Library Coq.Lists.List
Require Import Le Gt Minus Min Bool.
Require Import Setoid.
Set Implicit Arguments.
Section Lists.
Variable A : Type.
Inductive list : Type :=
| nil : list
| cons : A -> list -> list.
Infix "::" := cons (at level 60, right associativity) : list_scope.
Open Scope list_scope.
Head and tail
Definition head (l:list) :=
match l with
| nil => error
| x :: _ => value x
end.
Definition hd (default:A) (l:list) :=
match l with
| nil => default
| x :: _ => x
end.
Definition tail (l:list) : list :=
match l with
| nil => nil
| a :: m => m
end.
Length of lists
Fixpoint length (l:list) : nat :=
match l with
| nil => 0
| _ :: m => S (length m)
end.
The
In predicate
Fixpoint In (a:A) (l:list) {struct l} : Prop :=
match l with
| nil => False
| b :: m => b = a \/ In a m
end.
Concatenation of two lists
Fixpoint app (l m:list) {struct l} : list :=
match l with
| nil => m
| a :: l1 => a :: app l1 m
end.
Infix "++" := app (right associativity, at level 60) : list_scope.
End Lists.
Exporting list notations and tactics
Implicit Arguments nil [A].
Infix "::" := cons (at level 60, right associativity) : list_scope.
Infix "++" := app (right associativity, at level 60) : list_scope.
Ltac now_show c := change c in |- *.
Open Scope list_scope.
Delimit Scope list_scope with list.
Bind Scope list_scope with list.
Arguments Scope list [type_scope].
Section Facts.
Variable A : Type.
Discrimination
Theorem nil_cons : forall (x:A) (l:list A), nil <> x :: l.
Proof.
intros; discriminate.
Qed.
Destruction
Theorem destruct_list : forall l : list A, {x:A & {tl:list A | l = x::tl}}+{l = nil}.
Proof.
induction l as [|a tl].
right; reflexivity.
left; exists a; exists tl; reflexivity.
Qed.
Theorem head_nil : head (@nil A) = None.
Proof.
simpl; reflexivity.
Qed.
Theorem head_cons : forall (l : list A) (x : A), head (x::l) = Some x.
Proof.
intros; simpl; reflexivity.
Qed.
Characterization of
In
Theorem in_eq : forall (a:A) (l:list A), In a (a :: l).
Proof.
simpl in |- *; auto.
Qed.
Theorem in_cons : forall (a b:A) (l:list A), In b l -> In b (a :: l).
Proof.
simpl in |- *; auto.
Qed.
Theorem in_nil : forall a:A, ~ In a nil.
Proof.
unfold not in |- *; intros a H; inversion_clear H.
Qed.
Lemma In_split : forall x (l:list A), In x l -> exists l1, exists l2, l = l1++x::l2.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; destruct 1.
subst a; auto.
exists (@nil A); exists l; auto.
destruct (IHl H) as (l1,(l2,H0)).
exists (a::l1); exists l2; simpl; f_equal; auto.
Qed.
Inversion
Theorem in_inv : forall (a b:A) (l:list A), In b (a :: l) -> a = b \/ In b l.
Proof.
intros a b l H; inversion_clear H; auto.
Qed.
Decidability of
In
Theorem In_dec :
(forall x y:A, {x = y} + {x <> y}) ->
forall (a:A) (l:list A), {In a l} + {~ In a l}.
Proof.
intro H; induction l as [| a0 l IHl].
right; apply in_nil.
destruct (H a0 a); simpl in |- *; auto.
destruct IHl; simpl in |- *; auto.
right; unfold not in |- *; intros [Hc1| Hc2]; auto.
Defined.
Discrimination
Theorem app_cons_not_nil : forall (x y:list A) (a:A), nil <> x ++ a :: y.
Proof.
unfold not in |- *.
destruct x as [| a l]; simpl in |- *; intros.
discriminate H.
discriminate H.
Qed.
Concat with
nil
Theorem app_nil_end : forall l:list A, l = l ++ nil.
Proof.
induction l; simpl in |- *; auto.
rewrite <- IHl; auto.
Qed.
app is associative
Theorem app_ass : forall l m n:list A, (l ++ m) ++ n = l ++ m ++ n.
Proof.
intros. induction l; simpl in |- *; auto.
now_show (a :: (l ++ m) ++ n = a :: l ++ m ++ n).
rewrite <- IHl; auto.
Qed.
Hint Resolve app_ass.
Theorem ass_app : forall l m n:list A, l ++ m ++ n = (l ++ m) ++ n.
Proof.
auto using app_ass.
Qed.
app commutes with cons
Theorem app_comm_cons : forall (x y:list A) (a:A), a :: (x ++ y) = (a :: x) ++ y.
Proof.
auto.
Qed.
Facts deduced from the result of a concatenation
Theorem app_eq_nil : forall l l':list A, l ++ l' = nil -> l = nil /\ l' = nil.
Proof.
destruct l as [| x l]; destruct l' as [| y l']; simpl in |- *; auto.
intro; discriminate.
intros H; discriminate H.
Qed.
Theorem app_eq_unit :
forall (x y:list A) (a:A),
x ++ y = a :: nil -> x = nil /\ y = a :: nil \/ x = a :: nil /\ y = nil.
Proof.
destruct x as [| a l]; [ destruct y as [| a l] | destruct y as [| a0 l0] ];
simpl in |- *.
intros a H; discriminate H.
left; split; auto.
right; split; auto.
generalize H.
generalize (app_nil_end l); intros E.
rewrite <- E; auto.
intros.
injection H.
intro.
cut (nil = l ++ a0 :: l0); auto.
intro.
generalize (app_cons_not_nil _ _ _ H1); intro.
elim H2.
Qed.
Lemma app_inj_tail :
forall (x y:list A) (a b:A), x ++ a :: nil = y ++ b :: nil -> x = y /\ a = b.
