0,ABO_antibodies,blood type antibodies
1,Aare Aar Aare_River,a river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine
2,Abukir Abukir_Bay,a bay on the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt
3,Abyssinian_banana Ethiopian_banana Ensete_ventricosum Musa_ensete,large evergreen arborescent herb having huge paddle-shaped leaves and bearing inedible fruit that resemble bananas but edible young flower shoots; sometimes placed in genus Musa
4,Acheron River_Acheron,(Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which the souls of the dead were carried by Charon
5,Acheson_process,an industrial process for making graphite by heating a mixture of coke and clay
6,Achilles_tendon tendon_of_Achilles,a large tendon that runs from the heel to the calf
7,Adam's_needle Adam's_needle-and-thread spoonleaf_yucca needle_palm Yucca_filamentosa,yucca with long stiff leaves having filamentlike appendages
8,Adige River_Adige,a river in northern Italy that flows southeast into the Adriatic Sea; "Verona is on the Adige"
9,Adriatic Adriatic_Sea,an arm of the Mediterranean between Slovenia and Croatia and Montenegro and Albania on the east and Italy on the west
10,Aegean Aegean_Sea,an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey; a main trade route for the ancient civilizations of Crete and Greece and Rome and Persia
11,Aegospotami Aegospotamos,a creek emptying into the Hellespont in present-day Turkey; at its mouth in 405 BC the Spartan fleet under Lysander defeated the Athenians and ended the Peloponnesian War
12,African_bowstring_hemp African_hemp Sansevieria_guineensis,bowstring hemp of South Africa
13,African_daisy,African or Asiatic herbs with daisylike flowers
14,African_daisy,any of several plants of the genus Arctotis having daisylike flowers
15,African_daisy yellow_ageratum Lonas_inodora Lonas_annua,shrub of southwestern Mediterranean region having yellow daisylike flowers
16,African_hemp Sparmannia_africana,large shrub of South Africa having many conspicuously hairy branches with large hairy leaves and clusters of conspicuous white flowers
17,African_holly Solanum_giganteum,woolly-stemmed biennial arborescent shrub of tropical Africa and southern Asia having silvery-white prickly branches, clusters of blue or white flowers, and bright red berries resembling holly berries
18,African_lily African_tulip blue_African_lily Agapanthus_africanus,African plant with bright green evergreen leaves and umbels of many usually deep violet-blue flowers
19,African_mahogany,African tree having hard heavy odorless wood
20,African_marigold big_marigold Aztec_marigold Tagetes_erecta,a stout branching annual with large yellow to orange flower heads; Mexico and Central America
21,African_oil_palm Elaeis_guineensis,oil palm of Africa
22,African_scented_mahogany cedar_mahogany sapele_mahogany Entandrophragma_cylindricum,African tree having rather lightweight cedar-scented wood varying in color from pink to reddish brown
23,African_violet Saintpaulia_ionantha,tropical African plant cultivated as a houseplant for its violet or white or pink flowers
24,African_walnut Lovoa_klaineana,tropical African timber tree with wood that resembles mahogany
25,Afro Afro_hairdo,a rounded thickly curled hairdo
26,Agave_tequilana,Mexican plant used especially for making tequila
27,Agdestis genus_Agdestis,a genus with one species that is a rapidly growing climbing vine with tuberous roots; grown in hot climates
28,Aire River_Aire Aire_River,a river in northern England that flows southeast through West Yorkshire
29,Alabama Alabama_River,a river in Alabama formed by the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers near Montgomery; flows southwestward to become a tributary of the Mobile River
30,Alaska_rein_orchid Habenaria_unalascensis,similar to coastal rein orchid but with smaller flowers; Alaska to Baja California and east to the Dakotas and Colorado
31,Aldebaran,the brightest star in Taurus
32,Alexander Alexanders black_lovage horse_parsley Smyrnium_olusatrum,European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb
33,Alexandria_senna Alexandrian_senna true_senna tinnevelly_senna Indian_senna Senna_alexandrina Cassia_acutifolia Cassia_augustifolia,erect shrub having racemes of tawny yellow flowers; the dried leaves are used medicinally as a cathartic; sometimes placed in genus Cassia
34,Alexandrian_laurel Calophyllum_inophyllum,East Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers; coastal areas southern India to Malaysia
35,Algol,the second brightest star in Perseus; the first known eclipsing binary
36,Allegheny Allegheny_River,a river that rises in Pennsylvania and flows north into New York and then back south through Pennsylvania again to join the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh which is the beginning of the Ohio River
37,Allegheny_chinkapin eastern_chinquapin chinquapin dwarf_chestnut Castanea_pumila,shrubby chestnut tree of southeastern United States having small edible nuts
38,Allegheny_plum Alleghany_plum sloe Prunus_alleghaniensis,wild plum of northeastern United States having dark purple fruits with yellow flesh
39,Allegheny_spurge Allegheny_mountain_spurge Pachysandra_procumbens,low semi-evergreen perennial herb having small spikes of white or pinkish flowers; native to southern United States but grown elsewhere
40,Alpha_Centauri Rigil_Kent Rigil,brightest star in Centaurus; second nearest star to the sun
41,Alpha_Crucis,the brightest star in the Southern Cross
42,Alpine_anemone mountain_anemone Anemone_tetonensis,silky-foliaged herb of the Rocky Mountains with bluish-white flowers
43,Alpine_besseya Besseya_alpina,small pale plant with dense spikes of pale bluish-violet flowers; of high cold meadows from Wyoming and Utah to New Mexico
44,Alpine_celery_pine Phyllocladus_alpinus,small shrubby celery pine of New Zealand
45,Alpine_enchanter's_nightshade Circaea_alpina,an Alpine variety of enchanter's nightshade
46,Alpine_fir subalpine_fir Abies_lasiocarpa,medium-tall timber tree of the Rocky Mountains having a narrowly conic to columnar crown
47,Alpine_lady_fern Athyrium_distentifolium,a lady fern with deeply cut leaf segments; found in the Rocky Mountains
48,Alpine_mouse-ear Arctic_mouse-ear Cerastium_alpinum,widespread in the Arctic and on mountains in Europe
49,Alpine_woodsia northern_woodsia flower-cup_fern Woodsia_alpina,slender fern of northern North America with shining chestnut-colored stipes and bipinnate fronds with usually distinct marginal sori
50,Altair,double star 15.7 light years from Earth; the brightest star in the Aquila constellation
51,Amazon Amazon_River,a major South American river; arises in the Andes and flows eastward into the South Atlantic; the world's 2nd longest river (4000 miles)
52,American_Falls,a part of Niagara Falls in western New York (north of Buffalo)
53,American_agave Agave_americana,widely cultivated American monocarpic plant with greenish-white flowers on a tall stalk; blooms only after ten to twenty years and then dies
54,American_angelica_tree devil's_walking_stick Hercules'-club Aralia_spinosa,small deciduous clump-forming tree or shrub of eastern United States
55,American_arborvitae northern_white_cedar white_cedar Thuja_occidentalis,small evergreen of eastern North America having tiny scalelike leaves on flattened branchlets
56,American_barberry Berberis_canadensis,deciduous shrub of eastern North America whose leaves turn scarlet in autumn and having racemes of yellow flowers followed by ellipsoid glossy red berries
57,American_basswood American_lime Tilia_americana,large American shade tree with large dark green leaves and rounded crown
58,American_beech white_beech red_beech Fagus_grandifolia Fagus_americana,North American forest tree with light green leaves and edible nuts
59,American_bog_asphodel Narthecium_americanum,of the eastern United States: New Jersey to South Carolina
60,American_bugbane summer_cohosh Cimicifuga_americana,bugbane of the eastern United States having erect racemes of white flowers
61,American_chestnut American_sweet_chestnut Castanea_dentata,large tree found from Maine to Alabama
62,American_crab_apple garland_crab Malus_coronaria,medium-sized tree of the eastern United States having pink blossoms and small yellow fruit
63,American_cranberry large_cranberry Vaccinium_macrocarpon,trailing red-fruited plant
64,American_dewberry Rubus_canadensis,North American dewberry
65,American_dog_violet Viola_conspersa,violet of eastern North America having pale violet to white flowers
66,American_elder black_elderberry sweet_elder Sambucus_canadensis,common elder of central and eastern North America bearing purple-black berries; fruit used in wines and jellies
67,American_elm white_elm water_elm rock_elm Ulmus_americana,large ornamental tree with graceful gradually spreading branches common in eastern North America
68,American_feverfew wild_quinine prairie_dock Parthenium_integrifolium,stout perennial herb of the eastern United States with whitish flowers; leaves traditionally used by Catawba Indians to treat burns
69,American_fly_honeysuckle fly_honeysuckle Lonicera_canadensis,erect deciduous North American shrub with yellow-white flowers
70,American_germander wood_sage Teucrium_canadense,subshrub with serrate leaves and cream-colored to pink or purple flowers in spikelike racemes; North America
71,American_ginseng sang Panax_quinquefolius,North American woodland herb similar to and used as substitute for the Chinese ginseng
72,American_hackberry Celtis_occidentalis,large deciduous shade tree of southern United States with small deep purple berries
73,American_hazel Corylus_americana,nut-bearing shrub of eastern North America
74,American_holly Christmas_holly,an evergreen tree
75,American_hop Humulus_americanus,native American plant sometimes confused with the European hop
76,American_hornbeam Carpinus_caroliniana,tree or large shrub with grey bark and blue-green leaves that turn red-orange in autumn
77,American_larch tamarack black_larch Larix_laricina,medium-sized larch of Canada and northern United States including Alaska having a broad conic crown and rust-brown scaly bark
78,American_maidenhair_fern five-fingered_maidenhair_fern Adiantum_pedatum,hardy palmately branched North American fern with divergent recurved branches borne on lustrous dark reddish stipes
79,American_mountain_ash Sorbus_americana,a variety of mountain ash
80,American_oil_palm Elaeis_oleifera,palm of Central and South America
81,American_pasqueflower Eastern_pasque_flower wild_crocus lion's_beard prairie_anemone blue_tulip American_pulsatilla Pulsatilla_patens Anemone_ludoviciana,short hairy perennial with early spring blue-violet or lilac flowers; North America and Siberia
82,American_persimmon possumwood Diospyros_virginiana,medium-sized tree of dry woodlands in the southern and eastern United States bearing yellow or orange very astringent fruit that is edible when fully ripe
83,American_quaking_aspen American_aspen Populus_tremuloides,slender aspen native to North America
84,American_raspberry Rubus_strigosus Rubus_idaeus_strigosus,red raspberry of North America
85,American_rattlebox Crotalaria_sagitallis,tropical American annual herb having an inflated pod in which the ripe seeds rattle
86,American_red_elder red-berried_elder stinking_elder Sambucus_pubens,common North American shrub or small tree
87,American_red_plum August_plum goose_plum Prunus_americana,wild plum trees of eastern and central North America having red-orange fruit with yellow flesh
88,American_rock_brake American_parsley_fern Cryptogramma_acrostichoides,rock-inhabiting fern of northern North America growing in massive tufts and having fronds resembling parsley
89,American_smokewood chittamwood Cotinus_americanus Cotinus_obovatus,shrubby tree of southern United States having large plumes of feathery flowers resembling puffs of smoke
90,American_spikenard petty_morel life-of-man Aralia_racemosa,unarmed woody rhizomatous perennial plant distinguished from wild sarsaparilla by more aromatic roots and panicled umbels; southeastern North America to Mexico
91,American_star_grass Hypoxis_hirsuta,perennial star grass of North America
92,American_sycamore American_plane buttonwood Platanus_occidentalis,very large spreading plane tree of eastern and central North America to Mexico
93,American_turkey_oak turkey_oak Quercus_laevis,small slow-growing deciduous shrubby tree of dry sandy barrens of southeastern United States having leaves with bristle-tipped lobes resembling turkey's toes
94,American_twinflower Linnaea_borealis_americana,similar to the twinflower of northern Europe and Asia
95,American_watercress mountain_watercress Cardamine_rotundifolia,mat-forming perennial found in cold springs of the eastern United States
96,American_white_birch paper_birch paperbark_birch canoe_birch Betula_cordifolia Betula_papyrifera,small American birch with peeling white bark often worked into e.g. baskets or toy canoes
97,American_white_oak Quercus_alba,large slow-growing deciduous tree of the eastern United States having stout spreading branches and leaves with usually 7 rounded lobes; yields strong and durable hard wood
98,American_white_pine eastern_white_pine weymouth_pine Pinus_strobus,tall-growing pine of eastern North America; bark is brown with longitudinal fissures when mature; valued as a timber tree
99,American_wistaria American_wisteria Wisteria_frutescens,an eastern United States native resembling the cultivated Japanese wisteria having pale purple-lilac flowers
100,American_wormseed Mexican_tea Spanish_tea wormseed Chenopodium_ambrosioides,rank-smelling tropical American pigweed
101,Americanization Americanisation,assimilation into American culture
102,Amur Amur_River Heilong_Jiang Heilong,an Asian river between China and Russia; flows into the Sea of Okhotsk
103,Amur_privet Ligustrum_amurense,eastern Asian shrub cultivated especially for its persistent foliage
104,Anadenanthera_colubrina Piptadenia_macrocarpa,Brazilian shrub having twice-pinnate leaves and small spicate flowers followed by flat or irregularly torulose pods; sometimes placed in genus Piptadenia
105,Andaman_Sea,part of the Bay of Bengal to the west of the Malay Peninsula
106,Andromeda,a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Cassiopeia and Pegasus; contains the Andromeda galaxy
107,Angara Angara_River Tunguska Upper_Tunguska,a river in southeastern Siberia that flows northwest from Lake Baikal to become a tributary of the Yenisei River
108,Angel Angel_Falls,the highest waterfall; has more than one leap; flow varies seasonally
109,Anglicization Anglicisation,the act of anglicizing; making English in appearance
110,Antarctic_Ocean,the southern waters surrounding Antarctica
111,Antares,the brightest star in Scorpius
112,Antlia,a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Hydra and Vela
113,Apalachicola Apalachicola_River,a river in northwestern Florida formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee River and the Flint River at the Florida border
114,Apalachicola_rosemary Conradina_glabra,small shrub of Apalachicola River area in southeastern United States having highly aromatic pinkish flowers; a threatened species
115,Apollo_asteroid,an asteroid whose orbit crosses the Earth's orbit
116,Apus,a constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Octans
117,Aquarius,a zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Capricornus and Pisces
118,Aquila,a constellation in the Milky Way near Cygnus; contains the star Altair
119,Ara,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Telescopium and Norma
120,Arabian_Sea,a northwestern arm of the Indian Ocean between India and Arabia
121,Arabian_coffee Coffea_arabica,shrubby tree of northeastern tropical Africa widely cultivated in tropical or near tropical regions for its seed which form most of the commercial coffee
122,Arabian_jasmine Jasminum_sambac,East Indian evergreen vine cultivated for its profuse fragrant white flowers
123,Arabidopsis_lyrata,a small noninvasive cross-pollinating plant with white flowers; closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana
124,Arabidopsis_thaliana mouse-ear_cress,a small invasive self-pollinating weed with small white flowers; much studied by plant geneticists; the first higher plant whose complete genome sequence was described
125,Arafura_Sea,a part of the western Pacific Ocean to the north of Australia and to the south of New Guinea and the eastern islands of Indonesia
126,Araguaia Araguaia_River Araguaya Araguaya_River,a river in central Brazil that flows generally northward (with many falls) to join the Tocantins River
127,Aras Araxes,a river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea; ancient name was Araxes
128,Arauca,a river that rises in northern Colombia and flows generally eastward to the Orinoco in central Venezuela
129,Arctic_Ocean,ice covered waters surrounding the North Pole; mostly covered with solid ice or with ice floes and icebergs
130,Arcturus,the 4th brightest star and the brightest star in the constellation Bootes; 36 light-years from Earth
131,Argo,formerly a large constellation in the southern hemisphere between Canis Major and the Southern Cross; now divided into Carina and Pyxis and Puppis and Vela
132,Argun Argun_River Ergun_He,a river in eastern Asia that arises in China and flows northeast along the border between China and Russia to become a tributary of the Amur River
133,Aries,a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Pisces and Taurus
134,Arizona_ash Fraxinus_velutina,small shrubby ash of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico
135,Arizona_cypress Cupressus_arizonica,Arizona timber tree with bluish silvery foliage
136,Arizona_sycamore Platanus_wrightii,medium-sized tree of Arizona and adjacent regions having deeply lobed leaves and collective fruits in groups of 3 to 5
137,Arizona_white_oak Quercus_arizonica,semi-evergreen shrub or small tree of Arizona and New Mexico having acorns with hemispherical cups
138,Arkansas Arkansas_River,a river that rises in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and flows southeast through Kansas and Oklahoma and through Arkansas to become a tributary of the Mississippi River
139,Arnica_montana,herb of pasture and open woodland throughout most of Europe and western Asia having orange-yellow daisylike flower heads that when dried are used as a stimulant and to treat bruises and swellings
140,Arno Arno_River River_Arno,a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea
141,Asiatic_sweetleaf sapphire_berry Symplocus_paniculata,deciduous shrub of eastern Asia bearing decorative bright blue fruit
142,Atlantic Atlantic_Ocean,the 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east
143,Atlas_cedar Cedrus_atlantica,tall Algerian evergreen of Atlas mountains with blue-green leaves; widely planted as an ornamental
144,Auriga Charioteer,a conspicuous constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Great Bear and Orion at edge of Milky Way
145,Australian_grass_tree Richea_dracophylla,stout Australian shrub with narrow leaves crowded at ends of branches and terminal clusters of white or pink flowers
146,Australian_hare's_foot Davallia_pyxidata,a hare's-foot fern of the genus Davallia
147,Australian_heath,any heathlike plant of the family Epacridaceae; most are of the Australian region
148,Australian_nettle Australian_nettle_tree,any of several tall Australian trees of the genus Laportea
149,Australian_pea Dipogon_lignosus Dolichos_lignosus,South African evergreen partly woody vine grown for its clusters of rosy purple flowers followed by edible pods like snap beans; also grown as green manure; sometimes placed in genus Dolichos
150,Australian_pine Casuarina_equisetfolia,common Australian tree widely grown as an ornamental in tropical regions; yields heavy hard red wood
151,Australian_pitcher_plant Cephalotus_follicularis,a carnivorous perennial herb having a green pitcher and hinged lid both with red edges; western Australia
152,Australian_reed_grass Calamagrostic_quadriseta,tall Australian reedlike grass sometimes used for hay
153,Australian_sumac Rhodosphaera_rhodanthema Rhus_rhodanthema,evergreen of Australia yielding a dark yellow wood
154,Avon River_Avon,a river in southwestern England rising in Gloucestershire and flowing through Bristol to empty into the estuary of the Severn
155,Avon River_Avon Upper_Avon Upper_Avon_River,a river in central England that flows through Stratford-on-Avon and empties into the Severn
156,Babinski Babinski_reflex Babinski_sign,extension upward of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front; normal in infants under the age of two years but a sign of brain or spinal cord injury in older persons
157,Baffin_Bay,a body of water between Greenland and northeastern Canada; connected with the Arctic Ocean to the north and with the Atlantic Ocean (via the Labrador Sea) to the south; icebound in winter
158,Bahia_grass Paspalum_notatum,perennial tropical American grass used as pasture grass in arid areas of the Gulf States
159,Baikal Lake_Baikal Baykal Lake_Baykal,the largest freshwater lake in Asia or Europe and the deepest lake in the world
160,Balaton Lake_Balaton Plattensee,a large shallow lake in western Hungary
161,Baldwin,an American eating apple with red or yellow and red skin
162,Baltic Baltic_Sea,a sea in northern Europe; stronghold of the Russian navy
163,Barbados_gooseberry Barbados-gooseberry_vine Pereskia_aculeata,West Indian woody climber with spiny stems and numerous fragrant white flowers in panicles followed by small yellow to orange fruits
164,Barbados_gooseberry blade_apple,small yellow to orange fruit of the Barbados gooseberry cactus used in desserts and preserves and jellies
165,Barberton_daisy Transvaal_daisy Gerbera_jamesonii,widely cultivated South African perennial having flower heads with orange to flame-colored rays
166,Barents_Sea,the part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Norway and Russia
167,Barnaby's_thistle yellow_star-thistle Centaurea_solstitialis,European weed having a winged stem and hairy leaves; adventive in the eastern United States
168,Bartholin's_gland,either of the two posterior vestibular glands that secrete a lubricating mucus; homologous to Cowper's gland in the male
169,Bartram_Juneberry Amelanchier_bartramiana,open-growing shrub of eastern North America having pure white flowers and small waxy almost black fruits
170,Bay_of_Bengal,an arm of the Indian Ocean to the east of India
171,Bay_of_Biscay,an arm of the Atlantic Ocean in western Europe; bordered by the west coast of France and the north coast of Spain
172,Bay_of_Fundy,a bay of the North Atlantic between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; noted for rapid tides as great as 70 feet
173,Bay_of_Naples,an arm of the Tyrrhenian Sea at Naples
174,Beaufort_Sea,part of the Arctic Ocean to the northeast of Alaska
175,Bechtel_crab flowering_crab,derived from the Iowa crab and cultivated for its large double pink blossoms
176,Belle_Isle_cress early_winter_cress land_cress American_cress American_watercress Barbarea_verna Barbarea_praecox,of southwestern Europe; cultivated in Florida
177,Bering_Sea,part of the North Pacific between Alaska and Siberia; connected to the Arctic Ocean by the Bering Strait
178,Bering_Strait,a strait connecting the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean
179,Bermuda_buttercup English-weed Oxalis_pes-caprae Oxalis_cernua,South African bulbous wood sorrel with showy yellow flowers
180,Bermuda_grass devil_grass Bahama_grass kweek doob scutch_grass star_grass Cynodon_dactylon,trailing grass native to Europe now cosmopolitan in warm regions; used for lawns and pastures especially in southern United States and India
181,Bermuda_maidenhair Bermuda_maidenhair_fern Adiantum_bellum,delicate endemic Bermudian fern with creeping rootstock
182,Bessemer_process,an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities; the first successful method of making steel in quantity at low cost
183,Beta_Centauri,the second brightest star in Centaurus
184,Beta_Crucis,the second brightest star in the Southern Cross
185,Betelgeuse Alpha_Orionis,the second brightest star in Orion
186,Big_Dipper Dipper Plough Charles's_Wain Wain Wagon,a group of seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major
187,Big_Sioux_River,a river that rises in northeastern South Dakota and flows southward to join the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa
188,Bighorn Bighorn_River,a river that flows from central Wyoming to the Yellowstone River in southern Montana
189,Bight_of_Benin,a broad indentation of the Gulf of Guinea in western Africa
190,Biscayne_Bay,a narrow bay formed by an inlet from the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern Florida
191,Bismarck_Sea,an arm of the South Pacific to the southwest of the Bismarck Archipelago
192,Black_Sea Euxine_Sea,a sea between Europe and Asia; a popular resort area of eastern Europeans
193,Bletilla_striata Bletia_striata,Japanese orchid with white-striped leaves and slender erect racemes of rose to magenta flowers; often cultivated; sometimes placed in genus Bletia
194,Blue_Mountain_tea sweet_goldenrod Solidago_odora,goldenrod of eastern America having aromatic leaves from which a medicinal tea is made
195,Blue_Nile,a headstream of the Nile; joins the White Nile at Khartoum to form the Nile
196,Bo_Hai Po_Hai,an inlet of the Yellow Sea, on the coast of Eastern China
197,Bootes,a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Ursa Major
198,Boott's_goldenrod,a variety of goldenrod
199,Bosporus,a strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; separates the European and Asian parts of Turkey; an important shipping route
200,Boston_fern Nephrolepis_exaltata Nephrolepis_exaltata_bostoniensis,a sword fern with arching or drooping pinnate fronds; a popular houseplant
201,Boston_ivy Japanese_ivy Parthenocissus_tricuspidata,Asiatic vine with three-lobed leaves and purple berries
202,Boswellia_carteri,tree yielding an aromatic gum resin burned as incense
203,Bowman's_capsule glomerular_capsule capsula_glomeruli,thin double membrane surrounding the glomerulus of a nephron
204,Bradley's_spleenwort Asplenium_bradleyi,a spleenwort of eastern to southern United States
205,Bradley_method_of_childbirth Bradley_method,a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth by providing education and exercises and nutrition and techniques of breathing and relaxation (with the assistance of the father)
206,Brahmaputra Brahmaputra_River,an Asian river; flows into the Bay of Bengal
207,Bramley's_Seedling,very large cooking apple
208,Braun's_holly_fern prickly_shield_fern Polystichum_braunii,North American fern whose more or less evergreen leathery fronds are covered with pale brown chafflike scales
209,Brazilian_guava Psidium_guineense,South American tree having fruit similar to the true guava
