulation of the expander-based
sparse approximation problem, and propose an efficient expander-based sparse approximation
algorithm, called the GAME algorithm. We show that the restricted
isometry property of expander matrices in the `1-norm ensures that the GAME algorithm
always recovers a sparse approximation to the optimal solution with an `1=`1
data-domain approximation guarantee.

We also demonstrate resilience to Poisson noise. The Poisson noise model is appropriate
for a variety of applications, including low-light imaging and digital streaming,
where the signal-independent and/or bounded noise models used in the compressed
sensing literature are no longer applicable. We develop a novel sensing paradigm
based on expander graphs and propose a MAP algorithm for recovering sparse or
compressible signals from Poisson observations. We support our results with experimental
demonstrations of reconstructing average packet arrival rates and instantaneous
packet counts at a router in a communication network, where the arrivals of
packets in each
ow follow a Poisson process.

The second alternative is based on error correcting codes. We show that deterministic
sensing matrices based on second order Reed Muller codes optimize average
case performance. We also describe a very simple algorithm, one-step thresholding,
that succeeds in average case model selection and sparse approximation, where more
sophisticated algorithms, developed in the context of random sensing, fail completely.

Finally, we provide an algorithmic framework for structured sparse recovery, where
some extra prior knowledge about the sparse vector is also available. Our algorithm,
called Nesterov Iterative Hard-Thresholding (NIHT) uses the gradient information
in the convex data error objective to navigate over the non-convex set of structured
sparse signals. Experiments show however that NIHT can empirically outperform
`1-minimization and other state-of-the-art convex optimization-based algorithms in
sparse recovery.

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