Proof.
induction x as [| x l IHl];
[ destruct y as [| a l] | destruct y as [| a l0] ];
simpl in |- *; auto.
intros a b H.
injection H.
auto.
intros a0 b H.
injection H; intros.
generalize (app_cons_not_nil _ _ _ H0); destruct 1.
intros a b H.
injection H; intros.
cut (nil = l ++ a :: nil); auto.
intro.
generalize (app_cons_not_nil _ _ _ H2); destruct 1.
intros a0 b H.
injection H; intros.
destruct (IHl l0 a0 b H0).
split; auto.
rewrite <- H1; rewrite <- H2; reflexivity.
Qed.
Compatibility wtih other operations
Lemma app_length : forall l l' : list A, length (l++l') = length l + length l'.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto.
Qed.
Lemma in_app_or : forall (l m:list A) (a:A), In a (l ++ m) -> In a l \/ In a m.
Proof.
intros l m a.
elim l; simpl in |- *; auto.
intros a0 y H H0.
now_show ((a0 = a \/ In a y) \/ In a m).
elim H0; auto.
intro H1.
now_show ((a0 = a \/ In a y) \/ In a m).
elim (H H1); auto.
Qed.
Lemma in_or_app : forall (l m:list A) (a:A), In a l \/ In a m -> In a (l ++ m).
Proof.
intros l m a.
elim l; simpl in |- *; intro H.
now_show (In a m).
elim H; auto; intro H0.
now_show (In a m).
elim H0.
intros y H0 H1.
now_show (H = a \/ In a (y ++ m)).
elim H1; auto 4.
intro H2.
now_show (H = a \/ In a (y ++ m)).
elim H2; auto.
Qed.
End Facts.
Hint Resolve app_nil_end ass_app app_ass: datatypes v62.
Hint Resolve app_comm_cons app_cons_not_nil: datatypes v62.
Hint Immediate app_eq_nil: datatypes v62.
Hint Resolve app_eq_unit app_inj_tail: datatypes v62.
Hint Resolve in_eq in_cons in_inv in_nil in_app_or in_or_app: datatypes v62.
Section Elts.
Variable A : Type.
Fixpoint nth (n:nat) (l:list A) (default:A) {struct l} : A :=
match n, l with
| O, x :: l' => x
| O, other => default
| S m, nil => default
| S m, x :: t => nth m t default
end.
Fixpoint nth_ok (n:nat) (l:list A) (default:A) {struct l} : bool :=
match n, l with
| O, x :: l' => true
| O, other => false
| S m, nil => false
| S m, x :: t => nth_ok m t default
end.
Lemma nth_in_or_default :
forall (n:nat) (l:list A) (d:A), {In (nth n l d) l} + {nth n l d = d}.
Proof.
intros n l d; generalize n; induction l; intro n0.
right; case n0; trivial.
case n0; simpl in |- *.
auto.
intro n1; elim (IHl n1); auto.
Qed.
Lemma nth_S_cons :
forall (n:nat) (l:list A) (d a:A),
In (nth n l d) l -> In (nth (S n) (a :: l) d) (a :: l).
Proof.
simpl in |- *; auto.
Qed.
Fixpoint nth_error (l:list A) (n:nat) {struct n} : Exc A :=
match n, l with
| O, x :: _ => value x
| S n, _ :: l => nth_error l n
| _, _ => error
end.
Definition nth_default (default:A) (l:list A) (n:nat) : A :=
match nth_error l n with
| Some x => x
| None => default
end.
Lemma nth_In :
forall (n:nat) (l:list A) (d:A), n < length l -> In (nth n l d) l.
Proof.
unfold lt in |- *; induction n as [| n hn]; simpl in |- *.
destruct l; simpl in |- *; [ inversion 2 | auto ].
destruct l as [| a l hl]; simpl in |- *.
inversion 2.
intros d ie; right; apply hn; auto with arith.
Qed.
Lemma nth_overflow : forall l n d, length l <= n -> nth n l d = d.
Proof.
induction l; destruct n; simpl; intros; auto.
inversion H.
apply IHl; auto with arith.
Qed.
Lemma nth_indep :
forall l n d d', n < length l -> nth n l d = nth n l d'.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; intros; auto.
inversion H.
destruct n; simpl; auto with arith.
Qed.
Lemma app_nth1 :
forall l l' d n, n < length l -> nth n (l++l') d = nth n l d.
Proof.
induction l.
intros.
inversion H.
intros l' d n.
case n; simpl; auto.
intros; rewrite IHl; auto with arith.
Qed.
Lemma app_nth2 :
forall l l' d n, n >= length l -> nth n (l++l') d = nth (n-length l) l' d.
Proof.
induction l.
intros.
simpl.
destruct n; auto.
intros l' d n.
case n; simpl; auto.
intros.
inversion H.
intros.
rewrite IHl; auto with arith.
Qed.
Section Remove.
Hypothesis eq_dec : forall x y : A, {x = y}+{x <> y}.
Fixpoint remove (x : A) (l : list A){struct l} : list A :=
match l with
| nil => nil
| y::tl => if (eq_dec x y) then remove x tl else y::(remove x tl)
end.
Theorem remove_In : forall (l : list A) (x : A), ~ In x (remove x l).
Proof.
induction l as [|x l]; auto.
intro y; simpl; destruct (eq_dec y x) as [yeqx | yneqx].
apply IHl.
unfold not; intro HF; simpl in HF; destruct HF; auto.
apply (IHl y); assumption.
Qed.
End Remove.
last l d returns the last element of the list l,
or the default value d if l is empty.
Fixpoint last (l:list A) (d:A) {struct l} : A :=
match l with
| nil => d
| a :: nil => a
| a :: l => last l d
end.
removelast l remove the last element of l
Fixpoint removelast (l:list A) {struct l} : list A :=
match l with
| nil => nil
| a :: nil => nil
| a :: l => a :: removelast l
end.
Lemma app_removelast_last :
forall l d, l<>nil -> l = removelast l ++ (last l d :: nil).