210,Brazilian_pepper_tree Schinus_terebinthifolius,small Brazilian evergreen resinous tree or shrub having dark green leaflets and white flowers followed by bright red fruit; used as a street tree and lawn specimen
211,Brazilian_rosewood caviuna_wood jacaranda Dalbergia_nigra,an important Brazilian timber tree yielding a heavy hard dark-colored wood streaked with black
212,Brazos Brazos_River,a river that rises in Mexico and flows across Texas into the Gulf of Mexico
213,Bristol_Channel,an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean between southern Wales and southwestern England
214,Broca's_area Broca's_center Broca's_gyrus Broca's_convolution convolution_of_Broca,the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people
215,Brodmann's_area,one of the cortical areas mapped out on the basis of its cytoarchitecture
216,Bull_Run,a creek in northeastern Virginia where two battles were fought in the American Civil War
217,Burma_padauk Burmese_rosewood Pterocarpus_macrocarpus,tree of India and Burma yielding a wood resembling mahogany
218,Buzzards_Bay,an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern Massachusetts
219,C-reactive_protein CRP,a byproduct of inflammation; a globulin that is found in the blood in some cases of acute inflammation
220,Cabernet_Sauvignon_grape,superior red wine grapes grown especially in the Bordeaux region of France and northern California
221,Caelum,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Columba and Eridanus
222,Caladium_bicolor,most popular caladium; cultivated in many varieties since the late 19th century
223,California_black_oak Quercus_kelloggii,large deciduous tree of the Pacific coast having deeply parted bristle-tipped leaves
224,California_black_walnut Juglans_californica,medium-sized tree with somewhat aromatic compound leaves and edible nuts
225,California_bluebell Phacelia_campanularia,annual of southern California with intricately branched stems and lax cymes of aromatic deep blue bell-shaped flowers
226,California_bluebell whitlavia Phacelia_minor Phacelia_whitlavia,desert plant of southern California with blue or violet tubular flowers in terminal racemes
227,California_box_elder Acer_negundo_Californicum,maple of the Pacific coast of the United States; fruits are white when mature
228,California_four_o'clock Mirabilis_laevis Mirabilis_californica,California four o'clock with purple-red flowers
229,California_fuchsia humming_bird's_trumpet Epilobium_canum_canum Zauschneria_californica,shrublet of southwestern United States to Mexico having brilliant scarlet flowers
230,California_lady's_slipper Cypripedium_californicum,often having many yellow-green orchids with white pouches growing along streams and seeps of southwestern Oregon and northern California
231,California_laurel California_bay_tree Oregon_myrtle pepperwood spice_tree sassafras_laurel California_olive mountain_laurel Umbellularia_californica,Pacific coast tree having aromatic foliage and small umbellate flowers followed by olivelike fruit; yields a hard tough wood
232,California_nutmeg nutmeg-yew Torreya_californica,California evergreen having a fruit resembling a nutmeg but with a strong turpentine flavor
233,California_pitcher_plant Darlingtonia_californica,marsh or bog herb having solitary pendulous yellow-green flowers and somewhat twisted pitchers with broad wings below
234,California_poppy Eschscholtzia_californica,of Pacific coast of North America; widely cultivated for its yellow to red flowers
235,California_privet Ligustrum_ovalifolium,semi-evergreen Japanese shrub having malodorous flowers; used extensively for hedges because more likely to stay green that common privet
236,California_sagebrush California_sage Artemisia_californica,low ashy-grey California shrub
237,California_single-leaf_pinyon Pinus_californiarum,very small tree similar to Rocky mountain pinon but having a single needle per fascicle; similar to Parry's pinyon in range
238,California_sycamore Platanus_racemosa,tall tree of Baja California having deciduous bark and large alternate palmately lobed leaves and ball-shaped clusters of flowers
239,California_white_oak valley_oak valley_white_oak roble Quercus_lobata,tall graceful deciduous California oak having leathery leaves and slender pointed acorns
240,Callisto,the second largest of Jupiter's satellites
241,Caloosahatchee Caloosahatchee_River,a river in southern Florida that flows westerly to the Gulf of Mexico; forms the western end of the Cross-Florida Waterway
242,Calvary_clover Medicago_intertexta Medicago_echinus,an annual of the Mediterranean area having spiny seed pods and leaves with dark spots
243,Cam River_Cam Cam_River,a river in east central England that flows past Cambridge to join the Ouse River
244,Canada_anemone Anemone_Canadensis,common summer-flowering woodland herb of Labrador to Colorado
245,Canada_garlic meadow_leek rose_leek Allium_canadense,North American bulbous plant
246,Canada_ginger black_snakeroot Asarum_canadense,deciduous low-growing perennial of Canada and eastern and central United States
247,Canada_lily wild_yellow_lily meadow_lily wild_meadow_lily Lilium_canadense,common lily of the eastern United States having nodding yellow or reddish flowers spotted with brown
248,Canada_plum Prunus_nigra,small tree native to northeastern North America having oblong orange-red fruit
249,Canada_thistle creeping_thistle Cirsium_arvense,European thistle naturalized in United States and Canada where it is a pernicious weed
250,Canada_violet tall_white_violet white_violet Viola_canadensis,tall North American perennial with heart-shaped leaves and white flowers with purple streaks
251,Canada_wild_rye Elymus_canadensis,North American wild rye
252,Canadian Canadian_River,a river rising in northeastern New Mexico and flowing eastward across the Texas panhandle to become a tributary of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma
253,Canadian_Falls Horseshoe_Falls,a part of Niagara Falls in Ontario
254,Canadian_aspen bigtooth_aspen bigtoothed_aspen big-toothed_aspen large-toothed_aspen large_tooth_aspen Populus_grandidentata,aspen with a narrow crown; eastern North America
255,Canadian_pondweed Elodea_canadensis,North American waterweed; widely naturalized in Europe
256,Canandaigua_Lake Lake_Canandaigua,a glacial lake in central New York; one of the Finger Lakes
257,Canary_Island_hare's_foot_fern Davallia_canariensis,fern of the Canary Islands and Madeira
258,Cancer,a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
259,Canis_Major Great_Dog,a constellation to the southeast of Orion; contains Sirius
260,Canis_Minor Little_Dog,a constellation to the east of Orion; contains Procyon
261,Canopus,supergiant star 650 light years from Earth; second brightest star in the sky
262,Canterbury_bell cup_and_saucer Campanula_medium,European biennial widely cultivated for its blue or violet or white flowers
263,Cape_Cod_Bay,the southern part of Massachusetts Bay
264,Cape_Fear_River,a river in North Carolina that flows southeast to the Atlantic Ocean at Cape Fear
265,Cape_primrose,any of various African plants of the genus Streptocarpus widely cultivated especially as houseplants for their showy blue or purple flowers
266,Cape_tulip Haemanthus_coccineus,spectacular plant having large prostrate leaves barred in reddish-purple and flowers with a clump of long yellow stamens in a coral-red cup of fleshy bracts; South Africa
267,Capella,the brightest star in Auriga
268,Capricornus Capricorn,a faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Sagittarius and Aquarius
269,Caribbean Caribbean_Sea,an arm of the Atlantic Ocean between North and South America; the origin of the Gulf stream
270,Carina,a keel-shaped constellation in the southern hemisphere; contains the star Canopus
271,Carolina_allspice strawberry_shrub strawberry_bush sweet_shrub Calycanthus_floridus,hardy shrub of southeastern United States having clove-scented wood and fragrant red-brown flowers
272,Carolina_buckthorn indian_cherry Rhamnus_carolinianus,deciduous shrub of eastern and central United States having black berrylike fruit; golden-yellow in autumn
273,Carolina_hemlock Tsuga_caroliniana,medium-sized evergreen of southeastern United States having spreading branches and widely diverging cone scales
274,Carolina_lupine Thermopsis_villosa,eastern United States bush pea
275,Carolina_moonseed Cocculus_carolinus,woody vine of southeastern United States resembling the common moonseed but having red fruits
276,Carolina_spring_beauty Claytonia_caroliniana,similar to Claytonia virginica but having usually pink flowers; eastern North America
277,Cartagena_bark Cinchona_cordifolia Cinchona_lancifolia,Colombian tree; source of Cartagena bark (a cinchona bark)
278,Caspian Caspian_Sea,a large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River; the largest inland body of water in the world
279,Cassiopeia,a W-shaped constellation in the northern hemisphere near Polaris
280,Castor Alpha_Geminorum,a multiple star with 6 components; second brightest in Gemini; close to Pollux
281,Catalina_cherry Prunus_lyonii,evergreen shrub or small tree found on Catalina Island (California)
282,Catalpa_bignioides,catalpa tree of southern United States
283,Catalpa_speciosa,catalpa tree of central United States
284,Catawba,slipskin grape; a reddish American table grape
285,Catha_edulis,a shrub that is cultivated by Arabs for its leaves which are chewed or used to make tea
286,Cathaya,Chinese evergreen conifer discovered in 1955; not yet cultivated elsewhere
287,Caucasian_walnut Pterocarya_fraxinifolia,medium-sized Caucasian much-branched tree distinguished from other walnut trees by its winged fruit
288,Cayuga_Lake Lake_Cayuga,a glacial lake in central New York; the longest of the Finger Lakes
289,Centaurus Centaur,a conspicuous constellation in the southern hemisphere near the Southern Cross
290,Central_American_strap_fern narrow-leaved_strap_fern Campyloneurum_augustifolium,fern with shorter and narrower leaves than Florida strap fern; Florida to West Indies and Mexico and south to Argentina
291,Cepheus,a faint constellation in the northern hemisphere near Cassiopeia and the pole star
292,Ceres,the largest asteroid and the first discovered
293,Cetus,a large constellation on the equator near Pisces and Aquarius
294,Ceylon_bowstring_hemp Sansevieria_zeylanica,plant having thick fibrous leaves transversely banded in light and dark green
295,Chamaeleon Chameleon,a faint constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Apus and Mensa
296,Chang_Jiang Changjiang Chang Yangtze Yangtze_River Yangtze_Kiang,the longest river of Asia; flows eastward from Tibet into the East China Sea near Shanghai
297,Chao_Phraya,a river in Thailand formed by the confluence of the Nan and Ping Rivers; flows southward past Bangkok and empties into the Gulf of Thailand
298,Chardonnay chardonnay_grape,white wine grape
299,Charles Charles_River,a river in eastern Massachusetts that empties into Boston Harbor and that separates Cambridge from Boston
300,Chattahoochee Chattahoochee_River,a river rising in northern Georgia and flowing southwest and south to join the Flint River at the Florida border where they form the Apalachicola River
301,Chenin_blanc,white grape grown especially in California and the lower Loire valley of France
302,Cherokee_rose Rosa_laevigata,Chinese climbing rose with fragrant white blossoms
303,Chesapeake_Bay,a large inlet of the North Atlantic between Virginia and Maryland; fed by Susquehanna River
304,Chilean_cedar Austrocedrus_chilensis,a small South American evergreen having coppery bark and pretty foliage
305,Chilean_firebush Chilean_flameflower Embothrium_coccineum,grown for outstanding display of brilliant usually scarlet-crimson flowers; Andes
306,Chilean_jasmine Mandevilla_laxa,woody vine of Argentina grown as an ornamental for its glossy leaves and racemes of large fragrant funnel-shaped creamy-white flowers
307,Chilean_nut Chile_nut Chile_hazel Chilean_hazelnut Guevina_heterophylla Guevina_avellana,Chilean shrub bearing coral-red fruit with an edible seed resembling a hazelnut
308,Chilean_rimu Lepidothamnus_fonkii,about the hardiest Podocarpaceae species; prostrate spreading shrub similar to mountain rimu; mountains of southern Chile
309,China_aster Callistephus_chinensis,valued for their beautiful flowers in a wide range of clear bright colors; grown primarily for cutting
310,China_rose Bengal_rose Rosa_chinensis,shrubby Chinese rose; ancestor of many cultivated garden roses
311,China_rose Chinese_hibiscus Rose_of_China shoeblack_plant shoe_black Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis,large showy Asiatic shrub or small tree having large single or double red to deep-red flowers
312,China_tree false_dogwood jaboncillo chinaberry Sapindus_saponaria,evergreen of tropical America having pulpy fruit containing saponin which was used as soap by Native Americans
313,Chinese_angelica Chinese_angelica_tree Aralia_stipulata,similar to American angelica tree but less prickly; China
314,Chinese_cabbage celery_cabbage napa pe-tsai Brassica_rapa_pekinensis,plant with an elongated head of broad stalked leaves resembling celery; used as a vegetable in east Asia
315,Chinese_chestnut Castanea_mollissima,a small tree with small sweet nuts; wild or naturalized in Korea and China
316,Chinese_cork_oak Quercus_variabilis,medium to large deciduous tree of China, Japan, and Korea having thick corky bark
317,Chinese_elm Ulmus_parvifolia,small fast-growing tree native to Asia; widely grown as shelterbelts and hedges
318,Chinese_forget-me-not Cynoglossum_amabile,biennial east Asian herb grown for its usually bright blue flowers
319,Chinese_gooseberry kiwi kiwi_vine Actinidia_chinensis Actinidia_deliciosa,climbing vine native to China; cultivated in New Zealand for its fuzzy edible fruit with green meat
320,Chinese_holly Ilex_cornuta,dense rounded evergreen shrub of China having spiny leaves; widely cultivated as an ornamental
321,Chinese_lantern_plant winter_cherry bladder_cherry Physalis_alkekengi,Old World perennial cultivated for its ornamental inflated papery orange-red calyx
322,Chinese_parasol_tree Chinese_parasol Japanese_varnish_tree phoenix_tree Firmiana_simplex,deciduous tree widely grown in southern United States as an ornamental for its handsome maplelike foliage and long racemes of yellow-green flowers followed by curious leaflike pods
323,Chinese_pea_tree Caragana_sinica,shrub with dark-green glossy foliage and solitary pale yellow flowers; northern China
324,Chinese_primrose Primula_sinensis,cultivated Asiatic primrose
325,Chinese_privet white_wax_tree Ligustrum_lucidum,erect evergreen treelike shrub of China and Korea and Japan having acuminate leaves and flowers in long erect panicles; resembles Japanese privet
326,Chinese_rhubarb Rheum_palmatum,long used for laxative properties
327,Chinese_wistaria Wisteria_chinensis,having deep purple flowers
328,Chiron,an asteroid discovered in 1977; it is unique in having an orbit lying mainly between the orbits of Saturn and Uranus
329,Christ's-thorn Jerusalem_thorn Paliurus_spina-christi,thorny Eurasian shrub with dry woody winged fruit
330,Christmas_begonia blooming-fool_begonia Begonia_cheimantha,hybrid winter-blooming begonia grown for its many large pink flowers
331,Christmas_bells,any of several plants of the genus Blandfordia having large orange or crimson flowers
332,Christmas_bush Christmas_tree Ceratopetalum_gummiferum,Australian tree or shrub with red flowers; often used in Christmas decoration
333,Christmas_cactus Schlumbergera_buckleyi Schlumbergera_baridgesii,epiphytic cactus of Brazilian ancestry widely cultivated as a houseplant having jointed flat segments and usually rose-purple flowers that bloom in winter
334,Christmas_factor factor_IX,coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B
335,Christmas_fern canker_brake dagger_fern evergreen_wood_fern Polystichum_acrostichoides,North American evergreen fern having pinnate leaves and dense clusters of lance-shaped fronds
336,Christmasberry Christmas_berry Lycium_carolinianum,spiny evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having spreading branches usually blue or mauve flowers and red berries
337,Chukchi_Sea,part of the Arctic Ocean just to the north of the Bering Strait
338,Cimarron Cimarron_River,a river that rises in northeastern New Mexico and flows eastward into Oklahoma where it becomes a tributary of the Arkansas River
339,Circaea_lutetiana,tall evening primrose with inconspicuous flowers
340,Circinus,a small faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Musca and Triangulum Australe
341,Clinch_River,a river that rises in southwestern Virginia and flows generally southwestward across eastern Tennessee to the Tennessee River
342,Clyde,a river in western Scotland that flows from the southern uplands into the Firth of Clyde; navigable by oceangoing vessels as far as Glasgow
343,Cocytus River_Cocytus,(Greek mythology) a river in Hades that was said to be a tributary of the Acheron
344,Coeur_d'Alene_Lake,a lake in northern Idaho
345,Coigue Nothofagus_dombeyi,Chilean evergreen whose leafy boughs are used for thatching
346,Colorado Colorado_River,a river in Texas; flows southeast into the Gulf of Mexico
347,Colorado Colorado_River,an important river in the southwestern United States; rises in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado and flows southwest through Utah into Arizona (where it flows through the Grand Canyon) and then southward through the southern tip of Nevada, then forming the border between California and Arizona and finally into Mexico where it empties into the Gulf of California; the main source of water in the southwestern United States
348,Colorado_River_hemp Sesbania_exaltata,tall-growing annual of southwestern United States widely grown as green manure; yields a strong tough bast fiber formerly used by Indians for cordage
349,Colorado_spruce Colorado_blue_spruce silver_spruce Picea_pungens,tall spruce with blue-green needles and dense conic crown; older trees become columnar with lower branches sweeping downward
350,Columba Dove,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Puppis and Caelum
351,Columbia Columbia_River,a North American river; rises in southwestern Canada and flows southward across Washington to form the border between Washington and Oregon before emptying into the Pacific; known for its salmon runs in the spring
352,Columbia_tiger_lily Oregon_lily Lilium_columbianum,lily of western North America with showy orange-red purple-spotted flowers
353,Coma_Berenices,a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Ursa Major and Bootes; contains a cluster of some 10,000 galaxies
354,Concord_grape,slipskin grape; a purple table grape of the northeastern United States
355,Congo Congo_River Zaire_River,a major African river (one of the world's longest); flows through Congo into the South Atlantic
356,Connarus_guianensis,tropical American and east African tree with strikingly marked hardwood used in cabinetwork
357,Connecticut Connecticut_River,a river in the northeastern United States; flows south from northern New Hampshire along the border between New Hampshire and Vermont and through Massachusetts and Connecticut where it empties into Long Island Sound
358,Connemara_heath St._Dabeoc's_heath Daboecia_cantabrica,low straggling evergreen shrub of western Europe represented by several varieties with flowers from white to rose-purple
359,Constance Lake_Constance Bodensee,a lake in southeastern Germany on the northern side of the Swiss Alps; forms part of the Rhine River
360,Cook_Strait,a narrow strait separating the North Island and South Island in New Zealand
361,Coosa Coosa_River,river that rises in northwestern Georgia and flows southwest through eastern Alabama to join the Tallapoosa River near Montgomery and form the Alabama River
362,Coral_Sea,an arm of the South Pacific to the northeast of Australia
363,Coriolis_effect,(physics) an effect whereby a body moving in a rotating frame of reference experiences the Coriolis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation; on Earth the Coriolis effect deflects moving bodies to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere
364,Coriolis_force,(physics) a force due to the earth's rotation; acts on a body in motion (airplane or projectile) in a rotating reference frame; in a rotating frame of reference Newton's second law of motion can be made to apply if in addition to the real forces acting on a body a Coriolis force and a centrifugal force are introduced
365,Cornish_heath Erica_vagans,bushy shrub having pink to white flowers; common on the moors of Cornwall and in southwestern Europe; cultivated elsewhere
366,Corona_Borealis,a small constellation in the northern hemisphere between Bootes and Hercules
367,Cortland,large apple with a red skin
368,Corvus Crow,a small quadrilateral constellation in the southern hemisphere near Virgo
369,Cotoneaster_dammeri,climbing evergreen shrub with white flowers and red berries; often used as ground cover
370,Cotoneaster_horizontalis,deciduous flat-growing shrub with a fanned herringbone pattern and having reddish flowers and orange-red berries; used as a ground cover
371,Cowper's_gland bulbourethral_gland,either of two glands that discharge a component of seminal fluid into the urethra; homologous to Bartholin's gland in the female
372,Cox's_Orange_Pippin,a yellow Pippin with distinctive flavor
373,Crab_Nebula,a remnant of a supernova detected first in 1054 AD
374,Crater,a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Hydra and Corvus
375,Cross-Florida_Waterway Okeechobee_Waterway,a waterway used by small boats to travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico through Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee Canal and the Caloosahatchee River
376,Cuban_bast blue_mahoe mahoe majagua mahagua Hibiscus_elatus,erect forest tree of Cuba and Jamaica having variably hairy leaves and orange-yellow or orange-red flowers; yields a moderately dense timber for cabinetwork and gunstocks
377,Cumberland Cumberland_River,a river that rises in southeastern Kentucky and flows westward through northern Tennessee to become a tributary of the Ohio River in southwestern Kentucky
378,Cuquenan Cuquenan_Falls Kukenaam Kukenaam_Falls,a famous waterfall in Venezuela
379,Cygnus,a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Pegasus and Draco in the Milky Way; contains a black hole
380,Cyrilliaceae family_Cyrilliaceae cyrilla_family titi_family,shrubs and trees with leathery leaves and small white flowers in racemes: genera Cyrilla and Cliftonia
381,DNA_polymerase,the enzyme responsible for DNA replication
382,Dalmatian_iris Iris_pallida,European iris having soft lilac-blue flowers
383,Dalmatian_laburnum Petteria_ramentacea Cytisus_ramentaceus,erect shrub having large trifoliate leaves and dense clusters of yellow flowers followed by poisonous seeds; Yugoslavia; sometimes placed in genus Cytisus
384,Danube Danube_River Danau,the 2nd longest European river (after the Volga); flows from southwestern Germany to the Black Sea; "Vienna, Budapest, and Belgrade are on the banks of the Danube"
385,Dardanelles Canakkale_Bogazi Hellespont,the strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara that separates European Turkey from Asian Turkey
386,Darling Darling_River,an Australian river; tributary of the Murray River
387,Darwin_tulip,any of several very tall, late blooming tulips bearing large squarish flowers on sturdy stems
388,Davidson's_penstemon Penstemon_davidsonii,mat-forming plant with blue and lavender flowers clustered on short erect stems; British Columbia to northern California
389,Dead_Sea,a saltwater lake on the border between Israel and Jordan; its surface in 1292 feet below sea level
390,Deimos,the outer of two small satellites of Mars
391,Delaware Delaware_River,a river that rises in the Catskills in southeastern New York and flows southward along the border of Pennsylvania with New York and New Jersey to northern Delaware where it empties into Delaware Bay
392,Delaware_Bay,an inlet of the North Atlantic; fed by the Delaware River
393,Delicious,variety of sweet eating apples
394,Delphinus,a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Pegasus and Aquila
395,Demerara,a river in northern Guyana that flows northward into the Atlantic
396,Deneb,the brightest star in Cygnus
397,Denebola,a star in Leo approximately 43 light years from Earth
398,Detroit_River,a short river flowing from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie along the border between the United States and Canada; one the busiest inland waterways in the world
399,Dnieper Dnieper_River,a river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea
400,Don Don_River,a European river in southwestern Russia; flows into the Sea of Azov
401,Doppler_effect Doppler_shift,change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other
402,Dorado,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Reticulum and Pictor; contains most of the Large Magellanic Cloud
403,Draco Dragon,a faint constellation twisting around the north celestial pole and lying between Ursa Major and Cepheus
404,Drosophyllum_lusitanicum,perennial of dry habitats whose leaves have glandular hairs that secrete adhesive and digestive fluid for capture and digestion of insects; Portugal, southern Spain and Morocco
405,Dutch_elm Ulmus_hollandica,any of various hybrid ornamental European shade trees ranging from dwarf to tall
406,Dutch_iris Iris_filifolia,bulbous Spanish iris with red-violet flowers
407,Dutch_iris Iris_tingitana,bulbous Spanish iris having blue flowers
408,Dutch_treat,a dinner where each person pays for his own
409,Dutchman's-pipe pipe_vine Aristolochia_macrophylla Aristolochia_durior,hardy deciduous vine having large leaves and flowers with the calyx tube curved like the bowl of a pipe
410,Dutchman's_breeches Dicentra_cucullaria,delicate spring-flowering plant of the eastern United States having white flowers with double spurs
411,Earth earth world globe,the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on; "the Earth moves around the sun"; "he sailed around the world"
412,East_China_Sea,part of the Pacific Ocean near eastern Asia
413,East_River,a tidal strait separating Manhattan and the Bronx from Queens and Brooklyn
414,Easter_cactus Hatiora_gaertneri Schlumbergera_gaertneri,spring-blooming South American cactus with oblong joints and coral-red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Schlumbergera
415,Easter_daisy stemless_daisy Townsendia_Exscapa,dwarf tufted nearly stemless herb having a rosette of woolly leaves and large white-rayed flower heads and bristly achenes; central Canada and United States west to Arizona
416,Easter_lily Bermuda_lily white_trumpet_lily Lilium_longiflorum,tall lily have large white trumpet-shaped flowers that bloom in the spring
417,Eastern_cottonwood necklace_poplar Populus_deltoides,a common poplar of eastern and central United States; cultivated in United States for its rapid growth and luxuriant foliage and in Europe for timber
418,Eastern_hop_hornbeam ironwood ironwood_tree Ostrya_virginiana,medium-sized hop hornbeam of eastern North America
419,Eastern_silvery_aster,a variety of aster
420,Ebro Ebro_River,a river in northeastern Spain; flows into the Mediterranean
421,Egyptian_cotton,fine somewhat brownish long-staple cotton grown in Egypt; believed to be derived from sea island cotton or by hybridization with Peruvian cotton
422,Egyptian_grass crowfoot_grass Dactyloctenium_aegypticum,a creeping grass with spikes like fingers
423,Egyptian_henbane Hyoscyamus_muticus,poisonous herb whose leaves are a source of hyoscyamine
424,Elbe Elbe_River,a river in central Europe that arises in northwestern Czechoslovakia and flows northward through Germany to empty into the North Sea
425,Elizabeth_River,a short river in southeastern Virginia flowing between Norfolk and Portsmouth into Hampton Roads
426,Elliott's_goldenrod,a variety of goldenrod
427,Empire,an eating apple that somewhat resembles a McIntosh; used as both an eating and a cooking apple
428,Engelmann_spruce Engelmann's_spruce Picea_engelmannii,tall spruce of Rocky Mountains and British Columbia with blue-green needles and acutely conic crown; wood used for rough lumber and boxes
429,English_Channel,an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that forms a channel between France and Britain
430,English_elm European_elm Ulmus_procera,broad spreading rough-leaved elm common throughout Europe and planted elsewhere
431,English_hawthorn Crataegus_monogyna,European hawthorn having deeply cleft leaves and bright red fruits; widely cultivated in many varieties and often grown as impenetrable hedges; established as an escape in eastern North America
432,English_iris Iris_xiphioides,bulbous iris native to the Pyrenees; widely cultivated for its large delicate flowers in various colors except yellow
433,English_lavender Lavandula_angustifolia Lavandula_officinalis,aromatic Mediterranean shrub widely cultivated for its lilac flowers which are dried and used in sachets
434,English_plantain narrow-leaved_plantain ribgrass ribwort ripple-grass buckthorn Plantago_lanceolata,an Old World plantain with long narrow ribbed leaves widely established in temperate regions
435,English_primrose Primula_vulgaris,plant of western and southern Europe widely cultivated for its pale yellow flowers
436,English_walnut,nut with a wrinkled two-lobed seed and hard but relatively thin shell; widely used in cooking
437,English_walnut English_walnut_tree Circassian_walnut Persian_walnut Juglans_regia,Eurasian walnut valued for its large edible nut and its hard richly figured wood; widely cultivated
438,Epipactis_helleborine,European orchid with spikes of green and pinkish or purplish flowers
439,Epsilon_Aurigae,the largest known star
440,Eridanus,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Fornax and Cetus
441,Erythroxylon_coca coca coca_plant,a South American shrub whose leaves are chewed by natives of the Andes; a source of cocaine
442,Erythroxylon_truxiuense,a South American shrub whose leaves are a source of cocaine
443,Euphrates Euphrates_River,a river in southwestern Asia; flows into the Persian Gulf; was important in the development of several great civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia
444,Europa,the 4th largest of Jupiter's satellites; covered with a smooth shell of frozen water
445,European_ash common_European_ash Fraxinus_excelsior,tall ash of Europe to the Caucasus having leaves shiny dark-green above and pale downy beneath
446,European_beggar-ticks trifid_beggar-ticks trifid_bur_marigold Bidens_tripartita,bur marigold of temperate Eurasia
447,European_bog_asphodel Narthecium_ossifragum,of western Europe: Scandinavia to northern Spain and Portugal
448,European_chestnut sweet_chestnut Spanish_chestnut Castanea_sativa,wild or cultivated throughout southern Europe, northwestern Africa and southwestern Asia
449,European_cranberry small_cranberry Vaccinium_oxycoccus,small red-fruited trailing cranberry of Arctic and cool regions of the northern hemisphere
450,European_dewberry Rubus_caesius,creeping European bramble bearing dewberries
451,European_dogtooth Erythronium_dens-canis,sturdy European dogtooth with rose to mauve flowers; cultivated in many varieties
452,European_fly_honeysuckle European_honeysuckle Lonicera_xylosteum,cultivated Eurasian shrub with twin yellowish-white flowers and scarlet fruit
453,European_hackberry Mediterranean_hackberry Celtis_australis,bright green deciduous shade tree of southern Europe
454,European_hornbeam Carpinus_betulus,medium-sized Old World tree with smooth grey bark and leaves like beech that turn yellow-orange in autumn
455,European_ladies'_tresses Spiranthes_spiralis,European orchid having shorter racemes of strongly spiraling snow-white flowers
456,European_larch Larix_decidua,tall European tree having a slender conic crown, flat needlelike leaves, and hairy cone scales
457,European_parsley_fern mountain_parsley_fern Cryptogramma_crispa,fern of Europe and Asia Minor having short slender rhizome and densely tufted bright green fronds resembling parsley
458,European_pasqueflower Pulsatilla_vulgaris Anemone_pulsatilla,European perennial having usually violet or white spring flowers
459,European_red_elder red-berried_elder Sambucus_racemosa,Eurasian shrub
460,European_sanicle Sanicula_Europaea,sanicle of Europe and Asia having white to pale pink flowers
461,European_silver_fir Christmas_tree Abies_alba,tall timber tree of central and southern Europe having a regular crown and grey bark
462,European_turkey_oak turkey_oak Quercus_cerris,large deciduous tree of central and southern Europe and Asia Minor having lanceolate leaves with spiked lobes
463,European_white_lily Nymphaea_alba,a water lily with white flowers
464,European_woolly_thistle Cirsium_eriophorum,woolly thistle of western and central Europe and Balkan Peninsula
465,Europeanization Europeanisation,assimilation into European culture
466,Eustachian_tube auditory_tube,either of the paired tubes connecting the middle ears to the nasopharynx; equalizes air pressure on the two sides of the eardrum
467,Eyre Lake_Eyre,a shallow salt lake in south central Australia about 35 feet below sea level; the largest lake in the country and the lowest point on the continent
468,Fallopian_tube uterine_tube oviduct,either of a pair of tubes conducting the egg from the ovary to the uterus
469,Farley_maidenhair Farley_maidenhair_fern Barbados_maidenhair glory_fern Adiantum_tenerum_farleyense,named for a country house in Barbados where it was discovered
470,Firth_of_Clyde,a firth on the southwestern coast of Scotland emptying into the North Channel
471,Firth_of_Forth,a large firth on the east coast of Scotland and the estuary of the Forth River; location of Edinburgh
472,Flint Flint_River,a river in western Georgia that flows generally south to join the Chattahoochee River at the Florida border where they form the Apalachicola River
473,Florence_fennel Foeniculum_dulce Foeniculum_vulgare_dulce,grown especially for its edible aromatic bulbous stem base
474,Florentine_iris orris Iris_germanica_florentina Iris_florentina,German iris having large white flowers with lavender-tinged falls and a fragrant rhizome
475,Florida_strap_fern cow-tongue_fern hart's-tongue_fern,common epiphytic or sometimes terrestrial fern having pale yellow-green strap-shaped leaves; Florida to West Indies and Mexico and south to Uruguay
476,Florida_yew Taxus_floridana,small bushy yew of northern Florida having spreading branches and very narrow leaves
477,Fornax,a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Cetus and Phoenix
478,Forth Forth_River,a river in southern Scotland that flows eastward to the Firth of Forth
479,Fox_River,a river in Wisconsin that flows into Lake Michigan
480,Fraser_fir Abies_fraseri,small fast-growing but short-lived fir of southern Alleghenies similar to balsam fir but with very short leaves
481,French_honeysuckle sulla Hedysarum_coronarium,perennial of southern Europe cultivated for forage and for its nectar-rich pink flowers that make it an important honey crop
482,French_lavender Lavandula_stoechas,shrubby greyish lavender of southwestern Europe having usually reddish-purple flowers
483,French_marigold Tagetes_patula,strong-scented bushy annual with orange or yellow flower heads marked with red; Mexico and Guatemala
484,French_sorrel garden_sorrel Rumex_scutatus,low perennial with small silvery-green ovate to hastate leaves
485,Galilean_satellite Galilean,one of the four satellites of Jupiter that were discovered by Galileo
486,Galveston_Bay,an arm of the Gulf of Mexico in Texas to the south of Houston
487,Galway_Bay,a bay of the North Atlantic on the west coast of Ireland
488,Gan_Jiang Kan_River,a river in southeastern China that flows generally north into the Chang Jiang to the north of Nanchang
489,Ganges Ganges_River,an Asian river; rises in the Himalayas and flows east into the Bay of Bengal; a sacred river of the Hindus
490,Ganymede,the largest of Jupiter's satellites
491,Garonne Garonne_River,a river that rises in the Pyrenees and flows northwest to the Bay of Biscay
492,Gemini,a zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere between Taurus and Cancer on the ecliptic
493,Gentianopsid_procera Gentiana_procera,small blue-flowered fringed gentian of east central North America
494,Gentianopsis_crinita Gentiana_crinita,tall widely distributed fringed gentian of eastern North America having violet-blue or white fringed flowers
495,Gentianopsis_detonsa Gentiana_detonsa,medium-tall fringed gentian with pale-blue to blue-purple flowers; circumboreal in distribution
496,Gentianopsis_thermalis Gentiana_thermalis,small blue-flowered fringed gentian of western United States (Rocky Mountains) especially around hot springs in Yellowstone National Park
497,Geogia_holly,a holly shrub
498,German_iris Iris_germanica,a large iris with purple or white flowers, native to central and southern Europe
499,German_iris Iris_kochii,iris of northern Italy having deep blue-purple flowers; similar to but smaller than Iris germanica
500,German_ivy Delairea_odorata Senecio_milkanioides,South African succulent evergreen twining climber with yellow flowers grown primarily as a houseplant for its foliage; sometimes placed in genus Senecio
501,German_millet golden_wonder_millet Setaria_italica_stramineofructa,millet having yellow grains in large drooping spikes
502,Ghedda_wax,wax from Indian and African bees
503,Gila Gila_River,a river that rises in western New Mexico and flows westward through southern Arizona to become a tributary of the Colorado River
504,Golden_Delicious Yellow_Delicious,a sweet eating apple with yellow skin
505,Golden_Gate,a strait in western California that connects the San Francisco Bay with the Pacific Ocean; discovered in 1579 by Sir Francis Drake
506,Goldie's_fern Goldie's_shield_fern goldie's_wood_fern Dryopteris_goldiana,North American fern with a blackish lustrous stipe
507,Golgi_body Golgi_apparatus Golgi_complex dictyosome,a netlike structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions)
508,Graafian_follicle,a vascular body in a mammalian ovary enclosing a developing egg
509,Grand_River,a river in southern Michigan that flows northwest to empty into Lake Michigan
510,Granny_Smith,apple with a green skin and hard tart flesh
511,Great_Australian_Bight,a wide bay of the Indian Ocean in southern Australia; notorious for storms
512,Great_Bear Ursa_Major,a constellation outside the zodiac that rotates around the North Star
513,Great_Salt_Lake,a shallow body of salt water in northwestern Utah
514,Great_Slave_Lake,a lake in the Northwest Territories in northwestern Canada; drained by the Mackenzie River
515,Greek_valerian Polemonium_reptans,erect or spreading perennial of the eastern United States
516,Green Green_River,a river that rises in western Wyoming and flows southward through Utah to become a tributary of the Colorado River
517,Greenland_Sea,part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Iceland
518,Grimes'_golden,yellow apple that ripens in late autumn; eaten raw
519,Grindelia_robusta,perennial gumweed of California and Baja California
520,Grus Crane,a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Phoenix
521,Guadalupe_cypress Cupressus_guadalupensis,relatively low wide-spreading endemic on Guadalupe Island; cultivated for its bluish foliage
522,Guantanamo_Bay,an inlet of the Caribbean Sea; a United States naval station was established on the bay in 1903
523,Guinea_pepper negro_pepper Xylopia_aethiopica,tropical west African evergreen tree bearing pungent aromatic seeds used as a condiment and in folk medicine
524,Gulf_of_Aden,arm of the Indian Ocean at the entrance to the Red Sea
525,Gulf_of_Alaska,a gulf of the Pacific Ocean between the Alaska Peninsula and the Alexander Archipelago
526,Gulf_of_Antalya,a gulf of the Mediterranean Sea in southwestern Turkey
527,Gulf_of_Aqaba Gulf_of_Akaba,a northeastern arm of the Red Sea; between the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) and Saudi Arabia
528,Gulf_of_Bothnia,a northern arm of the Baltic Sea; between Sweden and Finland
529,Gulf_of_California Sea_of_Cortes,a gulf to the west of the mainland of Mexico
530,Gulf_of_Campeche Golfo_de_Campeche Bay_of_Campeche,a part of the Gulf of Mexico to the west of Yucatan
531,Gulf_of_Carpentaria Carpentaria,a wide shallow inlet of the Arafura Sea in northern Australia
532,Gulf_of_Corinth Gulf_of_Lepanto,inlet of the Ionian Sea between central Greece and the Peloponnesus
533,Gulf_of_Finland,an eastern arm of the Baltic Sea; between Finland and Estonia
534,Gulf_of_Guinea,a gulf off the southwest coast of Africa
535,Gulf_of_Martaban,an arm of the Andaman Sea off southern Myanmar
536,Gulf_of_Mexico Golfo_de_Mexico,an arm of the Atlantic to the south of the United States and to the east of Mexico
537,Gulf_of_Ob Bay_of_Ob,an inlet of the Kara Sea in western Siberia
538,Gulf_of_Oman,an arm of the Arabian Sea connecting it with the Persian Gulf
539,Gulf_of_Riga,an inlet of the Baltic Sea between Latvia and Estonia
540,Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence Gulf_of_St._Lawrence,an arm of the northwest Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of Canada
541,Gulf_of_Sidra,wide inlet of the Mediterranean Sea on the north coast of Libya
542,Gulf_of_Suez,a northwestern arm of the Red Sea linked to the Mediterranean by the Suez Canal
543,Gulf_of_Tehuantepec,an arm of the Pacific in southern Mexico
544,Gulf_of_Thailand Gulf_of_Siam,an arm of the South China Sea between Indochina and the Malay Peninsula
545,Gulf_of_Venice,an arm of the Adriatic Sea
546,HMG-CoA_reductase 5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme_A_reductase,a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol
547,Haber_process Haber-Bosch_process,an industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen by combining them under high pressure in the presence of an iron catalyst
548,Hageman_factor factor_XII,coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood
549,Hall's_honeysuckle Lonicera_japonica_halliana,a variety of Japanese honeysuckle that grows like a vine; established as an aggressive escape in southeastern United States
550,Hamburg_parsley turnip-rooted_parsley Petroselinum_crispum_tuberosum,parsley with smooth leaves and enlarged edible taproot resembling a savory parsnip
551,Hampton_Roads,a channel in southeastern Virginia through which the Elizabeth River and the James River flow into Chesapeake Bay
552,Hangzhou_Bay,a bay formed by an inlet of the East China Sea
553,Harlem_River,a channel separating Manhattan from the Bronx
554,Haversian_canal,any of the many tiny canals that contain blood vessels and connective tissue and that form a network in bone
555,Hercules,a large constellation in the northern hemisphere between Lyra and Corona Borealis
556,Hercules'-club Hercules'-clubs Hercules-club Zanthoxylum_clava-herculis,densely spiny ornamental of southeastern United States and West Indies
557,Hertzian_wave,a former name for a radio wave; an electromagnetic wave of radio frequency generated by oscillations in an electric circuit
558,Himalaya_honeysuckle Leycesteria_formosa,shrub honeysuckle with drooping spikes of purplish flowers
559,Himalayan_lilac Syringa_emodi,robust upright shrub of mountains of northern India having oblong-elliptic leaves and pale lilac or white malodorous flowers
560,Himalayan_rhubarb Indian_rhubarb red-veined_pie_plant Rheum_australe Rheum_emodi,Asian herb (Himalayas)
561,Honduras_mahogany Swietinia_macrophylla,an important Central American mahogany tree
562,Honduras_rosewood Dalbergia_stevensonii,Central American tree yielding a valuable dark streaked rosewood
563,Hooker's_onion Allium_acuminatum,a common North American wild onion with a strong onion odor and an umbel of pink flowers atop a leafless stalk; British Columbia to California and Arizona and east to Wyoming and Colorado
564,Hooker's_orchid Habenaria_hookeri,a long-spurred orchid with base leaves and petals converging under the upper sepal
565,Hottentot_bread Hottentot's_bread,thick edible rootstock of elephant's-foot
566,Hottentot_fig Hottentot's_fig sour_fig Carpobrotus_edulis Mesembryanthemum_edule,low-growing South African succulent plant having a capsular fruit containing edible pulp
567,Housatonic Housatonic_River,a river that rises in western Massachusetts and flows south through Connecticut to empty into Long Island Sound
568,Huang_He Hwang_Ho Yellow_River,a major river of Asia in northern China; flows generally eastward into the Yellow Sea; carries large quantities of yellow silt to its delta
569,Hudson Hudson_River,a New York river; flows southward into New York Bay; explored by Henry Hudson early in the 17th century
570,Hudson_Bay,an inland sea in northern Canada
571,Humber,an estuary in central northeastern England formed by the Ouse River and the Trent River
572,Hungarian_lilac Syringa_josikaea Syringa_josikea,central European upright shrub having elliptic leaves and upright clusters of lilac or deep violet flowers
573,Huntingdon_elm Ulmus_hollandica_vegetata,erect vigorous hybrid ornamental elm tree
574,Hydnocarpus_laurifolia Hydnocarpus_wightiana,leathery-leaved tree of western India bearing round fruits with brown densely hairy rind enclosing oily pulp that yields hydnocarpus oil
575,Hydra Snake,a long faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near the equator stretching between Virgo and Cancer
576,Hydrus,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near the south celestial pole
577,IJssel IJssel_river,a river in the central Netherlands flowing north to the IJsselmeer
578,IJsselmeer,a shallow lake in northwestern Netherlands created in 1932 by building a dam across the entrance to the Zuider Zee
579,Iceland_poppy Papaver_alpinum,Old World alpine poppy with white or yellow to orange flowers
580,Iceland_poppy arctic_poppy Papaver_nudicaule,subarctic perennial poppy of both hemispheres having fragrant white or yellow to orange or peach flowers
581,Iguazu Iguazu_Falls Iguassu Iguassu_Falls Victoria_Falls,a large waterfall on the border between Argentina and Brazil
582,Illinois_River,a river in Illinois that flows southwest to the Mississippi River
583,India-rubber_tree India-rubber_plant India-rubber_fig rubber_plant Assam_rubber Ficus_elastica,large tropical Asian tree frequently dwarfed as a houseplant; source of Assam rubber
584,Indian_Ocean,the 3rd largest ocean; bounded by Africa on the west, Asia on the north, Australia on the east and merging with the Antarctic Ocean to the south
585,Indian_beech Pongamia_glabra,evergreen Asiatic tree having glossy pinnate leaves and racemose creamy-white scented flowers; used as a shade tree
586,Indian_blackwood East_Indian_rosewood East_India_rosewood Indian_rosewood Dalbergia_latifolia,East Indian tree having a useful dark purple wood
587,Indian_button_fern Tectaria_macrodonta,fern of tropical Asia having round buttonlike bulbils
588,Indian_coral_tree Erythrina_variegata Erythrina_Indica,small to medium-sized thorny tree of tropical Asia and northern Australia having dense clusters of scarlet or crimson flowers and black seeds
589,Indian_crocus,any of several dwarf orchids of the genus Pleione bearing one or two solitary white or pink to magenta or occasionally yellow flowers with slender stalks
590,Indian_hemp Cannabis_indica,source of e.g. bhang and hashish as well as fiber
591,Indian_lettuce,a plant of the genus Montia having edible pleasant-tasting leaves
592,Indian_madder munjeet Rubia_cordifolia,perennial East Indian creeping or climbing herb used for dye in the orient
593,Indian_mallow Sida_spinosa,tropical American weed having pale yellow or orange flowers naturalized in southern United States
594,Indian_paintbrush painted_cup,any of various plants of the genus Castilleja having dense spikes of hooded flowers with brightly colored bracts
595,Indian_pipe waxflower Monotropa_uniflora,small waxy white or pinkish-white saprophytic woodland plant having scalelike leaves and a nodding flower; turns black with age
596,Indian_plantain,any of various plants of the genus Cacalia having leaves resembling those of plantain
597,Indian_poke Phytolacca_acinosa,pokeweed of southeastern Asia and China
598,Indian_rattlebox Crotalaria_spectabilis,erect subshrub having purple-tinted flowers and an inflated pod in which the ripe seeds rattle; India
599,Indian_rhododendron Melastoma_malabathricum,evergreen spreading shrub of India and southeastern Asia having large purple flowers
600,Indian_tobacco bladderpod Lobelia_inflata,North American wild lobelia having small blue flowers and inflated capsules formerly used as an antispasmodic
601,Indigirka Indigirka_River,a river in far eastern Siberia that flows generally northward to the Arctic Ocean
602,Indus,a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Telescopium and Tucana
603,Indus Indus_River,an Asian river that rises in Tibet and flows through northern India and then southwest through Kashmir and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea; "the valley of the Indus was the site of an early civilization"
604,Inland_Passage Inside_Passage,a naturally protected waterway from Seattle to Skagway in southeastern Alaska
605,Inland_Sea,an arm of the Pacific Ocean in southern Japan; surrounded by the islands of Honshu and Shikoku and Kyushu and linked to the Sea of Japan by a narrow channel; the chief port is Hiroshima
606,Io,the closest of Jupiter's moons; has active volcanoes
607,Ionian_Sea,an arm of the Mediterranean Sea between western Greece and southern Italy
608,Iowa_crab Iowa_crab_apple prairie_crab western_crab_apple Malus_ioensis,wild crab apple of western United States with fragrant pink flowers
609,Irish_Sea,an arm of the North Atlantic between Great Britain and Ireland
610,Irrawaddy Irrawaddy_River,the main river of Myanmar rising in the north and flowing south through the length of Burma to empty into the Andaman Sea
611,Irtish Irtish_River Irtysh Irtysh_River,an Asian river that rises in the Altai Mountains in northern China and flows generally northwest to become a tributary of the Ob River
612,Isere Isere_River,a river in southeastern France; a tributary of the Rhone
613,Italian_cypress Mediterranean_cypress Cupressus_sempervirens,tall Eurasian cypress with thin grey bark and ascending branches
614,Italian_honeysuckle Italian_woodbine Lonicera_caprifolium,deciduous climbing shrub with fragrant yellow-white flowers in axillary whorls
615,Italian_parsley flat-leaf_parsley Petroselinum_crispum_neapolitanum,a variety of parsley having flat leaves
616,Italian_ryegrass Italian_rye Lolium_multiflorum,European grass much used for hay and in United States also for turf and green manure
617,J_particle psi_particle,a neutral meson with a large mass
618,Jacob's_ladder Greek_valerian charity Polemonium_caeruleum Polemonium_van-bruntiae Polymonium_caeruleum_van-bruntiae,pinnate-leaved European perennial having bright blue or white flowers
619,Jacob's_rod,asphodel having erect smooth unbranched stem either flexuous or straight
620,Jacobean_lily Aztec_lily Strekelia_formosissima,Mexican bulbous herb cultivated for its handsome bright red solitary flower
621,Jaffa_orange,sweet almost seedless orange of Israel
622,Jamaica_dogwood fish_fuddle Piscidia_piscipula Piscidia_erythrina,small tree of West Indies and Florida having large odd-pinnate leaves and panicles of red-striped purple to white flowers followed by decorative curly winged seedpods; yields fish poisons
623,Jamaica_honeysuckle yellow_granadilla Passiflora_laurifolia,West Indian passionflower; cultivated for its yellow edible fruit
624,Jamaica_quassia bitterwood Picrasma_excelsa Picrasma_excelsum,West Indian tree yielding the drug Jamaica quassia
625,Jamaican_cherry calabur_tree calabura silk_wood silkwood Muntingia_calabura,a fast-growing tropical American evergreen having white flowers and white fleshy edible fruit; bark yields a silky fiber used in cordage and wood is valuable for staves
626,James James_River,a river in Virginia that flows east into Chesapeake Bay at Hampton Roads
627,James James_River,a river that rises in North Dakota and flows southward across South Dakota to the Missouri
628,James_Bay,the southern extension of Hudson Bay in Canada between western Quebec and northeastern Ontario
629,Japan_allspice Japanese_allspice winter_sweet Chimonanthus_praecox,deciduous Japanese shrub cultivated for its fragrant yellow flowers
630,Japan_wax Japan_tallow,a yellow wax obtained from sumac berries; used in polishes
631,Japanese_angelica_tree Aralia_elata,deciduous clump-forming Asian shrub or small tree; adventive in the eastern United States
632,Japanese_apricot mei Prunus_mume,Japanese ornamental tree with fragrant white or pink blossoms and small yellow fruits
633,Japanese_banana Musa_basjoo,Asiatic banana plant cultivated especially as a foliage plant in Japan
634,Japanese_barberry Berberis_thunbergii,compact deciduous shrub having persistent red berries; widespread in cultivation especially for hedges
635,Japanese_beech,a beech native to Japan having soft light yellowish-brown wood
636,Japanese_bittersweet Japan_bittersweet oriental_bittersweet Celastrus_orbiculatus Celastric_articulatus,ornamental Asiatic vine with showy orange-yellow fruit with a scarlet aril; naturalized in North America
637,Japanese_black_pine black_pine Pinus_thunbergii,large Japanese ornamental having long needles in bunches of 2; widely planted in United States because of its resistance to salt and smog
638,Japanese_brome Japanese_chess Bromus_japonicus,grass of Mediterranean and temperate Asia