Proof.
induction l.
destruct 1; auto.
intros d _.
destruct l; auto.
pattern (a0::l) at 1; rewrite IHl with d; auto; discriminate.
Qed.
Lemma exists_last :
forall l, l<>nil -> { l' : (list A) & { a : A | l = l'++a::nil}}.
Proof.
induction l.
destruct 1; auto.
intros _.
destruct l.
exists (@nil A); exists a; auto.
destruct IHl as [l' (a',H)]; try discriminate.
rewrite H.
exists (a::l'); exists a'; auto.
Qed.
Hypotheses eqA_dec : forall x y : A, {x = y}+{x <> y}.
Fixpoint count_occ (l : list A) (x : A){struct l} : nat :=
match l with
| nil => 0
| y :: tl =>
let n := count_occ tl x in
if eqA_dec y x then S n else n
end.
Compatibility of count_occ with operations on list
Theorem count_occ_In : forall (l : list A) (x : A), In x l <-> count_occ l x > 0.
Proof.
induction l as [|y l].
simpl; intros; split; [destruct 1 | apply gt_irrefl].
simpl. intro x; destruct (eqA_dec y x) as [Heq|Hneq].
rewrite Heq; intuition.
rewrite <- (IHl x).
tauto.
Qed.
Theorem count_occ_inv_nil : forall (l : list A), (forall x:A, count_occ l x = 0) <-> l = nil.
Proof.
split.
induction l as [|x l].
trivial.
intro H.
elim (O_S (count_occ l x)).
apply sym_eq.
generalize (H x).
simpl. destruct (eqA_dec x x) as [|HF].
trivial.
elim HF; reflexivity.
intro H; rewrite H; simpl; reflexivity.
Qed.
Lemma count_occ_nil : forall (x : A), count_occ nil x = 0.
Proof.
intro x; simpl; reflexivity.
Qed.
Lemma count_occ_cons_eq : forall (l : list A) (x y : A), x = y -> count_occ (x::l) y = S (count_occ l y).
Proof.
intros l x y H; simpl.
destruct (eqA_dec x y); [reflexivity | contradiction].
Qed.
Lemma count_occ_cons_neq : forall (l : list A) (x y : A), x <> y -> count_occ (x::l) y = count_occ l y.
Proof.
intros l x y H; simpl.
destruct (eqA_dec x y); [contradiction | reflexivity].
Qed.
End Elts.
Section ListOps.
Variable A : Type.
Fixpoint rev (l:list A) : list A :=
match l with
| nil => nil
| x :: l' => rev l' ++ x :: nil
end.
Lemma distr_rev : forall x y:list A, rev (x ++ y) = rev y ++ rev x.
Proof.
induction x as [| a l IHl].
destruct y as [| a l].
simpl in |- *.
auto.
simpl in |- *.
apply app_nil_end; auto.
intro y.
simpl in |- *.
rewrite (IHl y).
apply (app_ass (rev y) (rev l) (a :: nil)).
Qed.
Remark rev_unit : forall (l:list A) (a:A), rev (l ++ a :: nil) = a :: rev l.
Proof.
intros.
apply (distr_rev l (a :: nil)); simpl in |- *; auto.
Qed.
Lemma rev_involutive : forall l:list A, rev (rev l) = l.
Proof.
induction l as [| a l IHl].
simpl in |- *; auto.
simpl in |- *.
rewrite (rev_unit (rev l) a).
rewrite IHl; auto.
Qed.
Compatibility with other operations
Lemma In_rev : forall l x, In x l <-> In x (rev l).
Proof.
induction l.
simpl; intuition.
intros.
simpl.
intuition.
subst.
apply in_or_app; right; simpl; auto.
apply in_or_app; left; firstorder.
destruct (in_app_or _ _ _ H); firstorder.
Qed.
Lemma rev_length : forall l, length (rev l) = length l.
Proof.
induction l;simpl; auto.
rewrite app_length.
rewrite IHl.
simpl.
elim (length l); simpl; auto.
Qed.
Lemma rev_nth : forall l d n, n < length l ->
nth n (rev l) d = nth (length l - S n) l d.
Proof.
induction l.
intros; inversion H.
intros.
simpl in H.
simpl (rev (a :: l)).
simpl (length (a :: l) - S n).
inversion H.
rewrite <- minus_n_n; simpl.
rewrite <- rev_length.
rewrite app_nth2; auto.
rewrite <- minus_n_n; auto.
rewrite app_nth1; auto.
rewrite (minus_plus_simpl_l_reverse (length l) n 1).
replace (1 + length l) with (S (length l)); auto with arith.
rewrite <- minus_Sn_m; auto with arith; simpl.
apply IHl; auto.
rewrite rev_length; auto.
Qed.
An alternative tail-recursive definition for reverse
Fixpoint rev_append (l l': list A) {struct l} : list A :=
match l with
| nil => l'
| a::l => rev_append l (a::l')
end.
Definition rev' l : list A := rev_append l nil.
Notation rev_acc := rev_append (only parsing).
Lemma rev_append_rev : forall l l', rev_acc l l' = rev l ++ l'.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto; intros.
rewrite <- ass_app; firstorder.
Qed.
Notation rev_acc_rev := rev_append_rev (only parsing).
Lemma rev_alt : forall l, rev l = rev_append l nil.
Proof.
intros; rewrite rev_append_rev.
apply app_nil_end.
Qed.
Reverse Induction Principle on Lists
Section Reverse_Induction.
Unset Implicit Arguments.
Lemma rev_list_ind :
forall P:list A-> Prop,
P nil ->
(forall (a:A) (l:list A), P (rev l) -> P (rev (a :: l))) ->
forall l:list A, P (rev l).
Proof.
induction l; auto.
Qed.
Set Implicit Arguments.
Theorem rev_ind :
forall P:list A -> Prop,
P nil ->
(forall (x:A) (l:list A), P l -> P (l ++ x :: nil)) -> forall l:list A, P l.
Proof.
intros.
generalize (rev_involutive l).
intros E; rewrite <- E.
apply (rev_list_ind P).
auto.
simpl in |- *.
intros.
apply (H0 a (rev l0)).
auto.
Qed.
End Reverse_Induction.
Section Permutation.
Inductive Permutation : list A -> list A -> Prop :=
| perm_nil: Permutation nil nil
| perm_skip: forall (x:A) (l l':list A), Permutation l l' -> Permutation (cons x l) (cons x l')
| perm_swap: forall (x y:A) (l:list A), Permutation (cons y (cons x l)) (cons x (cons y l))
| perm_trans: forall (l l' l'':list A), Permutation l l' -> Permutation l' l'' -> Permutation l l''.
Hint Constructors Permutation.
Some facts about
Permutation
Theorem Permutation_nil : forall (l : list A), Permutation nil l -> l = nil.
Proof.
intros l HF.
set (m:=@nil A) in HF; assert (m = nil); [reflexivity|idtac]; clearbody m.
induction HF; try elim (nil_cons (sym_eq H)); auto.
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_nil_cons : forall (l : list A) (x : A), ~ Permutation nil (x::l).
Proof.
unfold not; intros l x HF.
elim (@nil_cons A x l). apply sym_eq. exact (Permutation_nil HF).
Qed.
Permutation over lists is a equivalence relation
Theorem Permutation_refl : forall l : list A, Permutation l l.
Proof.
induction l; constructor. exact IHl.
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_sym : forall l l' : list A, Permutation l l' -> Permutation l' l.
Proof.
intros l l' Hperm; induction Hperm; auto.
apply perm_trans with (l':=l'); assumption.
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_trans : forall l l' l'' : list A, Permutation l l' -> Permutation l' l'' -> Permutation l l''.
Proof.
exact perm_trans.
Qed.
Hint Resolve Permutation_refl Permutation_sym Permutation_trans.
Compatibility with others operations on lists
Theorem Permutation_in : forall (l l' : list A) (x : A), Permutation l l' -> In x l -> In x l'.
Proof.
intros l l' x Hperm; induction Hperm; simpl; tauto.
Qed.
Lemma Permutation_app_tail : forall (l l' tl : list A), Permutation l l' -> Permutation (l++tl) (l'++tl).
Proof.
intros l l' tl Hperm; induction Hperm as [|x l l'|x y l|l l' l'']; simpl; auto.
eapply Permutation_trans with (l':=l'++tl); trivial.
Qed.
Lemma Permutation_app_head : forall (l tl tl' : list A), Permutation tl tl' -> Permutation (l++tl) (l++tl').
Proof.
intros l tl tl' Hperm; induction l; [trivial | repeat rewrite <- app_comm_cons; constructor; assumption].
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_app : forall (l m l' m' : list A), Permutation l l' -> Permutation m m' -> Permutation (l++m) (l'++m').
Proof.
intros l m l' m' Hpermll' Hpermmm'; induction Hpermll' as [|x l l'|x y l|l l' l'']; repeat rewrite <- app_comm_cons; auto.
apply Permutation_trans with (l' := (x :: y :: l ++ m));
[idtac | repeat rewrite app_comm_cons; apply Permutation_app_head]; trivial.
apply Permutation_trans with (l' := (l' ++ m')); try assumption.
apply Permutation_app_tail; assumption.
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_app_swap : forall (l l' : list A), Permutation (l++l') (l'++l).
Proof.
induction l as [|x l].
simpl; intro l'; rewrite <- app_nil_end; trivial.
induction l' as [|y l'].
simpl; rewrite <- app_nil_end; trivial.
simpl; apply Permutation_trans with (l' := x :: y :: l' ++ l).
constructor; rewrite app_comm_cons; apply IHl.
apply Permutation_trans with (l' := y :: x :: l' ++ l); constructor.
apply Permutation_trans with (l' := x :: l ++ l'); auto.
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_cons_app : forall (l l1 l2:list A) a,
Permutation l (l1 ++ l2) -> Permutation (a :: l) (l1 ++ a :: l2).
Proof.
intros l l1; revert l.
induction l1.
simpl.
intros; apply perm_skip; auto.
simpl; intros.
apply perm_trans with (a0::a::l1++l2).
apply perm_skip; auto.
apply perm_trans with (a::a0::l1++l2).
apply perm_swap; auto.
apply perm_skip; auto.
Qed.
Hint Resolve Permutation_cons_app.
Theorem Permutation_length : forall (l l' : list A), Permutation l l' -> length l = length l'.
Proof.
intros l l' Hperm; induction Hperm; simpl; auto.
apply trans_eq with (y:= (length l')); trivial.
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_rev : forall (l : list A), Permutation l (rev l).
Proof.
induction l as [| x l]; simpl; trivial.
apply Permutation_trans with (l' := (x::nil)++rev l).
simpl; auto.
apply Permutation_app_swap.
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_ind_bis :
forall P : list A -> list A -> Prop,
P (@nil A) (@nil A) ->
(forall x l l', Permutation l l' -> P l l' -> P (x :: l) (x :: l')) ->
(forall x y l l', Permutation l l' -> P l l' -> P (y :: x :: l) (x :: y :: l')) ->
(forall l l' l'', Permutation l l' -> P l l' -> Permutation l' l'' -> P l' l'' -> P l l'') ->
forall l l', Permutation l l' -> P l l'.
Proof.
intros P Hnil Hskip Hswap Htrans.
induction 1; auto.
apply Htrans with (x::y::l); auto.
apply Hswap; auto.
induction l; auto.
apply Hskip; auto.
apply Hskip; auto.
induction l; auto.
eauto.
Qed.
Ltac break_list l x l' H :=
destruct l as [|x l']; simpl in *;
injection H; intros; subst; clear H.
Theorem Permutation_app_inv : forall (l1 l2 l3 l4:list A) a,
Permutation (l1++a::l2) (l3++a::l4) -> Permutation (l1++l2) (l3 ++ l4).