639,Japanese_cedar Japan_cedar sugi Cryptomeria_japonica,tall evergreen of Japan and China yielding valuable soft wood
640,Japanese_chestnut Castanea_crenata,a spreading tree of Japan that has a short trunk
641,Japanese_flowering_cherry Prunus_sieboldii,ornamental tree with inedible fruit widely cultivated in many varieties for its pink blossoms
642,Japanese_honeysuckle Lonicera_japonica,an Asiatic trailing evergreen honeysuckle with half-evergreen leaves and fragrant white flowers turning yellow with age; has become a weed in some areas
643,Japanese_hop Humulus_japonicus,ornamental vine native to eastern Asia; cultivated for its variegated foliage
644,Japanese_iris Iris_kaempferi,iris native to Japan having large showy flowers
645,Japanese_lilac Syringa_villosa,lilac of northern China having ovate leaves and profuse early summer rose-lilac flowers
646,Japanese_linden Japanese_lime Tilia_japonica,medium-sized tree of Japan used as an ornamental
647,Japanese_maple Acer_palmatum,ornamental shrub or small tree of Japan and Korea with deeply incised leaves; cultivated in many varieties
648,Japanese_maple full_moon_maple Acer_japonicum,leaves deeply incised and bright red in autumn; Japan
649,Japanese_millet billion-dollar_grass Japanese_barnyard_millet sanwa_millet Echinochloa_frumentacea,coarse annual grass cultivated in Japan and southeastern Asia for its edible seeds and for forage; important wildlife food in United States
650,Japanese_morning_glory Ipomoea_nil,annual Old World tropical climbing herb distinguished by wide color range and frilled or double flowers
651,Japanese_oak Lithocarpus_glabra Lithocarpus_glaber,small evergreen tree of China and Japan
652,Japanese_oak Quercus_mongolica Quercus_grosseserrata,oak with moderately light fine-grained wood; Japan
653,Japanese_pagoda_tree Chinese_scholartree Chinese_scholar_tree Sophora_japonica Sophora_sinensis,handsome roundheaded deciduous tree having compound dark green leaves and profuse panicles of fragrant creamy-white flowers; China and Japan
654,Japanese_persimmon kaki Diospyros_kaki,small deciduous Asiatic tree bearing large red or orange edible astringent fruit
655,Japanese_pink Dianthus_chinensis_heddewigii,a flowering variety of China pink distinguished by jagged-edged petals
656,Japanese_plum Prunus_salicina,small tree of China and Japan bearing large yellow to red plums usually somewhat inferior to European plums in flavor
657,Japanese_poinsettia mole_plant paint_leaf Euphorbia_heterophylla,showy poinsettia found from the southern United States to Peru
658,Japanese_privet Ligustrum_japonicum,evergreen shrub of Japan and Korea having small dark leaves and flowers in loose panicles; related to but smaller than Chinese privet
659,Japanese_quince Chaenomeles_speciosa,deciduous thorny shrub native to China having red or white blossoms
660,Japanese_red_pine Japanese_table_pine Pinus_densiflora,pine native to Japan and Korea having a wide-spreading irregular crown when mature; grown as an ornamental
661,Japanese_snowbell Styrax_japonicum,shrubby tree of China and Japan
662,Japanese_spurge Pachysandra_terminalis,slow-growing Japanese evergreen subshrub having terminal spikes of white flowers; grown as a ground cover
663,Japanese_tree_lilac Syringa_reticulata Syringa_amurensis_japonica,small tree of Japan having narrow pointed leaves and creamy-white flowers
664,Japanese_umbrella_pine Sciadopitys_verticillata,tall evergreen having a symmetrical spreading crown and needles growing in whorls that resemble umbrellas at ends of twigs
665,Japanese_wistaria Wisteria_floribunda,having flowers of pink to mauve or violet-blue
666,Japanese_yew Taxus_cuspidata,shrubby hardy evergreen of China and Japan having lustrous dark green foliage; cultivated in the eastern United States
667,Jeffrey_pine Jeffrey's_pine black_pine Pinus_jeffreyi,tall symmetrical pine of western North America having long blue-green needles in bunches of 3 and elongated cones on spreading somewhat pendulous branches; sometimes classified as a variety of ponderosa pine
668,Jersey_elm guernsey_elm wheately_elm Ulmus_sarniensis Ulmus_campestris_sarniensis Ulmus_campestris_wheatleyi,a variety of the English elm with erect branches and broader leaves
669,Jersey_knapweed,a variety of knapweed
670,Jerusalem_artichoke,edible tuber of the Jerusalem artichoke
671,Jerusalem_artichoke girasol Jerusalem_artichoke_sunflower Helianthus_tuberosus,tall perennial with hairy stems and leaves; widely cultivated for its large irregular edible tubers
672,Jerusalem_cherry winter_cherry Madeira_winter_cherry Solanum_pseudocapsicum,small South American shrub cultivated as a houseplant for its abundant ornamental but poisonous red or yellow cherry-sized fruit
673,Jerusalem_oak feather_geranium Mexican_tea Chenopodium_botrys Atriplex_mexicana,Eurasian aromatic oak-leaved goosefoot with many yellow-green flowers; naturalized North America
674,Jerusalem_sage Phlomis_fruticosa,a spreading subshrub of Mediterranean regions cultivated for dense axillary whorls of purple or yellow flowers
675,Jerusalem_thorn horsebean Parkinsonia_aculeata,large shrub or shrubby tree having sharp spines and pinnate leaves with small deciduous leaflets and sweet-scented racemose yellow-orange flowers; grown as ornamentals or hedging or emergency food for livestock; tropical America but naturalized in southern United States
676,Jewbush Jew-bush Jew_bush redbird_cactus redbird_flower Pedilanthus_tithymaloides,low tropical American shrub having powerful emetic properties
677,Job's_tears,hard pearly seeds of an Asiatic grass; often used as beads
678,Joe-Pye_weed purple_boneset trumpet_weed marsh_milkweed Eupatorium_purpureum,North American herb having whorled leaves and terminal clusters of flowers spotted with purple
679,Joe-Pye_weed spotted_Joe-Pye_weed Eupatorium_maculatum,North American herb having whorled leaves and terminal clusters of small pinkish or purple flower heads
680,Johnson_grass Aleppo_grass means_grass evergreen_millet Sorghum_halepense,tall perennial grass that spreads by creeping rhizomes and is grown for fodder; naturalized in southern United States where it is a serious pest on cultivated land
681,Jonathan,red late-ripening apple; primarily eaten raw
682,Jones'_penstemon Penstemon_dolius,low plant with light blue and violet flowers in short clusters near tips of stems; Nevada to Utah
683,Jordan Jordan_River,a river in Palestine that empties into the Dead Sea; John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the Jordan
684,Jordan_almond,an almond covered with a sugar coating that is hard and flavored and colored
685,Joshua_tree Yucca_brevifolia,a large branched arborescent yucca of southwestern United States having short leaves and clustered greenish white flowers
686,Jovian_planet gas_giant,any of the four outermost planets in the solar system; much larger than Earth and gaseous in nature (like Jupiter)
687,Judas_tree love_tree Circis_siliquastrum,small tree of the eastern Mediterranean having abundant purplish-red flowers growing on old wood directly from stems and appearing before the leaves: widely cultivated in mild regions; wood valuable for veneers
688,Juneberry serviceberry service_tree shadbush shadblow,any of various North American trees or shrubs having showy white flowers and edible blue-black or purplish fruit
689,Jupiter,the largest planet and the 5th from the sun; has many satellites and is one of the brightest objects in the night sky
690,Jupiter's_beard silverbush silver-bush Anthyllis_barba-jovis,silvery hairy European shrub with evergreen foliage and pale yellow flowers
691,Kanawha Kanawha_River,a tributary of the Ohio River in West Virginia
692,Kansas Kansas_River Kaw_River,a river in northeastern Kansas; flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River
693,Kara_Sea,part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia and to the east of the Barents Sea; icebound most of the year
694,Kasai Kasai_River River_Kasai,a river of southwestern Africa that rises in central Angola and flows east and then north (forming part of the border between Angola and Congo) and continuing northwest through Congo to empty into the Congo River on the border between Congo and Republic of the Congo
695,Kattegatt,a strait of the North Sea between Jutland and Sweden; connects with the North Sea through the Skagerrak
696,Kentucky_bluegrass Kentucky_blue Kentucy_blue_grass June_grass Poa_pratensis,valuable meadow and pasture grass in Europe and especially central United States having tall stalks and slender bright green leaves; a chief constituent in lawn grass mixtures
697,Kentucky_coffee_tree bonduc chicot Gymnocladus_dioica,handsome tree of central and eastern North America having large bipinnate leaves and green-white flowers followed by large woody brown pods whose seeds are used as a coffee substitute
698,Kentucky_yellowwood gopherwood Cladrastis_lutea Cladrastis_kentukea,small handsome roundheaded deciduous tree having showy white flowers in terminal clusters and heavy hardwood yielding yellow dye
699,Keuka_Lake Lake_Keuka,a glacial lake in central New York; one of the Finger Lakes
700,Killarney_fern Trichomanes_speciosum,large stout fern of extreme western Europe
701,King_William_pine Athrotaxis_selaginoides,evergreen of Tasmanian mountains having sharp-pointed leaves that curve inward
702,Kissimmee Kissimmee_River,a river of central Florida that flows southward to Lake Okeechobee
703,Kivu Lake_Kivu,a lake in the mountains of central Africa between Congo and Rwanda
704,Klamath Klamath_River,a river flowing southwest from Oregon through northern California to the Pacific Ocean
705,Knowlton's_cactus Pediocactus_knowltonii,small clustering cactus of southwestern United States; a threatened species
706,Korea_Bay,an inlet of the Yellow Sea between the Liaodong Peninsula in China and western Korea
707,Korean_Strait Korea_Strait,a strait between Korea and Japan; connects the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan
708,Korean_lawn_grass Japanese_lawn_grass Zoysia_japonica,lawn grass common in China and Japan; grown also in United States
709,Korean_lespedeza Lespedeza_stipulacea,annual native to Korea but widely cultivated for forage and hay in hot dry regions
710,Krebs_cycle Krebs_citric_acid_cycle citric_acid_cycle tricarboxylic_acid_cycle,in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy
711,Kuiper_belt_object KBO,any of many minor planets in the Kuiper belt outside the orbit of Neptune at the edge of the solar system
712,Kura Kura_River,a river in western Asia; rises in northeast Turkey and flows to the Caspian Sea
713,Labrador_Sea,an arm of the northern Atlantic between Labrador and southern Greenland
714,Labrador_tea crystal_tea Ledum_groenlandicum,evergreen shrub of eastern North America having white or creamy bell-shaped flowers and dark green hairy leaves used for tea during American Revolution
715,Lake_Albert Lake_Albert_Nyanza Mobuto_Lake,a shallow lake on the border between Uganda and Congo in the Great Rift Valley
716,Lake_Aral Aral_Sea,a lake to the east of the Caspian Sea lying between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
717,Lake_Chad Chad,a lake in north central Africa; fed by the Shari river
718,Lake_Champlain Champlain,a lake in northeastern New York, northwestern Vermont and southern Quebec; site of many battles in the French and Indian War and in the American Revolution and in the War of 1812
719,Lake_Chelan,a narrow very deep lake in central Washington in the Cascade Range
720,Lake_Edward,a lake in the Great Rift Valley between Congo and Uganda
721,Lake_Erie Erie,the 4th largest of the Great Lakes; it is linked to the Hudson River by the New York State Barge Canal
722,Lake_Geneva Lake_Leman,a lake between southwestern Switzerland and France that is crossed from east to west by the Rhone
723,Lake_Huron Huron,the 2nd largest of the Great Lakes
724,Lake_Ilmen Ilmen,a lake in northwestern Russia; drains through the Volkhov River into Lake Ladoga
725,Lake_Ladoga Ladoga,a lake in northwestern Russia to the north of St. Petersburg; the largest lake in Europe; drains through the Neva River into the Gulf of Finland
726,Lake_Mead,the largest reservoir in the United States; located in southeastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona and formed by the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River; the center of a recreational area
727,Lake_Michigan Michigan,the 3rd largest of the Great Lakes; the largest freshwater lake entirely within the United States borders
728,Lake_Nasser Nasser,lake in Egypt formed by dams built on the Nile River at Aswan
729,Lake_Nyasa Lake_Malawi,a long lake in southeastern Africa between Tanzania, Mozambique, and Malawi
730,Lake_Onega Onega,lake in northwestern Russia near the border with Finland; second largest lake in Europe
731,Lake_Ontario Ontario,the smallest of the Great Lakes
732,Lake_Powell,the second largest reservoir in the United States; located in southern Utah and north central Arizona and formed by the Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River
733,Lake_St._Clair Lake_Saint_Clair,a lake between Ontario and Michigan; connected with Lake Huron and Lake Erie
734,Lake_Superior Superior,the largest freshwater lake in the world; the deepest of the Great Lakes
735,Lake_Tahoe,a lake on the border between Nevada and California to the west of Carson City; a popular resort area
736,Lake_Tana Lake_Tsana,a lake in northern Ethiopia; the largest lake in Ethiopia and the source of the Blue Nile
737,Lake_Tanganyika Tanganyika,the longest lake in the world in central Africa between Tanzania and Congo in the Great Rift Valley
738,Lake_Urmia Urmia Daryacheh-ye_Orumiyeh,a shallow saline lake in northwestern Iran between Tabriz and the western border of Turkey
739,Lake_Vanern Vanern,a lake in southwestern Sweden; the largest lake in Sweden
740,Lake_Victoria Victoria_Nyanza,the largest lake in Africa and the 2nd largest fresh water lake in the world; a headwaters reservoir for the Nile River
741,Lake_Volta,the Volta river in southeastern has been dammed to create one of the world's largest man-made lakes
742,Lamaze_method_of_childbirth Lamaze_method,a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth; the pregnant woman (in classes and at home) practices (usually with the help of a coach) and learns about the physiology of childbirth and techniques of relaxation, concentration, and breathing
743,Lane's_Prince_Albert,apple used primarily in cooking
744,Laptev_Sea,part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia (between the Taimyr Peninsula and the New Siberian Islands) that is icebound most of the year
745,Leboyer_method_of_childbirth Leboyer_method,a method of childbirth that tries to minimize the trauma for the newborn; delivery occurs in a quiet dimly lit room and the infant's head is not pulled and immediate bonding between mother and child is encouraged
746,Lehigh_River,a river in eastern Pennsylvania that flows southeast into the Delaware River
747,Leichtlin's_camas Camassia_leichtlinii,camas found to the west of Cascade Mountains
748,Lena Lena_River,a Russian river in Siberia; flows northward into the Laptev Sea
749,Leo,a zodiacal constellation in northern hemisphere between Cancer and Virgo
750,Lepus,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Orion and Columba
751,Lethe River_Lethe,(Greek mythology) a river in Hades; the souls of the dead had to drink from it, which made them forget all they had done and suffered when they were alive
752,Levant_cotton Gossypium_herbaceum,Old World annual having heart-shaped leaves and large seeds with short greyish lint removed with difficulty; considered an ancestor of modern short-staple cottons
753,Liberian_coffee Coffea_liberica,small tree of West Africa
754,Libra,a small faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Virgo and Scorpius
755,Ligurian_Sea,an arm of the Mediterranean between northwest Italy and Corsica
756,Ligustrum_obtusifolium,small deciduous shrub having graceful arching branches and luxuriant foliage
757,Limpopo Crocodile_River,an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean
758,Little_Bear Ursa_Minor,a constellation outside the zodiac that rotates around the North Star
759,Little_Bighorn Little_Bighorn_River Little_Horn,a river that flows from northern Wyoming into the Bighorn River in southern Montana; site of Custer's Last Stand
760,Little_Dipper Dipper,a cluster of seven stars in Ursa Minor; at the end of the dipper's handle is Polaris
761,Little_Missouri Little_Missouri_River,a river that rises in northeastern Wyoming and flows through Montana and South Dakota to join the Missouri River in North Dakota
762,Little_Sioux_River,a river that rises in southwestern Minnesota and flows southwestward to the Missouri River in western Iowa
763,Little_Wabash Little_Wabash_River,a river in eastern Illinois that flows southeastward to the Wabash River
764,Loch_Achray,a lake in central Scotland
765,Loch_Linnhe,an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean on the western coast of Scotland
766,Loch_Ness,a lake in the Scottish highlands; the largest body of fresh water in Great Britain
767,Loire Loire_River,the longest French river; rises in the Massif Central and flows north and west to the Atlantic Ocean
768,Lombardy_poplar Populus_nigra_italica,distinguished by its columnar fastigiate shape and erect branches
769,London_plane Platanus_acerifolia,very large fast-growing tree much planted as a street tree
770,Long_Island_Sound,a sound between Long Island and Connecticut
771,Lorentz_force,the force experienced by a point charge moving along a wire that is in a magnetic field; the force is at right angles to both the current and the magnetic field; "the Lorentz force can be used to suspend a current-carrying object between two magnets"
772,Lupus,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Centaurus
773,Lyra,a small constellation in the northern hemisphere near Cygnus and Draco; contains the star Vega
774,Macadamia_integrifolia,medium-sized tree of eastern Australia having creamy-white flowers
775,Mackenzie Mackenzie_River,a Canadian river; flows into the Beaufort Sea
776,Macoun,similar to McIntosh; juicy and late-ripening
777,Madagascar_jasmine waxflower Stephanotis_floribunda,twining woody vine of Madagascar having thick dark waxy evergreen leaves and clusters of large fragrant waxy white flowers along the stems; widely cultivated in warm regions
778,Madeira Madeira_River,a Brazilian river; tributary of the Amazon River
779,Madonna_lily white_lily Annunciation_lily Lent_lily Lilium_candidum,lily of eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans with broad funnel-shaped white flowers
780,Magdalena Magdalena_River,a river that rises in the Andes mountains in southwestern Colombia and flows generally northward to empty into the Caribbean Sea at Barranquilla
781,Malcolm_stock stock,any of various ornamental flowering plants of the genus Malcolmia
782,Manila_grass Japanese_carpet_grass Zoysia_matrella,lawn grass common in the Philippines; grown also in United States
783,Maria Calophyllum_longifolium,valuable timber tree of Panama
784,Marmara Sea_of_Marmara Marmara_Denizi Marmora Sea_of_Marmora,an inland sea in northwestern Turkey; linked to the Black Sea by the Bosporus and linked to the Aegean by the Dardanelles
785,Mars Red_Planet,a small reddish planet that is the 4th from the sun and is periodically visible to the naked eye; minerals rich in iron cover its surface and are responsible for its characteristic color; "Mars has two satellites"
786,Maryland_golden_aster Chrysopsis_mariana,perennial golden aster of southeastern United States
787,Massachusetts_Bay,an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean off of eastern Massachusetts extending from Cape Ann on the north to Cape Cod on the south
788,Massachusetts_fern Parathelypteris_simulata Thelypteris_simulata,delicate feathery shield fern of the eastern United States; sometimes placed in genus Thelypteris
789,Maximilian's_sunflower Helianthus_maximilianii,tall perennial of central United States to Canada having golden-yellow flowers
790,May_apple,edible but insipid fruit of the May apple plant
791,McIntosh,early-ripening apple popular in the northeastern United States; primarily eaten raw but suitable for applesauce
792,Mead's_milkweed Asclepias_meadii Asclepia_meadii,milkweed of central North America; a threatened species
793,Medinilla_magnifica,a beautiful tropical evergreen epiphytic shrub grown for its lush foliage and huge panicles of pink flowers; Philippines
794,Mediterranean Mediterranean_Sea,the largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia
795,Mediterranean_snapdragon Antirrhinum_majus,perennial native to the Mediterranean but widely cultivated for its purple or pink flowers
796,Meibomian_gland tarsal_gland,a long sebaceous gland that lubricates the eyelids; "bacterial infection of a Meibomian gland produces a stye"
797,Mekong Mekong_River,an Asian river; flows through a large delta in southern Vietnam into the South China Sea
798,Menai_Strait,a strait in northern Wales between Anglesey Island and the mainland
799,Mensa,a faint constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere and containing part of the Large Magellanic Cloud
800,Mercury,the smallest planet and the nearest to the sun
801,Merlot,black wine grape originally from the region of Bordeaux
802,Merrimack Merrimack_River,a river that rises in south central New Hampshire and flows through Concord and Manchester into Massachusetts and empties into the Atlantic Ocean
803,Meuse Meuse_River,a European river; flows into the North Sea
804,Mexican_cypress cedar_of_Goa Portuguese_cypress Cupressus_lusitanica,tall spreading evergreen found in Mexico having drooping branches; believed to have been introduced into Portugal from Goa
805,Mexican_hat Ratibida_columnaris,coneflower with flower heads resembling a Mexican hat with a tall red-brown disk and drooping yellow or yellow and red-brown rays; grows in the great plains along base of Rocky Mountains
806,Mexican_hyssop Agastache_mexicana,erect perennial of Mexico having rose to crimson flowers
807,Mexican_mint Salvia_divinorum,an herb from Oaxaca that has a powerful hallucinogenic effect; the active ingredient is salvinorin
808,Mexican_poppy Argemone_mexicana,annual herb with prickly stems and large yellow flowers; southern United States to West Indies and Mexico
809,Mexican_sunflower tithonia,any plant of the genus Tithonia; tall coarse herbs or shrubs of Mexico to Panama having large flower heads resembling sunflowers with yellow disc florets and golden-yellow to orange-scarlet rays
810,Michaelmas_daisy New_York_aster Aster_novi-belgii,North American perennial herb having small autumn-blooming purple or pink or white flowers; widely naturalized in Europe
811,Michigan_lily Lilium_michiganense,lily of central North America having recurved orange-red flowers with deep crimson spots
812,Microscopium,a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Sagittarius and Capricornus
813,Milk Milk_River,a river that rises in the Rockies in northwestern Montana and flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River
814,Minamata_Bay,a bay on the west coast of Kyushu; in the 1950s industrial wastes caused mercury poisoning among the Japanese people who ate fish from Minamata Bay
815,Mississippi Mississippi_River,a major North American river and the chief river of the United States; rises in northern Minnesota and flows southward into the Gulf of Mexico
816,Missouri Missouri_River,the longest river in the United States; arises in Montana and flows southeastward to become a tributary of the Mississippi at Saint Louis; "The Missouri and Mississippi Rivers together form the third longest river in the world"
817,Missouri_goldenrod Solidago_missouriensis,similar to meadow goldenrod but usually smaller
818,Missouri_primrose Ozark_sundrops Oenothera_macrocarpa,evening-opening primrose of south central United States
819,Mobile Mobile_River,a river in southwestern Alabama; flows into Mobile Bay
820,Mobile_Bay,a bay of the Gulf of Mexico; fed by the Mobile River
821,Mohawk_River,a river of central New York that flows southeastward to the Hudson River
822,Mojave_aster Machaeranthera_tortifoloia,wild aster having greyish leafy stems and flower heads with narrow pale lavender or violet rays; of rocky desert slopes California to Arizona and Utah
823,Monongahela Monongahela_River,a river that rises in northern West Virginia and flows north into Pennsylvania where it joins the Allegheny River at Pittsburgh to form the Ohio River
824,Monterey_Bay,an inlet of the Pacific Ocean in western California
825,Monterey_cypress Cupressus_macrocarpa,tall California cypress endemic on Monterey Bay; widely used for ornament as well as reforestation and shelterbelt planting
826,Monterey_pine Pinus_radiata,tall California pine with long needles in bunches of 3, a dense crown, and dark brown deeply fissured bark
827,Montezuma,evergreen tree with large leathery leaves and large pink to orange flowers; considered a link plant between families Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae
828,Montgomery's_tubercle,one of the sebaceous glands on the areolae of the breast that lubricate the breast during breast-feeding
829,Moon moon,the natural satellite of the Earth; "the average distance to the Moon is 384,400 kilometers"; "men first stepped on the moon in 1969"
830,Moray_Firth,an inlet of the North Sea on the northeast coast of Scotland
831,Moreau_River,a river that rises in western South Dakota and flows eastward to the Missouri River
832,Moreton_Bay,an arm of the Tasman Sea forming a bay to the east of Brisbane
833,Moreton_Bay_chestnut Australian_chestnut,Australian tree having pinnate leaves and orange-yellow flowers followed by large woody pods containing 3 or 4 seeds that resemble chestnuts; yields dark strong wood
834,Moreton_Bay_tulipwood Harpullia_pendula,Australian tree yielding a variegated tulipwood
835,Morrow's_honeysuckle Lonicera_morrowii,a grey deciduous honeysuckle shrub paired white flowers turning yellow; Japan
836,Mozambique_Channel,an arm of the Indian Ocean between Madagascar and southeastern Africa
837,Murray Murray_River,a southeast Australian river; flows westward and then south into the Indian Ocean at Adelaide
838,Murrumbidgee Murrumbidgee_River,a river of southeastern Australia; flows westward into the Murray River
839,Musca,a small constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near the Southern Cross and Chamaeleon
840,Muscadet,white grape grown especially in the valley the Loire in France
841,Mysore_thorn Caesalpinia_decapetala Caesalpinia_sepiaria,spreading thorny shrub of tropical Asia bearing large erect racemes of red-marked yellow flowers
842,Namoi Namoi_River,a river in southeastern Australia that flows generally northwest to join the Darling River