Proof.
set (P:=fun l l' =>
forall a l1 l2 l3 l4, l=l1++a::l2 -> l'=l3++a::l4 -> Permutation (l1++l2) (l3++l4)).
cut (forall l l', Permutation l l' -> P l l').
intros; apply (H _ _ H0 a); auto.
intros; apply (Permutation_ind_bis P); unfold P; clear P; try clear H l l'; simpl; auto.
intros; destruct l1; simpl in *; discriminate.
intros x l l' H IH; intros.
break_list l1 b l1' H0; break_list l3 c l3' H1.
auto.
apply perm_trans with (l3'++c::l4); auto.
apply perm_trans with (l1'++a::l2); auto using Permutation_cons_app.
apply perm_skip.
apply (IH a l1' l2 l3' l4); auto.
intros x y l l' Hp IH; intros.
break_list l1 b l1' H; break_list l3 c l3' H0.
auto.
break_list l3' b l3'' H.
auto.
apply perm_trans with (c::l3''++b::l4); auto.
break_list l1' c l1'' H1.
auto.
apply perm_trans with (b::l1''++c::l2); auto.
break_list l3' d l3'' H; break_list l1' e l1'' H1.
auto.
apply perm_trans with (e::a::l1''++l2); auto.
apply perm_trans with (e::l1''++a::l2); auto.
apply perm_trans with (d::a::l3''++l4); auto.
apply perm_trans with (d::l3''++a::l4); auto.
apply perm_trans with (e::d::l1''++l2); auto.
apply perm_skip; apply perm_skip.
apply (IH a l1'' l2 l3'' l4); auto.
intros.
destruct (In_split a l') as (l'1,(l'2,H6)).
apply (Permutation_in a H).
subst l.
apply in_or_app; right; red; auto.
apply perm_trans with (l'1++l'2).
apply (H0 _ _ _ _ _ H3 H6).
apply (H2 _ _ _ _ _ H6 H4).
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_cons_inv :
forall l l' a, Permutation (a::l) (a::l') -> Permutation l l'.
Proof.
intros; exact (Permutation_app_inv (@nil _) l (@nil _) l' a H).
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_cons_app_inv :
forall l l1 l2 a, Permutation (a :: l) (l1 ++ a :: l2) -> Permutation l (l1 ++ l2).
Proof.
intros; exact (Permutation_app_inv (@nil _) l l1 l2 a H).
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_app_inv_l :
forall l l1 l2, Permutation (l ++ l1) (l ++ l2) -> Permutation l1 l2.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto.
intros.
apply IHl.
apply Permutation_cons_inv with a; auto.
Qed.
Theorem Permutation_app_inv_r :
forall l l1 l2, Permutation (l1 ++ l) (l2 ++ l) -> Permutation l1 l2.
Proof.
induction l.
intros l1 l2; do 2 rewrite <- app_nil_end; auto.
intros.
apply IHl.
apply Permutation_app_inv with a; auto.
Qed.
End Permutation.
Hypotheses eqA_dec : forall (x y : A), {x = y}+{x <> y}.
Lemma list_eq_dec :
forall l l':list A, {l = l'} + {l <> l'}.
Proof.
induction l as [| x l IHl]; destruct l' as [| y l'].
left; trivial.
right; apply nil_cons.
right; unfold not; intro HF; apply (nil_cons (sym_eq HF)).
destruct (eqA_dec x y) as [xeqy|xneqy]; destruct (IHl l') as [leql'|lneql'];
try (right; unfold not; intro HF; injection HF; intros; contradiction).
rewrite xeqy; rewrite leql'; left; trivial.
Qed.
End ListOps.
Section Map.
Variables A B : Type.
Variable f : A -> B.
Fixpoint map (l:list A) : list B :=
match l with
| nil => nil
| cons a t => cons (f a) (map t)
end.
Lemma in_map :
forall (l:list A) (x:A), In x l -> In (f x) (map l).
Proof.
induction l as [| a l IHl]; simpl in |- *;
[ auto
| destruct 1; [ left; apply f_equal with (f := f); assumption | auto ] ].
Qed.
Lemma in_map_iff : forall l y, In y (map l) <-> exists x, f x = y /\ In x l.
Proof.
induction l; firstorder (subst; auto).
Qed.
Lemma map_length : forall l, length (map l) = length l.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto.
Qed.
Lemma map_nth : forall l d n,
nth n (map l) (f d) = f (nth n l d).
Proof.
induction l; simpl map; destruct n; firstorder.
Qed.
Lemma map_app : forall l l',
map (l++l') = (map l)++(map l').
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto.
intros; rewrite IHl; auto.
Qed.
Lemma map_rev : forall l, map (rev l) = rev (map l).
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto.
rewrite map_app.
rewrite IHl; auto.
Qed.
Hint Constructors Permutation.
Lemma Permutation_map :
forall l l', Permutation l l' -> Permutation (map l) (map l').
Proof.
induction 1; simpl; auto; eauto.
Qed.
flat_map
Fixpoint flat_map (f:A -> list B) (l:list A) {struct l} :
list B :=
match l with
| nil => nil
| cons x t => (f x)++(flat_map f t)
end.
Lemma in_flat_map : forall (f:A->list B)(l:list A)(y:B),
In y (flat_map f l) <-> exists x, In x l /\ In y (f x).
Proof.
induction l; simpl; split; intros.
contradiction.
destruct H as (x,(H,_)); contradiction.
destruct (in_app_or _ _ _ H).
exists a; auto.
destruct (IHl y) as (H1,_); destruct (H1 H0) as (x,(H2,H3)).
exists x; auto.
apply in_or_app.
destruct H as (x,(H0,H1)); destruct H0.
subst; auto.
right; destruct (IHl y) as (_,H2); apply H2.
exists x; auto.
Qed.
End Map.
Lemma map_map : forall (A B C:Type)(f:A->B)(g:B->C) l,
map g (map f l) = map (fun x => g (f x)) l.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto.
rewrite IHl; auto.
Qed.