843,Nan Nan_River,a river of western Thailand flowing southward to join the Ping River to form the Chao Phraya
844,Narragansett_Bay,a deep inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in Rhode Island
845,Nazification,social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) Nazism; "as the process of Nazification spread they paid less attention to public opinion"
846,Neckar Neckar_River,a river in Germany; rises in the Black Forest and flows north into the Rhine
847,Neosho Neosho_River,a river that rises in eastern Kansas and flows eastward into Oklahoma to become a tributary of the Arkansas River
848,Nepal_trumpet_flower Easter_lily_vine Beaumontia_grandiflora,evergreen woody twiner with large glossy leaves and showy corymbs of fragrant white trumpet-shaped flowers
849,Nephthytis_afzelii,tropical rhizomatous plant cultivated as an ornamental for its large sagittate leaves
850,Neptune,a giant planet with a ring of ice particles; the 8th planet from the sun is the most remote of the gas giants; "the existence of Neptune was predicted from perturbations in the orbit of Uranus and it was then identified in 1846"
851,Neva Neva_River,a river in northwestern Russia flowing generally west into the Gulf of Finland
852,New_Caledonian_yew Austrotaxus_spicata,large yew native to New Caledonia; cultivated in eastern Australia and New Zealand and Hawaii
853,New_England_aster Aster_novae-angliae,common perennial of eastern North America having showy purplish flowers; a parent of the Michaelmas daisy
854,New_River,a river in the southeastern United States that flows northward from North Carolina to West Virginia where it empties into the Kanawha River
855,New_York_Bay,a bay of the North Atlantic; fed by the Hudson River
856,New_York_fern Parathelypteris_novae-boracensis Dryopteris_noveboracensis,slender shield fern of moist woods of eastern North America; sometimes placed in genus Dryopteris
857,New_Zealand_beech,any of several tall New Zealand trees of the genus Nothofagus; some yield useful timber
858,New_Zealand_daisybush Olearia_haastii,bushy New Zealand shrub cultivated for its fragrant white flower heads
859,New_Zealand_spinach Tetragonia_tetragonioides Tetragonia_expansa,coarse sprawling Australasian plant with red or yellow flowers; cultivated for its edible young shoots and succulent leaves
860,Newfoundland_dwarf_birch American_dwarf_birch Betula_glandulosa,small shrub of colder parts of North America and Greenland
861,Newtown_Wonder,apple used primarily in cooking
862,Niagara Niagara_Falls,waterfall in Canada is the Horseshoe Falls; in the United States it is the American Falls
863,Niagara Niagara_River,a river flowing from Lake Erie into Lake Ontario; forms boundary between Ontario and New York
864,Niger Niger_River,an African river; flows into the South Atlantic
865,Nile Nile_River,the world's longest river (4150 miles); flows northward through eastern Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization
866,Niobrara Niobrara_River,a tributary of the Missouri River
867,Noah's_flood Noachian_deluge Noah_and_the_Flood the_Flood,(Biblical) the great deluge that is said in the Book of Genesis to have occurred in the time of Noah; it was brought by God upon the earth because of the wickedness of human beings
868,Norma,a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Lupus and Ara in the Milky Way
869,North_Atlantic,that part of the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the equator
870,North_Channel,a strait between Northern Ireland and Scotland that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea
871,North_Pacific,that part of the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator
872,North_Platte North_Platte_River,a river that rises in northern Colorado and flows northward into Wyoming and then eastward and southeastward through Nebraska where it joins the South Platte to form the Platte River
873,North_Sea,an arm of the North Atlantic between the British Isles and Scandinavia; oil was discovered under the North Sea in 1970
874,Northern_Spy,large late-ripening apple with skin striped with yellow and red
875,Northern_bedstraw Northern_snow_bedstraw Galium_boreale,North American stoloniferous perennial having white flowers; sometimes used as an ornamental
876,Northern_dewberry American_dewberry Rubus_flagellaris,of eastern North America
877,Norway_maple Acer_platanoides,a large Eurasian maple tree naturalized in North America; five-lobed leaves yellow in autumn; cultivated in many varieties
878,Norway_spruce Picea_abies,tall pyramidal spruce native to northern Europe having dark green foliage on spreading branches with pendulous branchlets and long pendulous cones
879,Norwegian_Sea,the part of the Atlantic that lies off the Norwegian coast to the north of the North Sea
880,Nuttall_oak Nuttall's_oak Quercus_nuttalli,similar to the pin oak; grows in damp sites in Mississippi River basin
881,Ob Ob_River,a major river of western Siberia; flows generally northward and westward to the Gulf of Ob and the Kara Sea
882,Octans,the constellation that includes the southern celestial pole
883,Oder Oder_River,a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea
884,Ohio Ohio_River,a river that is formed in western Pennsylvania and flows westward to become a tributary of the Mississippi River
885,Ohio_buckeye,a buckeye with scaly grey bark that is found in the central United States
886,Ohio_goldenrod,a variety of goldenrod
887,Okeechobee Lake_Okeechobee,a lake in southeast Florida to the north of the Everglades
888,Old_World_hop_hornbeam Ostrya_carpinifolia,medium-sized hop hornbeam of southern Europe and Asia Minor
889,Old_World_yew English_yew Taxus_baccata,predominant yew in Europe; extraordinarily long-lived and slow growing; one of the oldest species in the world
890,Ophiuchus,a large constellation in the equatorial region between Hercules and Scorpius
891,Orange Orange_River,a river in South Africa that flows generally westward to the Atlantic Ocean
892,Oregon_ash Fraxinus_latifolia Fraxinus_oregona,timber tree of western North America yielding hard light wood; closely related to the red ash
893,Oregon_cedar Port_Orford_cedar Lawson's_cypress Lawson's_cedar Chamaecyparis_lawsoniana,large timber tree of western North America with trunk diameter to 12 feet and height to 200 feet
894,Oregon_crab_apple Malus_fusca,small tree or shrub of western United States having white blossoms and tiny yellow or red fruit
895,Oregon_grape Mahonia_nervosa,small shrub with grey-green leaves and yellow flowers followed by glaucous blue berries
896,Oregon_grape Oregon_holly_grape hollygrape mountain_grape holly-leaves_barberry Mahonia_aquifolium,ornamental evergreen shrub of Pacific coast of North America having dark green pinnate leaves and racemes of yellow flowers followed by blue-black berries
897,Oregon_maple big-leaf_maple Acer_macrophyllum,maple of western North America having large 5-lobed leaves orange in autumn
898,Oregon_white_oak Oregon_oak Garry_oak Quercus_garryana,small deciduous tree of western North America with crooked branches and pale grey bark
899,Oriental_arborvitae Thuja_orientalis Platycladus_orientalis,Asiatic shrub or small tree widely planted in United States and Europe; in some classifications assigned to its own genus
900,Orinoco Orinoco_River,a South American river 1,500 miles long; flows into the South Atlantic
901,Orion Hunter,a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel
902,Osage Osage_River,a river in Missouri that is a tributary of the Missouri River
903,Osaka_Bay,a bay of the western Pacific in southern Honshu
904,Otaheite_arrowroot Otaheite_arrowroot_starch,a starch obtained from the root of the pia
905,Ouachita Ouachita_River,a river that rises in western Arkansas and flows southeast into eastern Louisiana to become a tributary of the Red River
906,Our_Lord's_candle Yucca_whipplei,yucca of southwestern United States and Mexico with a tall spike of creamy white flowers
907,Ouse Ouse_River,a river in northeastern England that flows generally southeastward to join the Trent River and form the Humber
908,Outaouais Ottawa Ottawa_river,a river in southeastern Canada that flows along the boundary between Quebec and Ontario to the Saint Lawrence River near Montreal
909,Ozark_chinkapin Ozark_chinquapin chinquapin Castanea_ozarkensis,shrubby tree closely related to the Allegheny chinkapin but with larger leaves; southern midwestern United States
910,Pacific Pacific_Ocean,the largest ocean in the world
911,Pacific_yew California_yew western_yew Taxus_brevifolia,small or medium irregularly branched tree of the Pacific coast of North America; yields fine hard close-grained wood
912,Pallas,a large asteroid; the second asteroid to be discovered
913,Panama_redwood_tree Panama_redwood Platymiscium_pinnatum,large erect shrub of Colombia having large odd-pinnate leaves with large leaflets and axillary racemes of fragrant yellow flowers
914,Panama_tree Sterculia_apetala,large deciduous tree native to Panama and from which the country takes its name; having densely leafy crown and naked trunk
915,Para Para_River,an estuary in northern Brazil into which the Tocantins River flows
916,Para_rubber_tree caoutchouc_tree Hevea_brasiliensis,deciduous tree of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers having leathery leaves and fragrant yellow-white flowers; it yields a milky juice that is the chief source of commercial rubber
917,Parana Parana_River,a South American river; tributary of Rio de la Plata
918,Parkia_javanica,tall evergreen rain forest tree with wide-spreading crown having yellow-white flowers; grown as an ornamental in parks and large gardens
919,Parnaiba Parnahiba,a river in northeastern Brazil that flows generally northward to the Atlantic Ocean
920,Parry's_penstemon Penstemon_parryi,erect stems with pinkish-lavender flowers in long interrupted clusters; Arizona
921,Parry's_pinyon Pinus_quadrifolia Pinus_parryana,five-needled pinon of southern California and northern Baja California having (sometimes three-needled or four-needled showing hybridization from Pinus californiarum)
922,Parry_manzanita Arctostaphylos_manzanita,erect treelike shrub forming dense thickets and having drooping panicles of white or pink flowers and red berrylike drupes; California
923,Paulo_Afonso Paulo_Afonso_Falls,a major waterfall in northeastern Brazil
924,Pavo,a small constellation near the South Pole between Tucana and Ara
925,Pearl_River,a river in Mississippi that flows southward to the Gulf of Mexico
926,Pearmain,any of several varieties of apples with red skins
927,Pecos Pecos_River,a tributary of the Rio Grande that flows southeastward from New Mexico through western Texas
928,Pee_Dee Pee_Dee_River,a river that flows through central North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina to the Atlantic Ocean
929,Pegasus,a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Andromeda and Pisces
930,Penobscot Penobscot_River,a river in central Maine flowing into Penobscot Bay
931,Penobscot_Bay,an inlet of the Atlantic in eastern Maine
932,Perseus,a conspicuous constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Auriga and Cassiopeia and crossed by the Milky Way
933,Persian_Gulf Arabian_Gulf,a shallow arm of the Arabian Sea between Iran and the Arabian peninsula; the Persian Gulf oil fields are among the most productive in the world
934,Persian_iris Iris_persica,bulbous iris native to Asia Minor cultivated for its pale lilac-colored flowers
935,Persian_lilac Syringa_persica,small densely branching Asiatic shrub having lanceolate leaves and panicles of fragrant lilac flowers
936,Persian_melon,the fruit of a variety of winter melon vine; a large green melon with orange flesh
937,Peruvian_balsam Myroxylon_pereirae Myroxylon_balsamum_pereirae,tree of South and Central America yielding an aromatic balsam
938,Peruvian_cotton Gossypium_peruvianum,cotton with long rough hairy fibers
939,Peruvian_lily lily_of_the_Incas Alstroemeria_pelegrina,an Andean herb having umbels of showy pinkish-purple lily-like flowers
940,Peyer's_patch Peter's_gland,any of several lymph nodes in the walls of the intestines near the junction of the ileum and colon
941,Philadelphia_fleabane Erigeron_philadelphicus,especially pretty plant having a delicate fringe of threadlike rays around flower heads having very slender white or pink rays; United States and Canada
942,Philippine_mahogany Philippine_cedar kalantas Toona_calantas Cedrela_calantas,Philippine timber tree having hard red fragrant wood
943,Phobos,the larger of the two satellites of Mars
944,Phoenix,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Tucana and Sculptor
945,Pictor,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Dorado and Columba
946,Ping Ping_River,a river in western Thailand; a major tributary of the Chao Phraya
947,Pinot Pinot_grape,any of several purple or white wine grapes used especially for Burgundies and champagnes
948,Pinot_blanc,white wine grape; grown especially in California for making wines resembling those from Chablis, France
949,Pinot_noir,red wine grape; grown especially in California for making wines resembling those from Burgundy, France
950,Pippin,any of numerous superior eating apples with yellow or greenish yellow skin flushed with red
951,Pipturus_albidus,Hawaiian tree of genus Pipturus having a bark (tapa) from which tapa cloth is made
952,Pisces,a large faint zodiacal constellation; between Aquarius and Aries
953,Platte Platte_River,a river in Nebraska that flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River
954,Platte_River_penstemon Penstemon_cyananthus,erect plant with blue-violet flowers in rings near tips of stems; Idaho to Utah and Wyoming
955,Pluto,a large asteroid that was once thought to be the farthest known planet from the sun; it has an elliptical orbit; "Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930"
956,Plymouth_Rock,a boulder in Plymouth supposed to be where the Pilgrims disembarked from the Mayflower
957,Po Po_River,a European river; flows into the Adriatic Sea
958,Polaris North_Star pole_star polar_star polestar,the brightest star in Ursa Minor; at the end of the handle of the Little Dipper; the northern axis of the earth points toward it
959,Pollux,the brightest star in Gemini; close to Castor
960,Port_Jackson_fig rusty_rig little-leaf_fig Botany_Bay_fig Ficus_rubiginosa,Australian tree resembling the banyan often planted for ornament; introduced into South Africa for brushwood
961,Port_Jackson_heath Epacris_purpurascens,small shrub of southern and western Australia having pinkish to rosy purple tubular flowers
962,Potomac Potomac_River,a river in the east central United States; rises in West Virginia in the Appalachian Mountains and flows eastward, forming the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, to the Chesapeake Bay
963,Poyang,a lake in central China that is connected to the Chang Jiang by a canal
964,Prima,used primarily as eating apples
965,Prince-of-Wales'-heath Prince_of_Wales_heath Erica_perspicua,South African shrub grown for its profusion of white flowers
966,Prince_Albert_yew Prince_Albert's_yew Saxe-gothea_conspicua,small yew having attractive foliage and partially weeping branches cultivated as an ornamental; mountains of southern Chile
967,Procyon,the brightest star in Canis Minor
968,Protium_guianense,tropical American tree
969,Protium_heptaphyllum,tropical American tree
970,Proxima Proxima_Centauri,the nearest star to the sun; distance: 4.3 light years
971,Prudhoe_Bay,a bay on the northern coast of Alaska where oil was discovered in 1968
972,Psychopsis_krameriana Oncidium_papilio_kramerianum,orchid of South and Central America having flowers similar to but smaller than Psychopsis papilio; sometimes placed in genus Oncidium
973,Psychopsis_papilio Oncidium_papilio,orchid of South America and Trinidad having large yellow and reddish-brown flowers; sometimes placed in genus Oncidium
974,Pteris_cretica,cultivated in many varieties as houseplants
975,Puget_Sound,an inlet of the North Pacific in northwestern Washington State
976,Puppis,a constellation in the southern hemisphere between Vela and Canis Major that shaped like the stern of a boat
977,Purkinje_fiber,a specialized cardiac muscle fiber that is part of the Purkinje network
978,Purkinje_network Purkinje's_tissue Purkinje's_system,a network of Purkinje fibers that carry the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles of the heart and causes them to contract
979,Purus Purus_River,a Brazilian river; tributary of the Amazon River
980,Pyracantha pyracanth fire_thorn firethorn,any of various thorny shrubs of the genus Pyracantha bearing small white flowers followed by hard red or orange-red berries
981,Pyrenees_daisy Leucanthemum_lacustre Chrysanthemum_lacustre,perennial of Portugal similar to the oxeye daisy
982,Pyxis,a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Puppis and Antlia
983,Quaoar,a planetoid discovered in 2002
984,Queen's_crape_myrtle pride-of-India Lagerstroemia_speciosa,native to Asia, Australia, and East Indies, where it provides timber called pyinma; used elsewhere as an ornamental for its large showy flowers
985,Queen_Charlotte_Sound,an inlet of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of British Columbia
986,Queensland_bottletree narrow-leaved_bottletree Brachychiton_rupestris Sterculia_rupestris,large tree of Queensland having cream-colored flowers blotched with red inside; sometimes placed in genus Sterculia
987,Queensland_grass-cloth_plant Pipturus_argenteus,Australian plant of genus Pipturus whose fiber is used in making cloth
988,Queensland_hemp jellyleaf Sida_rhombifolia,herb widely distributed in tropics and subtropics used for forage and medicinally as a demulcent and having a fine soft bast stronger than jute; sometimes an aggressive weed
989,Queensland_nut Macadamia_tetraphylla,bushy tree with pink to purple flowers
990,Rappahannock Rappahannock_River,a river that flows across eastern Virginia into the Tidewater region
991,Ravenna_grass wool_grass Erianthus_ravennae,grass often cultivated for its long white-ribbed leaves and large plumes resembling those of pampas grass
992,Read_method_of_childbirth Read_method,a method of natural childbirth that assumes it is a normal process and that the pain is largely psychological; involves education and breathing exercises to foster relaxation and other exercises
993,Red Red_River,a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows eastward from Texas along the southern boundary of Oklahoma and through Louisiana
994,Red_Delicious,a sweet eating apple with bright red skin; most widely grown apple worldwide
995,Red_Sea,a long arm of the Indian Ocean between northeast Africa and Arabia; linked to the Mediterranean at the north end by the Suez Canal
996,Regulus,the brightest star in Leo
997,Republican Republican_River,a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas
998,Reticulum,a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Dorado and Hydrus
999,Rh_antibody,rhesus factor antibody
1000,Rhine Rhine_River Rhein,a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea
1001,Rhodes_grass Chloris_gayana,perennial grass of South Africa introduced into United States; cultivated as forage grass in dry regions
1002,Rhone Rhone_River,a major French river; flows into the Mediterranean near Marseilles; "the valley of the Rhone is famous for its vineyards"
1003,Richardson's_geranium Geranium_richardsonii,geranium of western North America having branched clusters of white or pale pink flowers
1004,Riesling,white grape grown in Europe and California
1005,Rigel Beta_Orionis,the brightest star in Orion
1006,Rio_Grande Rio_Bravo,a North American river; boundary between the United States and Mexico; flows into Gulf of Mexico
1007,Rio_de_la_Plata La_Plata Plata_River,an estuary between Argentina and Uruguay
1008,Riss_glaciation,the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in the Alps and the deposits laid down at that time
1009,Rocky_Mountain_bee_plant stinking_clover Cleome_serrulata,plant of western North America having trifoliate leaves and white or pink spider-shaped flowers; sometimes used as an ornamental
1010,Rocky_mountain_pinon Pinus_edulis,small compact two-needled pinon of southwestern United States; important as a nut pine
1011,Roman_hyacinth Hyacinthus_orientalis_albulus,hyacinth with loosely flowered spikes, several growing from one bulb
1012,Roman_nettle Urtica_pipulifera,annual European nettle with stinging foliage and small clusters of green flowers
1013,Roman_nose hooknose,a nose with a prominent slightly aquiline bridge
1014,Roman_wormwood Artemis_pontica,European wormwood; minor source of absinthe
1015,Rome_Beauty,large red apple used primarily for baking
1016,Ross_Sea,an arm of the southern Pacific Ocean in Antarctica
1017,Ruhr Ruhr_River,a tributary of the Rhine
1018,Russell's_body cancer_body,an inclusion body found in plasma cells in cases of cancer
1019,Russian_River,a river in northern California
1020,Russian_almond dwarf_Russian_almond Prunus_tenella,Asiatic shrub cultivated for its rosy red flowers
1021,Russian_dandelion kok-saghyz kok-sagyz Taraxacum_kok-saghyz,perennial dandelion native to Kazakhstan cultivated for its fleshy roots that have high rubber content
1022,Russian_olive silver_berry Elaeagnus_augustifolia,deciduous shrubby tree of Europe and western Asia having grey leaves and small yellow fruits covered in silvery scales; sometimes spiny
1023,Russian_thistle Russian_tumbleweed Russian_cactus tumbleweed Salsola_kali_tenuifolia,prickly bushy Eurasian plant; a troublesome weed in central and western United States
1024,Rydberg's_penstemon Penstemon_rydbergii,plant with whorls of small dark blue-violet flowers; Washington to Wyoming and south to California and Colorado
1025,Saale Saale_River,a river that rises in central Germany and flows north to join the Elbe River
1026,Saale_glaciation,the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in northern Europe and the deposits laid down at that time
1027,Sabine Sabine_River,a river in eastern Texas that flows south into the Gulf of Mexico
1028,Sacramento_River,a river in northern California rising near Mount Shasta and flowing south to the San Francisco Bay
1029,Sagitta,a small constellation in the northern hemisphere between Cygnus and Aquila and crossed by the Milky Way
1030,Sagittarius,a large zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Scorpius and Capricornus
1031,Saigon_cinnamon Cinnamomum_loureirii,tropical southeast Asian tree with aromatic bark; yields a bark used medicinally
1032,Saint-Bernard's-lily Anthericum_liliago,southern European plant commonly cultivated for its spikes of small starry greenish-white flowers
1033,Saint_Francis Saint_Francis_River St._Francis St._Francis_River,a tributary of the Mississippi River that rises in Missouri and flows southeastward through Arkansas
1034,Saint_John Saint_John_River St._John St._John_River,a river that rises in Maine and flows northeastward through New Brunswick to empty into the Bay of Fundy
1035,Saint_Johns Saint_Johns_River St._Johns St._Johns_River,a river in northeastern Florida that flows northward to Jacksonville and then eastward to empty into the Atlantic Ocean
1036,Saint_Lawrence Saint_Lawrence_River St._Lawrence St._Lawrence_River,a North American river; flows into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the North Atlantic
1037,Salmon Salmon_River,a tributary of the Snake River in Idaho
1038,Salton_Sea,a saltwater lake in southeastern California
1039,Sambre Sambre_River,a river in western Europe that rises in northern France and flows generally east into Belgium where it joins the Meuse at Namur
1040,San_Diego_Bay,a bay of the Pacific in southern California
1041,San_Francisco_Bay,a bay of the Pacific in western California
1042,San_Joaquin_River,a river in central California that rises in the Sierra Nevada and flows northwest to form a large delta with the Sacramento River
1043,Santa_Ana,a strong hot dry wind that blows in winter from the deserts of southern California toward the Pacific Coast
1044,Santa_Cruz_cypress Cupressus_abramsiana Cupressus_goveniana_abramsiana,rare California cypress taller than but closely related to gowen cypress and sometimes considered the same species
1045,Santa_Lucia_fir bristlecone_fir Abies_bracteata Abies_venusta,a pyramidal fir of southwestern California having spiny pointed leaves and cone scales with long spines
1046,Sao_Francisco,a river in eastern Brazil flowing into the Atlantic Ocean
1047,Saone Saone_River,a river in eastern France; rises in Lorraine and flows south to become the chief tributary of the Rhone
1048,Sargasso_Sea,a vast area of the North Atlantic from the West Indies to the Azores that is dense with gulfweed
1049,Saronic_Gulf Gulf_of_Aegina,a gulf of the Aegean on the southeastern coast of Greece
1050,Saturn,a giant planet that is surrounded by three planar concentric rings of ice particles; the 6th planet from the sun
1051,Sauvignon_blanc,white wine grape grown in California
1052,Sauvignon_grape,small blue-black grape of Medoc region of France highly prized in winemaking
1053,Savannah Savannah_River,a river in South Carolina that flows southeast to the Atlantic
1054,Schaffneria_nigripes Asplenium_nigripes Scolopendrium_nigripes,a fern of the genus Schaffneria
1055,Scheldt Scheldt_River,a river that rises in France and flows northeast across Belgium and empties into the North Sea
1056,Schreiber's_aster,a variety of aster
1057,Scopolia_carniolica,herb that is a source of scopolamine
1058,Scorpius Scorpio,a large zodiacal constellation between Libra and Sagittarius
1059,Scotch_asphodel Tofieldia_pusilla,false asphodel having spikes of white flowers; of mountainous regions of Europe
1060,Scotch_laburnum Alpine_golden_chain Laburnum_alpinum,an ornamental shrub or tree of the genus Laburnum
1061,Scotch_pine Scots_pine Scotch_fir Pinus_sylvestris,medium large two-needled pine of northern Europe and Asia having flaking red-brown bark
1062,Sculptor,a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Phoenix and Cetus
1063,Scythian_lamb Cibotium_barometz,Asiatic tree fern having dense matted hairs sometimes used as a styptic
1064,Sea_of_Azov Sea_of_Azof Sea_of_Azoff,a bay of the Black Sea between Russia and the Ukraine
1065,Sea_of_Japan East_Sea,an arm of the Pacific bordered by Japan, Korea, North Korea, and Russia
1066,Sea_of_Okhotsk,an arm of the Pacific to the east of Asia
1067,Sedna,a planetoid of rock and ice about three-quarters the size of Pluto discovered in 2003; the most distant object known to orbit around the sun
1068,Seine Seine_River,a French river that flows through the heart of Paris and then northward into the English Channel
1069,Seneca_Lake Lake_Seneca,a glacial lake in central New York; the largest of the Finger Lakes