Lemma map_ext :
forall (A B : Type)(f g:A->B), (forall a, f a = g a) -> forall l, map f l = map g l.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto.
rewrite H; rewrite IHl; auto.
Qed.
Left-to-right iterator on lists
Section Fold_Left_Recursor.
Variables A B : Type.
Variable f : A -> B -> A.
Fixpoint fold_left (l:list B) (a0:A) {struct l} : A :=
match l with
| nil => a0
| cons b t => fold_left t (f a0 b)
end.
Lemma fold_left_app : forall (l l':list B)(i:A),
fold_left (l++l') i = fold_left l' (fold_left l i).
Proof.
induction l.
simpl; auto.
intros.
simpl.
auto.
Qed.
End Fold_Left_Recursor.
Lemma fold_left_length :
forall (A:Type)(l:list A), fold_left (fun x _ => S x) l 0 = length l.
Proof.
intro A.
cut (forall (l:list A) n, fold_left (fun x _ => S x) l n = n + length l).
intros.
exact (H l 0).
induction l; simpl; auto.
intros; rewrite IHl.
simpl; auto with arith.
Qed.
Right-to-left iterator on lists
Section Fold_Right_Recursor.
Variables A B : Type.
Variable f : B -> A -> A.
Variable a0 : A.
Fixpoint fold_right (l:list B) : A :=
match l with
| nil => a0
| cons b t => f b (fold_right t)
end.
End Fold_Right_Recursor.
Lemma fold_right_app : forall (A B:Type)(f:A->B->B) l l' i,
fold_right f i (l++l') = fold_right f (fold_right f i l') l.
Proof.
induction l.
simpl; auto.
simpl; intros.
f_equal; auto.
Qed.
Lemma fold_left_rev_right : forall (A B:Type)(f:A->B->B) l i,
fold_right f i (rev l) = fold_left (fun x y => f y x) l i.
Proof.
induction l.
simpl; auto.
intros.
simpl.
rewrite fold_right_app; simpl; auto.
Qed.
Theorem fold_symmetric :
forall (A:Type) (f:A -> A -> A),
(forall x y z:A, f x (f y z) = f (f x y) z) ->
(forall x y:A, f x y = f y x) ->
forall (a0:A) (l:list A), fold_left f l a0 = fold_right f a0 l.
Proof.
destruct l as [| a l].
reflexivity.
simpl in |- *.
rewrite <- H0.
generalize a0 a.
induction l as [| a3 l IHl]; simpl in |- *.
trivial.
intros.
rewrite H.
rewrite (H0 a2).
rewrite <- (H a1).
rewrite (H0 a1).
rewrite IHl.
reflexivity.
Qed.
(list_power x y) is y^x, or the set of sequences of elts of y
indexed by elts of x, sorted in lexicographic order.
Fixpoint list_power (A B:Type)(l:list A) (l':list B) {struct l} :
list (list (A * B)) :=
match l with
| nil => cons nil nil
| cons x t =>
flat_map (fun f:list (A * B) => map (fun y:B => cons (x, y) f) l')
(list_power t l')
end.
Section Bool.
Variable A : Type.
Variable f : A -> bool.
find whether a boolean function can be satisfied by an
elements of the list.
Fixpoint existsb (l:list A) {struct l}: bool :=
match l with
| nil => false
| a::l => f a || existsb l
end.
Lemma existsb_exists :
forall l, existsb l = true <-> exists x, In x l /\ f x = true.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; intuition.
inversion H.
firstorder.
destruct (orb_prop _ _ H1); firstorder.
firstorder.
subst.
rewrite H2; auto.
Qed.
Lemma existsb_nth : forall l n d, n < length l ->
existsb l = false -> f (nth n l d) = false.
Proof.
induction l.
inversion 1.
simpl; intros.
destruct (orb_false_elim _ _ H0); clear H0; auto.
destruct n ; auto.
rewrite IHl; auto with arith.
Qed.
find whether a boolean function is satisfied by
all the elements of a list.
Fixpoint forallb (l:list A) {struct l} : bool :=
match l with
| nil => true
| a::l => f a && forallb l
end.
Lemma forallb_forall :
forall l, forallb l = true <-> (forall x, In x l -> f x = true).
Proof.
induction l; simpl; intuition.
destruct (andb_prop _ _ H1).
congruence.
destruct (andb_prop _ _ H1); auto.
assert (forallb l = true).
apply H0; intuition.
rewrite H1; auto.
Qed.
filter
Fixpoint filter (l:list A) : list A :=
match l with
| nil => nil
| x :: l => if f x then x::(filter l) else filter l
end.
Lemma filter_In : forall x l, In x (filter l) <-> In x l /\ f x = true.
Proof.
induction l; simpl.
intuition.
intros.
case_eq (f a); intros; simpl; intuition congruence.
Qed.
find
Fixpoint find (l:list A) : option A :=
match l with
| nil => None
| x :: tl => if f x then Some x else find tl
end.
partition
Fixpoint partition (l:list A) {struct l} : list A * list A :=
match l with
| nil => (nil, nil)
| x :: tl => let (g,d) := partition tl in
if f x then (x::g,d) else (g,x::d)
end.
End Bool.
Section ListPairs.
Variables A B : Type.
split derives two lists from a list of pairs
Fixpoint split (l:list (A*B)) { struct l }: list A * list B :=
match l with
| nil => (nil, nil)
| (x,y) :: tl => let (g,d) := split tl in (x::g, y::d)
end.
Lemma in_split_l : forall (l:list (A*B))(p:A*B),
In p l -> In (fst p) (fst (split l)).
Proof.
induction l; simpl; intros; auto.
destruct p; destruct a; destruct (split l); simpl in *.
destruct H.
injection H; auto.
right; apply (IHl (a0,b) H).
Qed.
Lemma in_split_r : forall (l:list (A*B))(p:A*B),
In p l -> In (snd p) (snd (split l)).