1070,Seneca_snakeroot Seneka_snakeroot senga_root senega_root senega_snakeroot Polygala_senega,eastern North American plant having a terminal cluster of small white flowers and medicinal roots
1071,September_elm red_elm Ulmus_serotina,autumn-flowering elm of southeastern United States
1072,Serpens,a constellation in the equatorial region of the northern hemisphere near Ophiuchus and Corona Borealis
1073,Sete_Quedas Guaira Guaira_Falls,a great waterfall on the border between Brazil and Paraguay
1074,Severn River_Severn Severn_River,a river in England and Wales flowing into the Bristol Channel; the longest river in Great Britain
1075,Severn Severn_River,a river in Ontario that flows northeast into Hudson Bay
1076,Seyhan Seyhan_River,a Turkish river flowing south southwest into the Mediterranean
1077,Shari Shari_River Chari Chari_River,an African river that flows northwest into Lake Chad
1078,Shenandoah_River,a river of northern Virginia that empties into the Potomac at Harpers Ferry
1079,Short's_aster Aster_shortii,perennial of southeastern United States having usually blue flowers
1080,Shumard_oak Shumard_red_oak Quercus_shumardii,large deciduous red oak of southern and eastern United States having large seven-lobed to nine-lobed elliptical leaves, large acorns and medium hard coarse-grained wood
1081,Siberian_crab Siberian_crab_apple cherry_apple cherry_crab Malus_baccata,Asian wild crab apple cultivated in many varieties for it small acid usually red fruit used for preserving
1082,Siberian_elm Chinese_elm dwarf_elm Ulmus_pumila,fast-growing shrubby Asian tree naturalized in United States for shelter or ornament
1083,Siberian_larch Larix_siberica Larix_russica,medium-sized larch of northeastern Russia and Siberia having narrowly conic crown and soft narrow bright-green leaves; used in cultivation
1084,Siberian_millet Setaria_italica_rubrofructa,millet having orange to reddish grains in long bristly spikes
1085,Siberian_pea_tree Caragana_arborescens,large spiny shrub of eastern Asia having clusters of yellow flowers; often cultivated in shelterbelts and hedges
1086,Siberian_spruce Picea_obovata,tall spruce of northern Europe and Asia; resembles Norway spruce
1087,Siberian_wall_flower Erysimum_allionii Cheiranthus_allionii,showy erect biennial or short-lived perennial cultivated for its terminal racemes of orange-yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Cheiranthus
1088,Sierra_lodgepole_pine Pinus_contorta_murrayana,tall subspecies of lodgepole pine
1089,Sierra_plum Pacific_plum Prunus_subcordata,shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States bearing small red insipid fruit
1090,Sirius Dog_Star Canicula Sothis,the brightest star in the sky; in Canis Major
1091,Sitka_spruce Picea_sitchensis,a large spruce that grows only along the northwestern coast of the United States and Canada; has sharp stiff needles and thin bark; the wood has a high ratio of strength to weight
1092,Sitka_willow silky_willow Salix_sitchensis,small shrubby tree of western North America (Alaska to Oregon)
1093,Skagerrak Skagerak,a broad strait of the North Sea between Jutland and Norway
1094,Snake Snake_River,a tributary of the Columbia River that rises in Wyoming and flows westward; discovered in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition
1095,Socotra_begonia Begonia_socotrana,semi-tuberous begonia having peltate leaves and rose-pink flowers; Yemen
1096,Solent,a strait of the English Channel between the coast of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight
1097,Solomon's-seal,any of several plants of the genus Polygonatum having paired drooping yellowish-green flowers and a thick rootstock with scars shaped like Solomon's seal
1098,Solvay_process,an industrial process for producing sodium carbonate from sodium chloride and ammonia and carbon dioxide
1099,Solway_Firth,a large firth on the west coast of Britain between England and Scotland
1100,South-African_yellowwood Podocarpus_latifolius,erect or shrubby tree of Africa having ridged dark grey bark and rigid glossy medium to long leaves
1101,South_American_staghorn Platycerium_andinum,fern of Peru and Bolivia
1102,South_Atlantic,that part of the Atlantic Ocean to the south of the equator
1103,South_China_Sea,a tropical arm of the Pacific Ocean near southeastern Asia subject to frequent typhoons
1104,South_Pacific,that part of the Pacific Ocean to the south of the equator
1105,South_Platte South_Platte_River,a tributary of the Platte River
1106,South_Sea,any sea to the south of the equator (but especially the South Pacific)
1107,Southern_Cross Crux Crux_Australis,a small conspicuous constellation in the southern hemisphere in the Milky Way near Centaurus
1108,Southern_crab_apple flowering_crab Malus_angustifolia,small tree or shrub of southeastern United States; cultivated as an ornamental for its rose-colored blossoms
1109,Southern_dewberry Rubus_trivialis,of southern North America
1110,Spanish_bayonet Yucca_aloifolia,a stiff yucca with a short trunk; found in the southern United States and tropical America; has rigid spine-tipped leaves and clusters of white flowers
1111,Spanish_bayonet Yucca_baccata,tall yucca of the southwestern United States and Mexico having a woody stem and stiff swordlike pointed leaves and a large cluster of white flowers
1112,Spanish_broom Spanish_gorse Genista_hispanica,erect shrub of southwestern Europe having racemes of golden yellow flowers
1113,Spanish_broom weaver's_broom Spartium_junceum,tall thornless shrub having pale yellow flowers and flexible rushlike twigs used in basketry; of southwestern Europe and Mediterranean; naturalized in California
1114,Spanish_cedar Spanish_cedar_tree Cedrela_odorata,tropical American tree yielding fragrant wood used especially for boxes
1115,Spanish_dagger Yucca_carnerosana,arborescent yucca of southwestern United States and northern Mexico with sword-shaped leaves and white flowers
1116,Spanish_dagger Yucca_gloriosa,yucca of southeastern United States similar to the Spanish bayonets but with shorter trunk and smoother leaves
1117,Spanish_elm Equador_laurel salmwood cypre princewood Cordia_alliodora,large tropical American tree of the genus Cordia grown for its abundant creamy white flowers and valuable wood
1118,Spanish_heath Portuguese_heath Erica_lusitanica,erect dense shrub native to western Iberian peninsula having profuse white or pink flowers; naturalized in southwestern England
1119,Spanish_iris xiphium_iris Iris_xiphium,bulbous iris of western Mediterranean region having usually violet-purple flowers
1120,Spanish_lime Spanish_lime_tree honey_berry mamoncillo genip ginep Melicocca_bijuga Melicocca_bijugatus,tropical American tree bearing a small edible fruit with green leathery skin and sweet juicy translucent pulp
1121,Spanish_needles Bidens_bipinnata,common bur marigold of the eastern United States
1122,Spanish_needles beggar-ticks,the seed of bur marigolds
1123,Spanish_oak Quercus_texana,small deciduous tree having the trunk branched almost from the base with spreading branches; Texas and southern Oklahoma
1124,Spanish_oyster_plant Scolymus_hispanicus,a golden thistle of southwestern Europe cultivated for its edible sweet roots and edible leaves and stalks; its yellow flowers are used as a substitute for saffron
1125,Spanish_tamarind Vangueria_madagascariensis,shrubby tree of Madagascar occasionally cultivated for its edible apple-shaped fruit
1126,Spica,the brightest star in Virgo
1127,St.-Bruno's-lily Paradisea_liliastrum,a variety of spiderwort
1128,St._Augustine_grass Stenotaphrum_secundatum buffalo_grass,low mat-forming grass of southern United States and tropical America; grown as a lawn grass
1129,St_Andrews's_cross Hypericum_crux_andrae,shrubby plant having yellow to apricot flowers with four petals arranged in a cross; southeastern United States: New York to Texas
1130,St_John's_wort,any of numerous plants of the genus Hypericum having yellow flowers and transparently dotted leaves; traditionally gathered on St John's eve to ward off evil
1131,St_Peter's_wort Hypericum_tetrapterum Hypericum_maculatum,European perennial St John's wort; Ireland and France to western Siberia
1132,Stalinization Stalinisation,social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) the policies and practices of Joseph Stalin; "many Hungarians refused to take part in the Stalinization of their country"
1133,Stapelias_asterias,stapelia of Cape Province having mostly dark red-brown flowers with flat starlike corollas
1134,Stayman,apple grown chiefly in the Shenandoah Valley
1135,Stayman_Winesap,crisp tart apple; good for eating raw and suitable for cooking
1136,Sterope Asterope,one of the stars in the star cluster Pleiades
1137,Strait_of_Dover Strait_of_Calais Pas_de_Calais,the strait between the English Channel and the North Sea; shortest distance between England and the European continent
1138,Strait_of_Georgia,the strait separating Vancouver Island from the Canadian mainland
1139,Strait_of_Gibraltar,the strait between Spain and Africa
1140,Strait_of_Hormuz Strait_of_Ormuz,a strategically important strait linking the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman
1141,Strait_of_Magellan,the strait separating South America from Tierra del Fuego and other islands to the south of the continent; discovered by Ferdinand Magellan in 1520; an important route around South America before the Panama Canal was built
1142,Strait_of_Malacca,the strait between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra; it connects the Pacific Ocean to the east with the Indian Ocean to the west and is an important shipping lane
1143,Strait_of_Messina,the strait separating Sicily from the tip of Italy
1144,Strophanthus_kombe,plant that is a source of strophanthin
1145,Styx River_Styx,(Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which Charon carried dead souls
1146,Sun_River,a river in western Montana that flows south and east to join the Missouri River
1147,Sundacarpus_amara Prumnopitys_amara Podocarpus_amara,a large fast-growing monoecious tropical evergreen tree having large glossy lanceolate leaves; of rain forests of Sumatra and Philippines to northern Queensland
1148,Surinam_cherry pitanga Eugenia_uniflora,Brazilian tree with spicy red fruit; often cultivated in California and Florida
1149,Suriname_River Surinam_River,a river in Suriname that flows northward to the Atlantic
1150,Susquehanna Susquehanna_River,a river in the northeastern United States that rises in New York and flows southward through Pennsylvania and Maryland into Chesapeake Bay
1151,Swan_River_daisy Brachycome_Iberidifolia,western Australian annual much cultivated for its flower heads with white or bluish to violet or variegated rays
1152,Swan_River_everlasting rhodanthe Rhodanthe_manglesii Helipterum_manglesii,Australian annual everlasting having light pink nodding flower heads; sometimes placed in genus Helipterum
1153,Swiss_mountain_pine mountain_pine dwarf_mountain_pine mugho_pine mugo_pine Pinus_mugo,low shrubby pine of central Europe with short bright green needles in bunches of two
1154,Swiss_pine Swiss_stone_pine arolla_pine cembra_nut_tree Pinus_cembra,large five-needled European pine; yields cembra nuts and a resinous exudate
1155,Tagus Tagus_River,a European river; flows into the North Atlantic
1156,Takakkaw,a waterfall in southeastern British Columbia; the highest waterfall in Canada (1250 feet high)
1157,Tallapoosa Tallapoosa_River,river that rises in northwestern Georgia and flows southwest through central Alabama to join the Coosa River near Montgomery and form the Alabama River
1158,Tampa_Bay,an arm of the Gulf of Mexico in west central Florida
1159,Tangier_pea Tangier_peavine Lalthyrus_tingitanus,North African annual resembling the sweet pea having showy but odorless flowers
1160,Tasman_Sea,an arm of the southern Pacific Ocean between southeastern Australia and New Zealand
1161,Tasman_dwarf_pine Microstrobos_niphophilus,small shrub or Tasmania having short stiff branches
1162,Taurus,a zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere near Orion; between Aries and Gemini
1163,Telescopium,a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Ara
1164,Tennessee Tennessee_River,a river formed by the confluence of two other rivers near Knoxville; it follows a U-shaped course to become a tributary of the Ohio River in western Kentucky
1165,Texas_bluebonnet Lupinus_texensis,closely resembles Lupinus subcarnosus; southwestern United States (Texas)
1166,Texas_purple_spike Hexalectris_warnockii,orchid with slender nearly leafless reddish-brown stems with loose racemes of reddish-brown flowers; of open brushy woods of southeastern Arizona and central Texas
1167,Texas_snowbell Texas_snowbells Styrax_texana,styrax of southwestern United States; a threatened species
1168,Texas_star Lindheimera_texana,Texas annual with coarsely pinnatifid leaves; cultivated for its showy radiate yellow flower heads
1169,Texas_storksbill Erodium_texanum,of prairies and desert areas of southwestern United States and Mexico
1170,Thames River_Thames Thames_River,the longest river in England; flows eastward through London to the North Sea
1171,Thompson_Seedless,seedless green table grape of California
1172,Tiber Tevere,a river of central Italy; flows through Rome to the Tyrrhenian Sea
1173,Tigris Tigris_River,an Asian river; a tributary of the Euphrates River
1174,Timor_Sea,an arm of the eastern Indian Ocean between Timor and northern Australia
1175,Titan,the largest of the satellites of Saturn; has a hazy nitrogen atmosphere
1176,Tocantins Tocantins_River,a river in eastern Brazil that flows generally north to the Para River
1177,Tokay,variety of wine grape originally grown in Hungary; the prototype of vinifera grapes
1178,Tombigbee Tombigbee_River,a river that rises in northeastern Mississippi and flows southward through western Alabama to join the Alabama River and form the Mobile River
1179,Torres_Strait,a strait between northeastern Australia and southern New Guinea that connects the Coral Sea with the Arafura Sea
1180,Torrey_pine Torrey's_pine soledad_pine grey-leaf_pine sabine_pine Pinus_torreyana,medium-sized five-needled pine of southwestern California having long cylindrical cones
1181,Trapezium,a multiple star in the constellation of Orion
1182,Trent River_Trent Trent_River,a river in central England that flows generally northeastward to join with the Ouse River and form the Humber
1183,Triangulum Triangle,a small northern constellation near Perseus between Andromeda and Aries
1184,Triangulum_Australe Southern_Triangle,a small bright constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Circinus and Apus
1185,Trinity_River,a river in eastern Texas that is formed near Dallas and flows generally southeastward to Galveston Bay
1186,Triton,the largest moon of Neptune
1187,Trondheim_Fjord Trondheim_Fiord,a long narrow inlet of the Norwegian Sea
1188,Tucana,a large faint constellation in the southern hemisphere containing most of the Small Magellanic Cloud
1189,Tugela Tugela_Falls,a major waterfall in southern Africa; has more than one leap
1190,Tulipa_gesneriana,tall late blooming tulip
1191,Tunguska Lower_Tunguska,a river that arises to the north of Lake Baikal and flows north and west to the Yenisei River
1192,Tunguska Stony_Tunguska,a river in Siberia that flows northwest to become a tributary of the Yenisei River
1193,Turk's-cap Turk's_cap-lily Lilium_superbum,lily of the eastern United States with orange to red maroon-spotted flowers
1194,Turk's-cap martagon Lilium_martagon,lily with small dull purple flowers of northwestern Europe and northwestern Asia
1195,Twin Twin_Falls,a waterfall in the Snake River in southern Idaho
1196,Tyndall_effect,the phenomenon in which light is scattered by very small particles in its path; it makes a beam of light visible; the scattered light is mainly blue
1197,Tyne River_Tyne Tyne_River,a river in northern England that flows east to the North Sea
1198,Tyrrhenian_Sea,an arm of the Mediterranean between Italy and the islands of Corsica and Sardinia and Sicily
1199,United_States_waters U.S._waters,territorial waters included within a distance of 12 nautical miles of the coasts of the United States and its territories; "ships operating in United States waters must adhere to United States laws and regulations"
1200,Uranus,a giant planet with a ring of ice particles; the 7th planet from the sun has a blue-green color and many satellites; "Uranus was discovered by William Herschel in 1781"
1201,Urubupunga Urubupunga_Falls,a waterfall in the Parana river in Brazil
1202,Uruguay_River,a South American river that arises in southern Brazil and flows south to the Rio de la Plata; the northern section forms the boundary between Argentina and Brazil and the southern section forms the boundary between Argentina and Uruguay
1203,Uruguay_potato Uruguay_potato_vine Solanum_commersonii,South American potato vine
1204,Valencia_orange,variety of sweet orange cultivated extensively in Florida and California
1205,Vega,the brightest star in the constellation Lyra
1206,Vela,a constellation in the southern hemisphere between Carina and Pyxis; "because of its configuration Vela is sometimes called `the Sails'"
1207,Venetian_sumac wig_tree Cotinus_coggygria,Old World shrub having large plumes of yellowish feathery flowers resembling puffs of smoke
1208,Venus,the second nearest planet to the sun; it is peculiar in that its rotation is slow and retrograde (in the opposite sense of the Earth and all other planets except Uranus); it is visible from Earth as an early `morning star' or an `evening star'; "before it was known that they were the same object the evening star was called Venus and the morning star was called Lucifer"
1209,Venus'_slipper Venus's_slipper Venus's_shoe,any of various orchids of the genus Paphiopedilum having slender flower stalks bearing 1 to several waxy flowers with pouchlike lips
1210,Venus's_flytrap Venus's_flytraps Dionaea_muscipula,carnivorous plant of coastal plains of the Carolinas having sensitive hinged marginally bristled leaf blades that close and entrap insects
1211,Verdicchio,a variety of white wine grape grown in Italy
1212,Verrazano_Narrows,a narrow channel of water separating Staten Island and Brooklyn
1213,Vesta,the brightest asteroid but the fourth to be discovered
1214,Vetluga Vetluga_River,a river in central Russia; flows generally southward into the Volga
1215,Victoria Victoria_Falls,a waterfall in the Zambezi River on the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia; diminishes seasonally
1216,Victoria_plum,a large red plum served as dessert
1217,Virginia_bluebell Virginia_cowslip Mertensia_virginica,smooth erect herb of eastern North America having entire leaves and showy blue flowers that are pink in bud
1218,Virginia_chain_fern Woodwardia_virginica,North American fern
1219,Virginia_creeper American_ivy woodbine Parthenocissus_quinquefolia,common North American vine with compound leaves and bluish-black berrylike fruit
1220,Virginia_crownbeard frostweed frost-weed Verbesina_virginica,tall perennial herb having clusters of white flowers; the eastern United States
1221,Virginia_mallow Sida_hermaphrodita,tall handsome perennial herb of southeastern United States having maplelike leaves and white flowers
1222,Virginia_snakeroot Virginia_serpentaria Virginia_serpentary Aristolochia_serpentaria,birthwort of the eastern United States woodlands
1223,Virginia_spring_beauty Claytonia_virginica,small cormous perennial grown for its low rosette of succulent foliage and racemes of pink-tinged white flowers; eastern North America
1224,Virginia_strawberry scarlet_strawberry Fragaria_virginiana,North American wild strawberry with sweet scarlet fruit; a source of many cultivated strawberries
1225,Virginia_thimbleweed Anemone_virginiana,thimbleweed of central and eastern North America
1226,Virginia_waterleaf Shawnee_salad shawny Indian_salad John's_cabbage Hydrophyllum_virginianum,showy perennial herb with white flowers; leaves sometimes used as edible greens in southeastern United States
1227,Virginian_stock Virginia_stock Malcolmia_maritima,erect branching herb cultivated for its loose racemes of fragrant white or pink or red or lilac flowers; native to sands and sea cliffs of southwestern Greece and southern Albania
1228,Virginian_witch_hazel Hamamelis_virginiana,common shrub of eastern North America having small yellow flowers after the leaves have fallen
1229,Virgo,a large zodiacal constellation on the equator; between Leo and Libra
1230,Vistula Vistula_River,a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea
1231,Volans,a small constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Dorado and Carina
1232,Volga Volga_River,a Russian river; the longest river in Europe; flows into the Caspian Sea
1233,Volkhov Volkhov_River,a river in northwestern Russia flowing generally north into Lake Ladoga
1234,Volta,a river in Ghana that flows south to the Bight of Benin
1235,Vulpecula,a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Cygnus and Sagitta
1236,Wabash Wabash_River,a tributary of the Ohio River that rises in western Ohio and flows southwestward across Indiana
1237,Weddell_Sea,an arm of the south Atlantic in Antarctica to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula
1238,Welsh_onion Japanese_leek Allium_fistulosum,Asiatic onion with slender bulbs; used as early green onions
1239,Welsh_poppy Meconopsis_cambrica,widely cultivated west European plant with showy pale yellow flowers
1240,Wernicke's_area Wernicke's_center,the auditory word center; located in the posterior part of the superior temporal convolution in most people
1241,Weser Weser_River,a river in northwestern Germany that flows northward to the North Sea near Bremerhaven
1242,West_Indian_jasmine pagoda_tree Plumeria_alba,tall sparingly branched conical tree having large fragrant yellow flowers with white centers
1243,Western_Australia_coral_pea Hardenbergia_comnptoniana,vigorous climber of the forests of western Australia; grown for their dense racemes of attractive bright rose-purple flowers
1244,Western_mountain_ash Sorbus_sitchensis,an ash of the western coast of North America
1245,Western_pasqueflower Pulsatilla_occidentalis Anemone_occidentalis,of western North America
1246,Western_sand_cherry Rocky_Mountains_cherry Prunus_besseyi,dwarf ornamental shrub of western United States having large black to red and yellow sweet edible fruit
1247,Western_silvery_aster,a variety of aster
1248,Westernization Westernisation,assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization
1249,Whipple's_penstemon Penstemon_whippleanus,wine and lavender to purple and black flowers in several clusters on the upper half of leafy stems; Montana south through the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico
1250,White White_River,a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows southeastward through northern Arkansas and southern Missouri
1251,White_Nile,a headstream of the Nile; joins the Blue Nile at Khartoum to form the Nile
1252,White_Sea,a large inlet of the Barents Sea in the northwestern part of European Russia
1253,Willamette Willamette_River,a river in western Oregon that flows north into the Columbia River near Portland
1254,Windward_Passage,a channel between eastern Cuba and western Haiti that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Caribbean Sea
1255,Winesap,crisp apple with dark red skin
1256,Winnipeg Lake_Winnipeg,a lake in southern Canada in Manitoba
1257,Wisconsin Wisconsin_River,a tributary of the Mississippi River in Wisconsin
1258,Wisconsin_weeping_willow Salix_pendulina Salix_blanda Salix_pendulina_blanda,hybrid willow usually not strongly weeping in habit
1259,Wollemi_pine,newly discovered (1994) pine thought to have been long extinct; Australia; genus and species names not yet assigned
1260,Wolstonian_glaciation,the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in Britain and the deposits laid down at that time
1261,Wormian_bone sutural_bone,any of the tiny soft bones found in the sutures between cranial bones
1262,X-ray_diffraction,the scattering of X rays by the atoms of a crystal; the diffraction pattern shows structure of the crystal
1263,XX,(genetics) normal complement of sex chromosomes in a female
1264,XXX,(genetics) abnormal complement of three X chromosomes in a female
1265,XXY,(genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male resulting in Klinefelter's syndrome
1266,XY,(genetics) normal complement of sex hormones in a male
1267,XYY,(genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male who has two Y chromosomes
1268,X_chromosome,the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females; "human females normally have two X chromosomes"
1269,X_ray X-ray X-radiation roentgen_ray,electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high-speed electrons strike a solid target
1270,Y_chromosome,the sex chromosome that is carried by men; "human males normally have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome"
1271,Yalu Yalu_River,river in eastern Asia; rises in North Korea and flows southwest to Korea Bay (forming part of the border between North Korea and China)
1272,Yazoo Yazoo_River,a river that rises in west central Mississippi and flows southwest to empty into the Mississippi River above Vicksburg
1273,Yellow_Sea Huang_Hai,part of the Pacific off the east coast of Asia
1274,Yellowstone Yellowstone_River,a tributary of the Missouri River that flows through the Yellowstone National Park
1275,Yenisei Yenisei_River Yenisey Yenisey_River,a Russian river in Siberia; rises in mountains near the Mongolian border and flows generally northward into the Kara Sea
1276,Yggdrasil Ygdrasil,(Norse mythology) a huge ash tree whose roots and branches hold the earth and Heaven and Hell together
1277,Yosemite Yosemite_Falls,a series of waterfalls in Yosemite National Park in California; is reduced to a trickle for part of each year
1278,Yukon Yukon_River,a North American river that flows westward from the Yukon Territory through central Alaska to the Bering Sea
1279,Yukon_white_birch Betula_neoalaskana,Alaskan birch with white to pale brown bark
1280,Zambezi Zambezi_River,an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean
1281,Zhu_Jiang Canton_River Chu_Kiang Pearl_River,a river in southeast China that flows into the South China Sea
1282,Zinfandel,small black grape grown chiefly in California; transplanted from Europe
1283,Zuider_Zee,a former inlet of the North Sea in the northern coast of the Netherlands; sealed off from the sea in 1932 by a dam that created the IJsselmeer
1284,aalii,a small Hawaiian tree with hard dark wood
1285,abaca Manila_hemp Musa_textilis,Philippine banana tree having leafstalks that yield Manila hemp used for rope and paper etc
1286,abdomen venter stomach belly,the region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis
1287,abdominal abdominal_muscle ab,the muscles of the abdomen
1288,abdominal_aorta,a branch of the descending aorta
1289,abdominal_breathing,breathing in which most of the respiratory effort is done by the abdominal muscles; "abdominal breathing is practiced by singers"
1290,abdominal_cavity abdomen,the cavity containing the major viscera; in mammals it is separated from the thorax by the diaphragm
1291,abducens_muscle lateral_rectus_muscle lateral_rectus rectus_lateralis,the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball outward
1292,abducent abducent_nerve abducens abducens_nerve nervus_abducens sixth_cranial_nerve,a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
1293,abductor abductor_muscle,a muscle that draws a body part away from the median line
1294,abelia,any of various deciduous or evergreen ornamental shrubs of the genus Abelia having opposite simple leaves and cymes of small white or pink or purplish flowers; Asia and Mexico
1295,abelmosk musk_mallow Abelmoschus_moschatus Hibiscus_moschatus,bushy herb of tropical Asia grown for its yellow or pink to scarlet blooms that resemble the hibiscus
1296,aberration distortion optical_aberration,an optical phenomenon resulting from the failure of a lens or mirror to produce a good image
1297,abiogenesis autogenesis autogeny spontaneous_generation,a hypothetical organic phenomenon by which living organisms are created from nonliving matter
1298,ablactation,the cessation of lactation
1299,ablation,the erosive process that reduces the size of glaciers
1300,abomasum fourth_stomach,the fourth compartment of the stomach of a ruminant; the one where digestion takes place
1301,abrasion attrition corrasion detrition,erosion by friction
1302,abscission,shedding of flowers and leaves and fruit following formation of scar tissue in a plant
1303,absorption,(physics) the process in which incident radiated energy is retained without reflection or transmission on passing through a medium; "the absorption of photons by atoms or molecules"
1304,absorption soaking_up,(chemistry) a process in which one substance permeates another; a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid
1305,absorption_band,a dark band in the spectrum of white light that has been transmitted through a substance that exhibits absorption at selective wavelengths
1306,acacia,any of various spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Acacia
1307,acanthion,the craniometric point at the anterior extremity of the intermaxillary suture
1308,acanthus,any plant of the genus Acanthus having large spiny leaves and spikes or white or purplish flowers; native to Mediterranean region but widely cultivated
1309,access memory_access,(computer science) the operation of reading or writing stored information
1310,accession,a process of increasing by addition (as to a collection or group); "the art collection grew through accession"
1311,accessory_cephalic_vein vena_cephalica_accessoria,a vein that passes along the radial edge of the forearm and joins the cephalic vein near the elbow
1312,accessory_fruit pseudocarp,fruit containing much fleshy tissue besides that of the ripened ovary; as apple or strawberry
1313,accessory_hemiazygos_vein accessory_hemiazygous_vein vena_hemiazygos_accessoria,a vein formed by the union of the 4th to 7th posterior intercostal veins; empties into the azygos vein
1314,accessory_nerve spinal_accessory nervus_accessorius eleventh_cranial_nerve,arises from two sets of roots (cranial and spinal) that unite to form the nerve
1315,accessory_vertebral_vein vena_vertebralis_accessoria,a vein that accompanies the vertebral vein but passes through the foramen of the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra and empties into the brachiocephalic vein
1316,acclimatization acclimatisation acclimation,adaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment)
1317,accommodation_reflex,reflex changes in the eyes that enable an object to be focused on the retina
1318,accompanying_vein vena_comitans,a vein accompanying another structure; a vein may accompany an artery in such a way that the arterial pulses aid venous return
1319,accretion,(astronomy) the formation of a celestial object by the effect of gravity pulling together surrounding objects and gases
1320,accretion,(biology) growth by addition as by the adhesion of parts or particles
1321,accretion,(geology) an increase in land resulting from alluvial deposits or waterborne sediment
1322,accretion accumulation,an increase by natural growth or addition
1323,acentric_chromosome,a chromosome lacking a centromere
1324,acerate_leaf needle,the leaf of a conifer
1325,acerola barbados_cherry surinam_cherry West_Indian_cherry,acid red or yellow cherry-like fruit of a tropical American shrub very rich in vitamin C
1326,acervulus,small asexual fruiting body resembling a cushion or blister consisting of a mat of hyphae that is produced on a host by some fungi
1327,acetabulum cotyloid_cavity,the cup-shaped hollow in the hipbone into which the head of the femur fits to form a ball-and-socket joint
1328,acetyl acetyl_group acetyl_radical ethanoyl_group ethanoyl_radical,the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-)
1329,acetylation,the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound; "the acetylation of cyclooxygenase-2 by aspirin"
1330,achene,small dry indehiscent fruit with the seed distinct from the fruit wall
1331,achillea,any of several plants of the genus Achillea native to Europe and having small white flowers in flat-topped flower heads
1332,achimenes hot_water_plant,any plant of the genus Achimenes having showy bell-shaped flowers that resemble gloxinias
1333,achira indian_shot arrowroot Canna_indica Canna_edulis,canna grown especially for its edible rootstock from which arrowroot starch is obtained
1334,achondrite,a stony meteor lacking chondrules
1335,acicula,a needlelike part or structure of a plant or animal or crystal; as a spine or bristle or crystal
1336,acid-base_equilibrium acid-base_balance,(physiology) the normal equilibrium between acids and alkalis in the body; "with a normal acid-base balance in the body the blood is slightly alkaline"
1337,acidification,the process of becoming acid or being converted into an acid
1338,acinus,one of the small drupes making up an aggregate or multiple fruit like a blackberry
1339,acinus,one of the small sacs or saclike dilations in a compound gland
1340,ackee akee,red pear-shaped tropical fruit with poisonous seeds; flesh is poisonous when unripe or overripe
1341,acorn,fruit of the oak tree: a smooth thin-walled nut in a woody cup-shaped base
1342,acorn_squash,squash plant bearing small acorn-shaped fruits having yellow flesh and dark green or yellow rind with longitudinal ridges
1343,acoustic_nerve auditory_nerve vestibulocochlear_nerve nervus_vestibulocochlearis eighth_cranial_nerve,a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea
1344,acoustic_phenomenon,a physical phenomenon associated with the production or transmission of sound
1345,acoustic_radiation_pressure,(acoustics) the pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a sound wave
1346,acoustic_resistance acoustic_impedance acoustic_reactance,opposition to the flow of sound through a surface; acoustic resistance is the real component of acoustic impedance and acoustic reactance is the imaginary component
1347,acrocentric_chromosome,a chromosome with the centromere near one end so that one chromosomal arm is short and one is long
1348,acromion acromial_process,the outermost point of the spine of the shoulder blade
1349,acrosome,a process at the anterior end of a sperm cell that produces enzymes to facilitate penetration of the egg
1350,actin,one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous form
1351,actinic_radiation actinic_ray,electromagnetic radiation that can produce photochemical reactions
1352,activation,stimulation of activity in an organism or chemical
1353,activation_energy energy_of_activation,the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur; "catalysts are said to reduce the energy of activation during the transition phase of a reaction"
1354,active_birth,childbirth during which the mother is encouraged to be an active participant
1355,active_transport,transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires an expenditure of energy
1356,actomyosin,a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions
1357,aculea,small spiny outgrowth on the wings of certain insects
1358,aculeus,a sharp-pointed process especially a sting of a hymenopterous insect
1359,aculeus,a stiff sharp-pointed plant process
1360,acumen,a tapering point
1361,acuminate_leaf,a leaf narrowing to a slender point
1362,acyl acyl_group,any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group; "an example of the acyl group is the acetyl group"
1363,acylation,the process of introducing an acyl group into a compound
1364,adaptation adaption adjustment,the process of adapting to something (such as environmental conditions)
1365,adaptive_radiation,the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches
1366,adder's_tongue adder's_tongue_fern,ferns with fertile spikes shaped like a snake's tongue
1367,addition_reaction,a chemical reaction in which one molecule is added to another
1368,adductor adductor_muscle,a muscle that draws a body part toward the median line
1369,adenosine_deaminase ADA,an enzyme found in mammals that can catalyze the deamination of adenosine into inosine and ammonia; "ADA deficiency can lead to one form of severe combined immunodeficiency disease"; "the gene encoding ADA was one of the earlier human genes to be isolated and cloned for study"
1370,adhesion,a fibrous band of scar tissue that binds together normally separate anatomical structures
1371,adiabatic_process,(thermodynamics) any process that occurs without gain or loss of heat
1372,adipose_tissue fat fatty_tissue,a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy; it also cushions and insulates vital organs; "fatty tissue protected them from the severe cold"
1373,adjunct,something added to another thing but not an essential part of it
1374,administrative_data_processing business_data_processing,data processing in accounting or business management
1375,adnexa annexa,accessory or adjoining anatomical parts or appendages to an organ (especially of the embryo); "Fallopian tubes and ovaries are adnexa of the uterus"
1376,adobe_lily pink_fritillary Fritillaria_pluriflora,California herb with pinkish purple flowers
1377,adrenal_cortex,the cortex of the adrenal gland; secretes corticosterone and sex hormones
1378,adrenal_gland adrenal suprarenal_gland,either of a pair of complex endocrine glands situated near the kidney
1379,adrenal_medulla,the medulla of the adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine
1380,adsorption surface_assimilation,the accumulation of molecules of a gas to form a thin film on the surface of a solid
1381,adult_body,the body of an adult human being
1382,adult_female_body woman's_body,the body of an adult woman
1383,adult_male_body man's_body,the body of an adult man
1384,adultery criminal_conversation fornication,extramarital sex that willfully and maliciously interferes with marriage relations; "adultery is often cited as grounds for divorce"
1385,advection,(meteorology) the horizontal transfer of heat or other atmospheric properties
1386,adventitious_root,root growing in an unusual location e.g. from a stem
1387,adzuki_bean adsuki_bean Vigna_angularis Phaseolus_angularis,bushy annual widely grown in China and Japan for the flour made from its seeds
1388,aeciospore,spore of a rust fungus formed in an aecium
1389,aecium,fruiting body of some rust fungi bearing chains of aeciospores
1390,aeration,the process of exposing to air (so as to purify); "the aeration of the soil"
1391,aerides,any orchid of the genus Aerides
1392,aerie aery eyrie eyry,the lofty nest of a bird of prey (such as a hawk or eagle)
1393,aerobiosis,life sustained in the presence of air or oxygen
1394,aerodynamic_force,forces acting on airfoils in motion relative to the air (or other gaseous fluids)
1395,aerodynamic_lift lift,the component of the aerodynamic forces acting on an airfoil that opposes gravity
1396,aerolite,a stony meteorite consisting of silicate minerals
1397,aerophagia,swallowing air (usually followed by belching and discomfort and flatulence)
1398,aerosol,a cloud of solid or liquid particles in a gas
1399,affinity,(immunology) the attraction between an antigen and an antibody
1400,affinity chemical_attraction,the force attracting atoms to each other and binding them together in a molecule; "basic dyes have an affinity for wool and silk"
1401,afterbirth,the placenta and fetal membranes that are expelled from the uterus after the baby is born
1402,aftereffect,any result that follows its cause after an interval
1403,afterglow,a glow sometimes seen in the sky after sunset
1404,aftermath wake backwash,the consequences of an event (especially a catastrophic event); "the aftermath of war"; "in the wake of the accident no one knew how many had been injured"
1405,aftershaft,a supplementary feather (usually small) on the underside of the base of the shaft of some feathers in some birds
1406,aftershock,a tremor (or one of a series of tremors) occurring after the main shock of an earthquake
1407,agamete,an asexual reproductive cell
1408,agapanthus lily_of_the_Nile,any of various plants of the genus Agapanthus having umbels of showy blue to purple flowers
1409,agave century_plant American_aloe,tropical American plants with basal rosettes of fibrous sword-shaped leaves and flowers in tall spikes; some cultivated for ornament or for fiber
1410,age-related_macular_degeneration AMD,macular degeneration that is age-related
1411,agenesis agenesia,imperfect development; nondevelopment of a part
1412,ageratum,any plant of the genus Ageratum having opposite leaves and small heads of blue or white flowers
1413,agglutination,a clumping of bacteria or red cells when held together by antibodies (agglutinins)
1414,agglutination,the building of words from component morphemes that retain their form and meaning in the process of combining
1415,agglutination agglutinating_activity,the coalescing of small particles that are suspended in solution; these larger masses are then (usually) precipitated
1416,agglutinin,an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigen
1417,aggregate_fruit multiple_fruit syncarp,fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or drupes derived from separate ovaries within a common receptacle: e.g. blackberry; raspberry; pineapple
1418,aging ageing senescence,the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age
1419,agonist,a muscle that contracts while another relaxes; "when bending the elbow the biceps are the agonist"
1420,agrimonia agrimony,a plant of the genus Agrimonia having spikelike clusters of small yellow flowers
1421,ague_root ague_grass Aletris_farinosa,colicroot having a scurfy or granuliferous perianth and white flowers; southeastern United States
1422,agueweed ague_weed five-flowered_gentian stiff_gentian Gentianella_quinquefolia Gentiana_quinquefolia,gentian of eastern North America having clusters of bristly blue flowers
1423,ailanthus,any of several deciduous Asian trees of the genus Ailanthus
1424,air_bladder swim_bladder float,an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy
1425,air_mass,a large body of air with uniform characteristics horizontally
1426,air_pocket pocket air_hole,a local region of low pressure or descending air that causes a plane to lose height suddenly
1427,air_potato Dioscorea_bulbifera,yam of tropical Africa and Asia cultivated for it large tubers
1428,air_sac,any of the membranous air-filled extensions of the lungs of birds
1429,air_sac,any of the thin-walled extensions of the tracheae of insects
1430,airborne_transmission,a transmission mechanism in the which the infectious agent is spread as an aerosol and usually enters a person through the respiratory tract
1431,airstream,a relatively well-defined prevailing wind
1432,akee akee_tree Blighia_sapida,widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its fragrant flowers and colorful fruits; introduced in Jamaica by William Bligh
1433,ala,a flat wing-shaped process or winglike part of an organism; "the alae of the nose"; "the alae of a maple seed"; "the flat petals of a pea blossom are alae"
1434,ala,a wing of an insect
1435,albizzia albizia,any of numerous trees of the genus Albizia
1436,albuca,any of various plants of the genus Albuca having large clusters of pale yellow flowers; South Africa
1437,albuginea,whitish tunic
1438,albumin albumen,a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids
1439,alcohol_group alcohol_radical,the chemical group -OH
1440,aldehyde_group aldehyde_radical,the chemical group -CHO
1441,alder alder_tree,north temperate shrubs or trees having toothed leaves and conelike fruit; bark is used in tanning and dyeing and the wood is rot-resistant
1442,alder_buckthorn alder_dogwood Rhamnus_frangula,small tree common in Europe
1443,alderleaf_Juneberry alder-leaved_serviceberry Amelanchier_alnifolia,shrub or small tree of northwestern North America having fragrant creamy white flowers and small waxy purple-red fruits
1444,aldohexose,a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group
1445,aldol_reaction,a reaction of aldehydes resulting in an aldol
1446,aldose,a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal
1447,aleurone,granular protein in outermost layer of endosperm of many seeds or cereal grains
1448,alfalfa lucerne Medicago_sativa,important European leguminous forage plant with trifoliate leaves and blue-violet flowers grown widely as a pasture and hay crop
1449,algarroba Prosopis_juliflora Prosopis_juliiflora,mesquite of Gulf Coast and Caribbean Islands from Mexico to Venezuela
1450,algarroba algarrobilla algarobilla,mesquite pod used in tanning and dyeing
1451,alimentary_canal alimentary_tract digestive_tube digestive_tract gastrointestinal_tract GI_tract,tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination
1452,alimentary_tract_smear,any of several cytologic smears obtained from different parts of the alimentary tract; obtained by specialized lavage techniques and used mainly to diagnose cancer in those parts
1453,alkali_grass Zigadenus_elegans,plant of western North America having grasslike leaves and greenish-white flowers
1454,alkyl alkyl_group alkyl_radical,any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons
1455,allamanda,a plant of the genus Allamanda having large showy funnel-shaped flowers in terminal cymes
1456,allantois,the vascular fetal membrane that lies below the chorion and develops from the hindgut in many embryonic higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)
1457,alliaceous_plant,bulbous plants having a characteristic pungent onion odor
1458,alligator_weed alligator_grass Alternanthera_philoxeroides,prolific South American aquatic weed having grasslike leaves and short spikes of white flowers; clogs waterways with dense floating masses
1459,allotropy allotropism,the phenomenon of an element existing in two or more physical forms
1460,allspice,deciduous shrubs having aromatic bark; eastern China; southwestern and eastern United States
1461,allspice allspice_tree pimento_tree Pimenta_dioica,aromatic West Indian tree that produces allspice berries
1462,allspice_tree Pimenta_officinalis,tropical American tree having small white flowers and aromatic berries
1463,alluvial_fan alluvial_cone,a fan-shaped deposit where a fast flowing stream flattens out
1464,alluvion,gradual formation of new land, by recession of the sea or deposit of sediment
1465,allyl allyl_group allyl_radical,the univalent unsaturated organic radical C3H5; derived from propylene
1466,almond,oval-shaped edible seed of the almond tree
1467,almond sweet_almond Prunus_dulcis Prunus_amygdalus Amygdalus_communis,small bushy deciduous tree native to Asia and North Africa having pretty pink blossoms and highly prized edible nuts enclosed in a hard green hull; cultivated in southern Australia and California
1468,almond_oil expressed_almond_oil sweet_almond_oil,pale yellow fatty oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds
1469,almond_tree,any of several small bushy trees having pink or white blossoms and usually bearing nuts
1470,almond_willow black_Hollander Salix_triandra Salix_amygdalina,Old World willow with light green leaves cultivated for use in basketry
1471,alocasia elephant's_ear elephant_ear,any plant of the genus Alocasia having large showy basal leaves and boat-shaped spathe and reddish berries
1472,aloe,succulent plants having rosettes of leaves usually with fiber like hemp and spikes of showy flowers; found chiefly in Africa
1473,alpha_decay,radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of an alpha particle
1474,alpha_globulin,a globulin in blood plasma or serum that is alkaline and has great electrophoretic mobility
1475,alpha_particle,a positively charged particle that is the nucleus of the helium atom; emitted from natural or radioactive isotopes
1476,alpha_radiation alpha_ray,the radiation of alpha particles during radioactive decay
1477,alpha_receptor alpha-adrenergic_receptor alpha-adrenoceptor,receptors postulated to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympathetic nervous system in order to explain the specificity of certain agents that affect only some sympathetic activities (such as vasoconstriction and relaxation of intestinal muscles and contraction of smooth muscles)
1478,alpha_rhythm alpha_wave,the normal brainwave in the electroencephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed; occurs with a frequency of 8-12 hertz
1479,alpine_ash mountain_oak Eucalyptus_delegatensis,tall timber tree with hard heavy pinkish or light brown wood
1480,alpine_azalea mountain_azalea Loiseleuria_procumbens,creeping mat-forming evergreen shrub of high mountain regions of northern hemisphere grown for its rose-pink flowers
1481,alpine_bearberry black_bearberry Arctostaphylos_alpina,deciduous creeping shrub bright red in autumn having black or blue-black berries; alpine and circumpolar
1482,alpine_clover Trifolium_alpinum,European mountain clover with fragrant usually pink flowers
1483,alpine_clubmoss Lycopodium_alpinum,a variety of club moss
1484,alpine_coltsfoot Homogyne_alpina Tussilago_alpina,rhizomatous herb with purple-red flowers suitable for groundcover; sometimes placed in genus Tussilago
1485,alpine_gold alpine_hulsea Hulsea_algida,low tufted plant having hairy stems each topped by a flower head with short narrow yellow rays; northwestern United States
1486,alpine_goldenrod Solidago_multiradiata,goldenrod similar to narrow goldenrod but having bristly hairs on edges of leaf stalks; mountainous regions of western America
1487,alpine_milk_vetch Astragalus_alpinus,perennial of mountainous areas of Eurasia and North America
1488,alpine_totara Podocarpus_nivalis,low wide-spreading coniferous shrub of New Zealand mountains
1489,alstroemeria,any of various South American plants of the genus Alstroemeria valued for their handsome umbels of beautiful flowers
1490,alternating_current AC alternating_electric_current,an electric current that reverses direction sinusoidally; "In the US most household current is AC at 60 cycles per second"
1491,alternation_of_generations heterogenesis xenogenesis,the alternation of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a plant or animal
1492,alternative_birth alternative_birthing,a method of childbirth that avoids intrusive high-tech medicine in favor of more natural and homely settings
1493,alternative_energy,energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment
1494,althea althaea hollyhock,any of various plants of the genus Althaea; similar to but having smaller flowers than genus Alcea
1495,altocumulus altocumulus_cloud,a cumulus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles
1496,altostratus altostratus_cloud,a stratus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles
1497,alula calypter,scalelike structure between the base of the wing and the halter of a two-winged fly
1498,alumroot alumbloom,any of several herbs of the genus Heuchera
1499,alveolar_arch,the part of the upper or lower jawbones in which the teeth are set
1500,alveolar_artery arteria_alveolaris,a branch of the maxillary artery that supplies the alveolar process
1501,alveolar_bed,lung tissue densely packed with alveoli
1502,alveolar_ridge gum_ridge alveolar_process,a ridge that forms the borders of the upper and lower jaws and contains the sockets of the teeth
1503,alveolus air_sac air_cell,a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways
1504,alyssum madwort,any garden plant of the genus Alyssum having clusters of small yellow or white flowers
1505,amabilis_fir white_fir Pacific_silver_fir red_silver_fir Christmas_tree Abies_amabilis,medium to tall fir of western North America having a conic crown and branches in tiers; leaves smell of orange when crushed
1506,amaranth,any of various plants of the genus Amaranthus having dense plumes of green or red flowers; often cultivated for food
1507,amaranth,seed of amaranth plants used as a native cereal in Central and South America
1508,amarelle,pale red sour cherry with colorless or nearly colorless juice
1509,amarelle Prunus_cerasus_caproniana,any of several cultivated sour cherry trees bearing pale red fruit with colorless juice
1510,amaryllis,bulbous plant having showy white to reddish flowers
1511,amber_lily Anthericum_torreyi,plant having basal grasslike leaves and a narrow open cluster of starlike yellowish-orange flowers atop a leafless stalk; southwestern United States; only species of Anthericum growing in North America
1512,amboina_pine amboyna_pine Agathis_dammara Agathis_alba,native to the Moluccas and Philippines; a source of dammar resin
1513,ambulacrum,one of the five areas on the undersurface of an echinoderm on which the tube feet are located
1514,amelogenesis,the developmental process of forming tooth enamel
1515,amino amino_group,the radical -NH2
1516,aminomethane,a methyl with the hydrogen atom replaced by an amino radical
1517,amitosis,the direct method of cell division characterized by simple division of the nucleus without formation of chromosomes
1518,ammobium,any plant of the genus Ammobium having yellow flowers and silvery foliage
1519,ammonification,impregnation with ammonia or a compound of ammonia
1520,amnion amniotic_sac amnios,thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo of higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)
1521,amniotic_cavity,the fluid-filled cavity that surrounds the developing embryo
1522,amorpha,any plant of the genus Amorpha having odd-pinnate leaves and purplish spicate flowers
1523,amorphophallus,any plant of the genus Amorphophallus