Proof.
induction l; simpl; intros; auto.
destruct p; destruct a; destruct (split l); simpl in *.
destruct H.
injection H; auto.
right; apply (IHl (a0,b) H).
Qed.
Lemma split_nth : forall (l:list (A*B))(n:nat)(d:A*B),
nth n l d = (nth n (fst (split l)) (fst d), nth n (snd (split l)) (snd d)).
Proof.
induction l.
destruct n; destruct d; simpl; auto.
destruct n; destruct d; simpl; auto.
destruct a; destruct (split l); simpl; auto.
destruct a; destruct (split l); simpl in *; auto.
rewrite IHl; simpl; auto.
Qed.
Lemma split_length_l : forall (l:list (A*B)),
length (fst (split l)) = length l.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto.
destruct a; destruct (split l); simpl; auto.
Qed.
Lemma split_length_r : forall (l:list (A*B)),
length (snd (split l)) = length l.
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto.
destruct a; destruct (split l); simpl; auto.
Qed.
combine is the opposite of split.
Lists given to combine are meant to be of same length.
If not, combine stops on the shorter list
Fixpoint combine (l : list A) (l' : list B){struct l} : list (A*B) :=
match l,l' with
| x::tl, y::tl' => (x,y)::(combine tl tl')
| _, _ => nil
end.
Lemma split_combine : forall (l: list (A*B)),
let (l1,l2) := split l in combine l1 l2 = l.
Proof.
induction l.
simpl; auto.
destruct a; simpl.
destruct (split l); simpl in *.
f_equal; auto.
Qed.
Lemma combine_split : forall (l:list A)(l':list B), length l = length l' ->
split (combine l l') = (l,l').
Proof.
induction l; destruct l'; simpl; intros; auto; try discriminate.
injection H; clear H; intros.
rewrite IHl; auto.
Qed.
Lemma in_combine_l : forall (l:list A)(l':list B)(x:A)(y:B),
In (x,y) (combine l l') -> In x l.
Proof.
induction l.
simpl; auto.
destruct l'; simpl; auto; intros.
contradiction.
destruct H.
injection H; auto.
right; apply IHl with l' y; auto.
Qed.
Lemma in_combine_r : forall (l:list A)(l':list B)(x:A)(y:B),
In (x,y) (combine l l') -> In y l'.
Proof.
induction l.
simpl; intros; contradiction.
destruct l'; simpl; auto; intros.
destruct H.
injection H; auto.
right; apply IHl with x; auto.
Qed.
Lemma combine_length : forall (l:list A)(l':list B),
length (combine l l') = min (length l) (length l').
Proof.
induction l.
simpl; auto.
destruct l'; simpl; auto.
Qed.
Lemma combine_nth : forall (l:list A)(l':list B)(n:nat)(x:A)(y:B),
length l = length l' ->
nth n (combine l l') (x,y) = (nth n l x, nth n l' y).
Proof.
induction l; destruct l'; intros; try discriminate.
destruct n; simpl; auto.
destruct n; simpl in *; auto.
Qed.
list_prod has the same signature as combine, but unlike
combine, it adds every possible pairs, not only those at the
same position.
Fixpoint list_prod (l:list A) (l':list B) {struct l} :
list (A * B) :=
match l with
| nil => nil
| cons x t => (map (fun y:B => (x, y)) l')++(list_prod t l')
end.
Lemma in_prod_aux :
forall (x:A) (y:B) (l:list B),
In y l -> In (x, y) (map (fun y0:B => (x, y0)) l).
Proof.
induction l;
[ simpl in |- *; auto
| simpl in |- *; destruct 1 as [H1| ];
[ left; rewrite H1; trivial | right; auto ] ].
Qed.
Lemma in_prod :
forall (l:list A) (l':list B) (x:A) (y:B),
In x l -> In y l' -> In (x, y) (list_prod l l').
Proof.
induction l;
[ simpl in |- *; tauto
| simpl in |- *; intros; apply in_or_app; destruct H;
[ left; rewrite H; apply in_prod_aux; assumption | right; auto ] ].
Qed.
Lemma in_prod_iff :
forall (l:list A)(l':list B)(x:A)(y:B),
In (x,y) (list_prod l l') <-> In x l /\ In y l'.
Proof.
split; [ | intros; apply in_prod; intuition ].
induction l; simpl; intros.
intuition.
destruct (in_app_or _ _ _ H); clear H.
destruct (in_map_iff (fun y : B => (a, y)) l' (x,y)) as (H1,_).
destruct (H1 H0) as (z,(H2,H3)); clear H0 H1.
injection H2; clear H2; intros; subst; intuition.
intuition.
Qed.
Lemma prod_length : forall (l:list A)(l':list B),
length (list_prod l l') = (length l) * (length l').
Proof.
induction l; simpl; auto.
intros.
rewrite app_length.
rewrite map_length.
auto.
Qed.
End ListPairs.
Section length_order.
Variable A : Type.
Definition lel (l m:list A) := length l <= length m.
Variables a b : A.
Variables l m n : list A.
Lemma lel_refl : lel l l.
Proof.
unfold lel in |- *; auto with arith.
Qed.
Lemma lel_trans : lel l m -> lel m n -> lel l n.
Proof.
unfold lel in |- *; intros.
now_show (length l <= length n).
apply le_trans with (length m); auto with arith.
Qed.
Lemma lel_cons_cons : lel l m -> lel (a :: l) (b :: m).
Proof.
unfold lel in |- *; simpl in |- *; auto with arith.
Qed.
Lemma lel_cons : lel l m -> lel l (b :: m).
Proof.
unfold lel in |- *; simpl in |- *; auto with arith.
Qed.
Lemma lel_tail : lel (a :: l) (b :: m) -> lel l m.
Proof.
unfold lel in |- *; simpl in |- *; auto with arith.
Qed.
Lemma lel_nil : forall l':list A, lel l' nil -> nil = l'.
Proof.
intro l'; elim l'; auto with arith.
intros a' y H H0.
now_show (nil = a' :: y).
absurd (S (length y) <= 0); auto with arith.
Qed.
End length_order.
Hint Resolve lel_refl lel_cons_cons lel_cons lel_nil lel_nil nil_cons:
datatypes v62.
Section SetIncl.
Variable A : Type.
Definition incl (l m:list A) := forall a:A, In a l -> In a m.
Hint Unfold incl.
Lemma incl_refl : forall l:list A, incl l l.
Proof.
auto.
Qed.
Hint Resolve incl_refl.
Lemma incl_tl : forall (a:A) (l m:list A), incl l m -> incl l (a :: m).
Proof.
auto with datatypes.
Qed.
Hint Immediate incl_tl.
Lemma incl_tran : forall l m n:list A, incl l m -> incl m n -> incl l n.
Proof.
auto.
Qed.
Lemma incl_appl : forall l m n:list A, incl l n -> incl l (n ++ m).
Proof.
auto with datatypes.
Qed.
Hint Immediate incl_appl.
Lemma incl_appr : forall l m n:list A, incl l n -> incl l (m ++ n).
Proof.
auto with datatypes.
Qed.
Hint Immediate incl_appr.
Lemma incl_cons :
forall (a:A) (l m:list A), In a m -> incl l m -> incl (a :: l) m.
Proof.
unfold incl in |- *; simpl in |- *; intros a l m H H0 a0 H1.
now_show (In a0 m).
elim H1.
now_show (a = a0 -> In a0 m).
elim H1; auto; intro H2.
now_show (a = a0 -> In a0 m).
elim H2; auto.
now_show (In a0 l -> In a0 m).
auto.
Qed.
Hint Resolve incl_cons.
Lemma incl_app : forall l m n:list A, incl l n -> incl m n -> incl (l ++ m) n.
Proof.
unfold incl in |- *; simpl in |- *; intros l m n H H0 a H1.
now_show (In a n).
elim (in_app_or _ _ _ H1); auto.
Qed.
Hint Resolve incl_app.
End SetIncl.
Hint Resolve incl_refl incl_tl incl_tran incl_appl incl_appr incl_cons
incl_app: datatypes v62.
Section Cutting.
Variable A : Type.
Fixpoint firstn (n:nat)(l:list A) {struct n} : list A :=
match n with
| 0 => nil
| S n => match l with
| nil => nil
| a::l => a::(firstn n l)
end
end.
Fixpoint skipn (n:nat)(l:list A) { struct n } : list A :=
match n with
| 0 => l
| S n => match l with
| nil => nil
| a::l => skipn n l
end
end.
Lemma firstn_skipn : forall n l, firstn n l ++ skipn n l = l.
Proof.
induction n.
simpl; auto.
destruct l; simpl; auto.
f_equal; auto.
Qed.
End Cutting.
Section ReDun.
Variable A : Type.
Inductive NoDup : list A -> Prop :=
| NoDup_nil : NoDup nil
| NoDup_cons : forall x l, ~ In x l -> NoDup l -> NoDup (x::l).
Lemma NoDup_remove_1 : forall l l' a, NoDup (l++a::l') -> NoDup (l++l').
Proof.
induction l; simpl.
inversion_clear 1; auto.
inversion_clear 1.
constructor.
swap H0.
apply in_or_app; destruct (in_app_or _ _ _ H); simpl; tauto.
apply IHl with a0; auto.
Qed.
Lemma NoDup_remove_2 : forall l l' a, NoDup (l++a::l') -> ~In a (l++l').
Proof.
induction l; simpl.
inversion_clear 1; auto.
inversion_clear 1.
swap H0.
destruct H.
subst a0.
apply in_or_app; right; red; auto.
destruct (IHl _ _ H1); auto.
Qed.
Lemma NoDup_Permutation : forall l l',
NoDup l -> NoDup l' -> (forall x, In x l <-> In x l') -> Permutation l l'.
Proof.
induction l.
destruct l'; simpl; intros.
apply perm_nil.
destruct (H1 a) as (_,H2); destruct H2; auto.
intros.
destruct (In_split a l') as (l'1,(l'2,H2)).
destruct (H1 a) as (H2,H3); simpl in *; auto.
subst l'.
apply Permutation_cons_app.
inversion_clear H.
apply IHl; auto.
apply NoDup_remove_1 with a; auto.
intro x; split; intros.
assert (In x (l'1++a::l'2)).
destruct (H1 x); simpl in *; auto.
apply in_or_app; destruct (in_app_or _ _ _ H4); auto.
destruct H5; auto.
subst x; destruct H2; auto.
assert (In x (l'1++a::l'2)).
apply in_or_app; destruct (in_app_or _ _ _ H); simpl; auto.
destruct (H1 x) as (_,H5); destruct H5; auto.
subst x.
destruct (NoDup_remove_2 _ _ _ H0 H).
Qed.
End ReDun.
Section NatSeq.
seq computes the sequence of len contiguous integers
that starts at start. For instance, seq 2 3 is 2::3::4::nil.
Fixpoint seq (start len:nat) {struct len} : list nat :=
match len with
| 0 => nil
| S len => start :: seq (S start) len
end.
Lemma seq_length : forall len start, length (seq start len) = len.
Proof.
induction len; simpl; auto.
Qed.
Lemma seq_nth : forall len start n d,
n < len -> nth n (seq start len) d = start+n.
Proof.
induction len; intros.
inversion H.
simpl seq.
destruct n; simpl.
auto with arith.
rewrite IHlen;simpl; auto with arith.
Qed.
Lemma seq_shift : forall len start,
map S (seq start len) = seq (S start) len.
Proof.
induction len; simpl; auto.
intros.
rewrite IHlen.
auto with arith.
Qed.
End NatSeq.
Hint Rewrite
rev_involutive rev_unit map_nth map_length seq_length app_length rev_length : list.
Hint Rewrite <-
app_nil_end : list.
Ltac simpl_list := autorewrite with list.
Ltac ssimpl_list := autorewrite with list using simpl.