1524,amperage,the strength of an electrical current measured in amperes
1525,amphitropous_ovule,a partly inverted ovule turned back 90 degrees on its stalk
1526,amplexicaul_leaf,a leaf with its base clasping the stem
1527,ampulla,the dilated portion of a canal or duct especially of the semicircular canals of the ear
1528,amygdala amygdaloid_nucleus corpus_amygdaloideum,an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; intimately connected with the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus; as part of the limbic system it plays an important role in motivation and emotional behavior
1529,amyl,a hydrocarbon radical that occurs in many organic compounds
1530,amylase,any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar
1531,amyloid,(pathology) a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissue
1532,amyloid,a non-nitrogenous food substance consisting chiefly of starch; any substance resembling starch
1533,amylolysis,conversion of starch to sugar
1534,anabolism constructive_metabolism,the synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energy
1535,anaglyphy,the process of producing pictures in contrasting colors that appear three-dimensional when superimposed and viewed through spectacles with one red and one green lens
1536,anal_sphincter sphincter_ani musculus_sphincter_ani,the sphincter muscle of the anus
1537,anamnestic_response anamnestic_reaction,renewed rapid production of an antibody on the second (or subsequent) encounter with the same antigen
1538,anamorphism,metamorphism that occurs deep under the earth's surface; changes simple minerals into complex minerals
1539,anamorphosis anamorphism,the evolution of one type of organism from another by a long series of gradual changes
1540,anastalsis,muscular action of the alimentary tract in a direction opposite to peristalsis
1541,anastomotic_vein vena_anastomotica,either of two communicating veins serving the brain
1542,anatropous_ovule,a completely inverted ovule turned back 180 degrees on its stalk
1543,anchovy_pear anchovy_pear_tree Grias_cauliflora,West Indian tree bearing edible fruit resembling mango
1544,anchovy_pear river_pear,West Indian fruit resembling the mango; often pickled
1545,anchusa,any of various Old World herbs of the genus Anchusa having one-sided clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers
1546,ancient_pine Pinus_longaeva,small slow-growing pine of western United States similar to the bristlecone pine; chocolate brown bark in plates and short needles in bunches of 5; crown conic but becoming rough and twisted; oldest plant in the world growing to 5000 years in cold semidesert mountain tops
1547,anconeous_muscle musculus_anconeus,the muscle that extends the forearm and abducts the ulna in pronation of the wrist
1548,androecium,a male gametoecium
1549,androgenesis androgeny,male parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only paternal chromosomes due to the failure of the egg nucleus to participate in fertilization
1550,andromeda,any of several shrubs of the genus Andromeda having leathery leaves and clusters of small flowers
1551,andromeda Japanese_andromeda lily-of-the-valley_tree Pieris_japonica,broad-leaved evergreen Asiatic shrub with glossy leaves and drooping clusters of white flowers
1552,andryala,any plant of the genus Andryala having milky sap and heads of bright yellow flowers
1553,anemone windflower,any woodland plant of the genus Anemone grown for its beautiful flowers and whorls of dissected leaves
1554,angel's_trumpet Brugmansia_suaveolens Datura_suaveolens,South American plant cultivated for its very large nocturnally fragrant trumpet-shaped flowers
1555,angel's_trumpet maikoa Brugmansia_arborea Datura_arborea,a South American plant that is cultivated for its large fragrant trumpet-shaped flowers
1556,angel-wing_begonia Begonia_cocchinea,South American fibrous-rooted begonias having prominent basal leaf lobes suggesting angels' wings and racemes of coral-red flowers
1557,angelica angelique,any of various tall and stout herbs of the genus Angelica having pinnately compound leaves and small white or greenish flowers in compound umbels
1558,angelim andelmin,any of several tropical American trees of the genus Andira
1559,angiocarp,tree bearing fruit enclosed in a shell or involucre or husk
1560,angiogenesis,the formation of new blood vessels
1561,angiopteris giant_fern Angiopteris_evecta,highly variable species of very large primitive ferns of the Pacific tropical areas with high rainfall
1562,angiosperm flowering_plant,plants having seeds in a closed ovary
1563,angiospermous_tree flowering_tree,any tree having seeds and ovules contained in the ovary
1564,angiospermous_yellowwood,any of various angiospermous trees having yellow wood
1565,angiotensin_converting_enzyme angiotensin-converting_enzyme ACE,proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
1566,angled_loofah sing-kwa Luffa_acutangula,loofah of Pakistan; widely cultivated throughout tropics
1567,angostura_bark angostura,the bitter bark of a South American tree; used in medicines and liqueurs and bitters
1568,angrecum,any of various spectacular orchids of the genus Angraecum having dark green leathery leaves and usually nocturnally scented white or ivory flowers
1569,angular_artery arteria_angularis,the terminal branch of the facial artery
1570,angular_vein vena_angularis,a short vein formed by the supraorbital vein and the supratrochlear vein and continuing as the facial vein
1571,anil Indigofera_suffruticosa Indigofera_anil,shrub of West Indies and South America that is a source of indigo dye
1572,animal_fat,any fat obtained from animals; "animal fat is high in saturated fatty acids"
1573,animal_foot foot,the pedal extremity of vertebrates other than human beings
1574,animal_leg,the leg of an animal
1575,animal_oil,any oil obtained from animal substances
1576,animal_tissue,the tissue in the bodies of animals
1577,anion,a negatively charged ion
1578,anise anise_plant Pimpinella_anisum,native to Egypt but cultivated widely for its aromatic seeds and the oil from them used medicinally and as a flavoring in cookery
1579,anise_hyssop Agastache_foeniculum,much-branched North American herb with an odor like fennel
1580,anise_tree,any of several evergreen shrubs and small trees of the genus Illicium
1581,anisogamy,(biology) reproduction by the union or fusion of two differing gametes (especially differing in size)
1582,anjou,a pear with firm flesh and a green skin
1583,ankle ankle_joint mortise_joint articulatio_talocruralis,a gliding joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the proximal end of the talus
1584,anklebone astragal astragalus talus,the bone in the ankle that articulates with the leg bones to form the ankle joint
1585,annual_fern Jersey_fern Anogramma_leptophylla,small short-lived fern of Central and South America
1586,annual_ring growth_ring,an annual formation of wood in plants as they grow
1587,annual_salt-marsh_aster,a variety of aster
1588,annulus skirt,(Fungi) a remnant of the partial veil that in mature mushrooms surrounds the stem like a collar
1589,anovulation,the absence of ovulation due to immaturity or post-maturity or pregnancy or oral contraceptive pills or dysfunction of the ovary
1590,answer,a nonverbal reaction; "his answer to any problem was to get drunk"; "their answer was to sue me"
1591,antagonist,a muscle that relaxes while another contracts; "when bending the elbow the triceps are the antagonist"
1592,antagonistic_muscle,(physiology) a muscle that opposes the action of another; "the biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles"
1593,antenna feeler,one of a pair of mobile appendages on the head of e.g. insects and crustaceans; typically sensitive to touch and taste
1594,anterior_cardinal_vein,a major drainage channel from the cephalic part of the body
1595,anterior_cerebral_artery,one of two branches of the internal carotid artery; divides into two branches that serve (1) the thalamus and (2) parts of the frontal and parietal cortex
1596,anterior_cerebral_vein vena_cerebri_anterior,accompanies the anterior cerebral artery and empties into the basal vein
1597,anterior_facial_vein vena_facialis_anterior,a continuation of the angular vein; unites with the retromandibular vein before emptying into the internal jugular vein
1598,anterior_fontanelle,corresponds to the bregma when bones have ossified
1599,anterior_jugular_vein,arises below the chin from veins draining the lower face; joins the external jugular vein
1600,anterior_meningeal_artery,branch of the anterior ethmoidal artery that supplies meninges in the anterior cranial fossa
1601,anterior_pituitary anterior_pituitary_gland adenohypophysis,the anterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature
1602,anterior_serratus_muscle serratus_anterior musculus_serratus_anterior serratus_magnus,muscles that rotate the scapula and elevate the rib cage
1603,anterior_temporal_artery arteria_temporalis_anterior,temporal artery that goes to the anterior part of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe
1604,anterior_vertebral_vein vena_vertebralis_anterior,a vein that accompanies the ascending cervical artery and opens into the vertebral vein
1605,anther,the part of the stamen that contains pollen; usually borne on a stalk
1606,antheridiophore,gametophore bearing antheridia as in certain mosses and liverworts
1607,antheridium,the male sex organ of spore-producing plants; produces antherozoids; equivalent to the anther in flowers
1608,anthropogenesis anthropogeny,the evolution or genesis of the human race
1609,antibaryon,the antiparticle of a baryon; a hadron with a baryon number of -1
1610,antibody,any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response
1611,anticyclone,(meteorology) winds spiraling outward from a high pressure center; circling clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern
1612,antiferromagnetism,magnetic field creates parallel but opposing spins; varies with temperature
1613,antihemophilic_factor antihaemophilic_factor antihemophilic_globulin antihaemophilic_globulin factor_VIII Hemofil,a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A
1614,antilepton,the antiparticle of a lepton
1615,antimeson,the antiparticle of a meson
1616,antimuon positive_muon,the antiparticle of a muon; decays to positron and neutrino and antineutrino
1617,antineutrino,the antiparticle of a neutrino
1618,antineutron,the antiparticle of a neutron
1619,antiparticle,a particle that has the same mass as another particle but has opposite values for its other properties; interaction of a particle and its antiparticle results in annihilation and the production of radiant energy
1620,antiproton,an unstable negatively charged proton; the antiparticle of a proton
1621,antiquark,the antiparticle of a quark
1622,antiredeposition,the process of preventing redeposition
1623,antisepsis asepsis,the process of inhibiting the growth and multiplication of microorganisms
1624,antitauon tau-plus_particle,an antilepton of very great mass
1625,antitoxin,an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin
1626,antitrade_wind antitrade,winds blowing from west to east and lying above the trade winds in the tropics
1627,antitrades,wind in the upper atmosphere blowing above but in the opposite direction from the trade winds
1628,antivenin antivenene,an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal
1629,antler,deciduous horn of a member of the deer family
1630,antrum,a natural cavity or hollow in a bone
1631,anus,the excretory opening at the end of the alimentary canal
1632,aorta,the large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries
1633,aortic_arch,the part of the aorta that arches and turns downward
1634,aortic_orifice,the orifice from the lower left chamber of the heart to the aorta
1635,aortic_plexus,a plexus of lymph nodes in the lower portion of the abdominal aorta
1636,aortic_valve,a semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta; prevents blood from flowing from the aorta back into the heart
1637,apetalous_flower,flower having no petals
1638,aphaeresis apheresis,(linguistics) omission at the beginning of a word as in `coon' for `raccoon' or `till' for `until'
1639,aphesis,the gradual disappearance of an initial (usually unstressed) vowel or syllable as in `squire' for `esquire'
1640,apical_placentation,where one or few ovules develop at the top of a simple or compound ovary
1641,apocrine_gland,a large sweat gland that produces both a fluid and an apocrine secretion; in human beings located in hairy regions of the body
1642,apodeme,ridge-like ingrowth of the exoskeleton of an arthropod that supports internal organs and provides attachment points for muscles
1643,apoenzyme,a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme
1644,apogamy,(botany) development of an embryo without fertilization; especially the development in some ferns of a sporophyte from the gametophyte without fertilization
1645,apomixis,any of several kinds of reproduction without fertilization
1646,aponeurosis,any of the deeper and thicker fascia that attach muscles to bones; resemble flattened tendons
1647,apophysis,(anatomy) a natural outgrowth or projection on an organ or body part such as the process of a vertebra
1648,apophysis,(botany) a natural swelling or enlargement: at the base of the stalk or seta in certain mosses or on the cone scale of certain conifers
1649,apoptosis programmed_cell_death caspase-mediated_cell_death,a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number and eliminate cells that threaten the animal's survival
1650,apothecium,a cuplike ascocarp in many lichens and ascomycetous fungi
1651,apparatus,(anatomy) a group of body parts that work together to perform a given function; "the breathing apparatus"
1652,apparent_motion motion apparent_movement movement,an optical illusion of motion produced by viewing a rapid succession of still pictures of a moving object; "the cinema relies on apparent motion"; "the succession of flashing lights gave an illusion of movement"
1653,appendicular_artery arteria_appendicularis,the branch of the ileocolic artery that supplies the vermiform appendix
1654,appendicular_skeleton,the part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle and the upper and lower limbs
1655,appendicular_vein vena_appendicularis,a vein that accompanies the appendicular artery and empties into the ileocolic vein
1656,appendix vermiform_appendix vermiform_process cecal_appendage,a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch
1657,apple,fruit with red or yellow or green skin and sweet to tart crisp whitish flesh
1658,apple orchard_apple_tree Malus_pumila,native Eurasian tree widely cultivated in many varieties for its firm rounded edible fruits
1659,apple_geranium nutmeg_geranium Pelargonium_odoratissimum,geranium with round fragrant leaves and small white flowers
1660,apple_mint applemint Mentha_rotundifolia Mentha_suaveolens,mint with apple-scented stems of southern and western Europe; naturalized in United States
1661,apple_of_Peru shoo_fly Nicandra_physaloides,coarse South American herb grown for its blue-and-white flowers followed by a bladderlike fruit enclosing a dry berry
1662,apple_tree,any tree of the genus Malus especially those bearing firm rounded edible fruits
1663,apposition,(biology) growth in the thickness of a cell wall by the deposit of successive layers of material
1664,apricot,downy yellow to rosy-colored fruit resembling a small peach
1665,apricot apricot_tree,Asian tree having clusters of usually white blossoms and edible fruit resembling the peach
1666,aquatic_fern water_fern,ferns that grow in water
1667,aquatic_plant water_plant hydrophyte hydrophytic_plant,a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth
1668,arachnoid arachnoid_membrane,the middle of the 3 meninges
1669,aralia,any of various plants of the genus Aralia; often aromatic plants having compound leaves and small umbellate flowers
1670,arariba Centrolobium_robustum,Brazilian tree with handsomely marked wood
1671,araucaria,any of several tall South American or Australian trees with large cones and edible seeds
1672,arbor,tree (as opposed to shrub)
1673,arborescent_plant,having the shape or characteristics of a tree
1674,arborvitae,any of several Asian and North American conifers of the genera Thuja and Thujopsis
1675,arbutus,any of several evergreen shrubs of the genus Arbutus of temperate Europe and America
1676,arch,a curved bony structure supporting or enclosing organs (especially the inner sides of the feet)
1677,archegonium,a female sex organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms
1678,archenteron,central cavity of the gastrula; becomes the intestinal or digestive cavity
1679,archipallium paleocortex,the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum
1680,arctic_willow Salix_arctica,low creeping shrub of Arctic Europe and America
1681,arcuate_artery arteria_arcuata,curved artery in the foot
1682,arcuate_artery_of_the_kidney,curved arteries of the kidney
1683,arcuate_vein_of_the_kidney vena_arcuata_renis,veins that receive blood from interlobular veins of kidney and rectal venules
1684,arcus arcus_senilis,a whitish deposit in the shape of an arc that is sometimes seen in the cornea
1685,area region,a part of an animal that has a special function or is supplied by a given artery or nerve; "in the abdominal region"
1686,area_of_cardiac_dullness,a triangular area of the front of the chest (determined by percussion); corresponds to the part of the heart not covered by the lungs
1687,areca,any of several tall tropical palms native to southeastern Asia having egg-shaped nuts
1688,areola,small space in a tissue or body part such as the area between veins on a leaf or an insect's wing
1689,areola ring_of_color,small circular area such as that around the human nipple or an inflamed area around a pimple or insect bite
1690,areolar_tissue,fibrous connective tissue with the fibers arranged in a mesh or net
1691,arethusa,any of several bog orchids of the genus Arethusa having 1 or 2 showy flowers
1692,aril,fleshy and usually brightly colored cover of some seeds that develops from the ovule stalk and partially or entirely envelops the seed
1693,arista,bristlelike process near the tip of the antenna of certain flies
1694,arm,a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb
1695,arm_bone,a bone in the arm
1696,armor armour,tough more-or-less rigid protective covering of an animal or plant
1697,armpit axilla axillary_cavity axillary_fossa,the hollow under the arm where it is joined to the shoulder; "they were up to their armpits in water"
1698,arnica,any of various rhizomatous usually perennial plants of the genus Arnica
1699,aroeira_blanca Schinus_chichita,small resinous tree or shrub of Brazil
1700,aromatic_aster,a variety of aster
1701,arrow_leaved_aster,a variety of aster
1702,arrow_wood Viburnum_recognitum,closely related to southern arrow wood; grows in the eastern United States from Maine to Ohio and Georgia
1703,arrow_wood southern_arrow_wood Viburnum_dentatum,deciduous shrub of eastern North America having blue-black berries and tough pliant wood formerly used to make arrows
1704,arrowleaf_groundsel Senecio_triangularis,perennial with sharply toothed triangular leaves on leafy stems bearing a cluster of yellow flower heads; moist places in mountains of western North America
1705,arrowroot,a nutritive starch obtained from the root of the arrowroot plant
1706,arrowroot American_arrowroot obedience_plant Maranta_arundinaceae,white-flowered West Indian plant whose root yields arrowroot starch
1707,arroyo_willow Salix_lasiolepis,shrubby willow of the western United States
1708,arse arsehole asshole bunghole,vulgar slang for anus
1709,artemisia,any of various composite shrubs or herbs of the genus Artemisia having aromatic green or greyish foliage
1710,arterial_pressure,the pressure of the circulating blood on the arteries; "arterial pressure is the product of cardiac output and vascular resistance"
1711,arteriole arteriola capillary_artery,one of the small thin-walled arteries that end in capillaries
1712,artery arteria arterial_blood_vessel,a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body
1713,artery_of_the_penis_bulb arteria_bulbi_penis,a branch of the internal pudendal artery of males that supplies the bulb of the penis
1714,artery_of_the_vestibule_bulb arteria_bulbi_vestibuli,a branch of the internal pudendal artery in females that supplies the bulb of the vestibule
1715,arthromere,any of the segments in the body of a jointed animal like an arthropod
1716,artichoke globe_artichoke artichoke_plant Cynara_scolymus,Mediterranean thistlelike plant widely cultivated for its large edible flower head
1717,articular_muscle,a muscle that inserts directly onto the capsule of a joint
1718,articulator,a movable speech organ
1719,articulatory_system,the system of joints in the body
1720,artificial_insemination AI,the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some means other than sexual intercourse
1721,artificial_respiration,an emergency procedure whereby breathing is maintained artificially
1722,artillery_plant Pilea_microphylla,tropical American stingless nettle that discharges its pollen explosively
1723,arum,starch resembling sago that is obtained from cuckoopint root
1724,arum aroid,any plant of the family Araceae; have small flowers massed on a spadix surrounded by a large spathe
1725,arytenoid arytaenoid arytenoid_cartilage,either of two small cartilages at the back of the larynx to which the vocal folds are attached
1726,asarabacca Asarum_europaeum,thick creeping evergreen herb of western Europe
1727,ascending_aorta,the ascending part of the aorta as it emerges from the left ventricle
1728,ascending_artery arteria_ascendens,the branch of the ileocolic artery that supplies the ascending colon
1729,ascending_colon,the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon
1730,asclepiad,any plant of the family Asclepiadaceae
1731,ascocarp,mature fruiting body of an ascomycetous fungus
1732,ascoma,an ascocarp having the spore-bearing layer of cells (the hymenium) on a broad disklike receptacle
1733,ascospore,sexually produced fungal spore formed within an ascus
1734,ascus,saclike structure in which ascospores are formed through sexual reproduction of ascomycetes
1735,asexual_reproduction agamogenesis,reproduction without the fusion of gametes
1736,ash ash_tree,any of various deciduous pinnate-leaved ornamental or timber trees of the genus Fraxinus
1737,ash-key,winged seed of the ash tree
1738,asparagus edible_asparagus Asparagus_officinales,plant whose succulent young shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable
1739,asparagus_bean yard-long_bean Vigna_unguiculata_sesquipedalis Vigna_sesquipedalis,South American bean having very long succulent pods
1740,asparagus_fern Asparagus_setaceous Asparagus_plumosus,a fernlike plant native to South Africa
1741,aspen,any of several trees of the genus Populus having leaves on flattened stalks so that they flutter in the lightest wind
1742,asphodel,any of various chiefly Mediterranean plants of the genera Asphodeline and Asphodelus having linear leaves and racemes of white or pink or yellow flowers
1743,aspidistra cast-iron_plant bar-room_plant Aspidistra_elatio,evergreen perennial with large handsome basal leaves; grown primarily as a foliage houseplant
1744,assibilation,the development of a consonant phoneme into a sibilant
1745,assimilation,a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound
1746,assimilation absorption,the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion
1747,assimilation absorption,the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
1748,association,(chemistry) any process of combination (especially in solution) that depends on relatively weak chemical bonding
1749,association_area association_cortex,cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of information
1750,assortative_mating,mating of individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating
1751,aster,any of various chiefly fall-blooming herbs of the genus Aster with showy daisylike flowers
1752,aster,star-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of a cell having fibers like rays that surround the centrosome during mitosis
1753,asterion,the craniometric point at the junction of the lamboid suture and the occipitomastoid suture and the parietomastoid suture
1754,asterism,(astronomy) a cluster of stars (or a small constellation)
1755,asteroid,any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter)
1756,astilbe,any plant of the genus Astilbe having compound leaves and showy panicles of tiny colorful flowers
1757,astrantia masterwort,any plant of the genus Astrantia
1758,astroglia macroglia,tissue consisting of large stellate neuroglial cells
1759,asynchronous_operation,operations that occur without a regular or predictable time relation to other events
1760,atheroma,a fatty deposit in the intima (inner lining) of an artery; can obstruct blood flow
1761,athlete's_heart,enlarged heart commonly found among athletes trained for endurance
1762,atlas atlas_vertebra,the 1st cervical vertebra
1763,atmosphere atmospheric_state,the weather or climate at some place; "the atmosphere was thick with fog"
1764,atmospheric_electricity,electrical discharges in the atmosphere
1765,atmospheric_phenomenon,a physical phenomenon associated with the atmosphere
1766,atmospheric_pressure air_pressure pressure,the pressure exerted by the atmosphere
1767,atomic_energy nuclear_energy,the energy released by a nuclear reaction
1768,atomic_power nuclear_power,nuclear energy regarded as a source of electricity for the power grid (for civilian use)
1769,atrial_artery,the branch of the coronary artery that supplies the muscles of the atria
1770,atrioventricular_bundle bundle_of_His atrioventricular_trunk truncus_atrioventricularis,a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract
1771,atrioventricular_node,a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to atrioventricular bundle
1772,atrioventricular_valve,either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles; prevents return of blood to the atrium
1773,atrium,any chamber that is connected to other chambers or passageways (especially one of the two upper chambers of the heart)
1774,atrium_cordis atrium_of_the_heart,the upper chamber of each half of the heart
1775,attack,the onset of a corrosive or destructive process (as by a chemical agent); "the film was sensitive to attack by acids"; "open to attack by the elements"
1776,attar atar athar ottar,essential oil or perfume obtained from flowers
1777,attar_of_roses rose_oil,a volatile fragrant oil obtained from fresh roses by steam distillation
1778,attic bean bonce noodle noggin dome,informal terms for a human head
1779,attraction attractive_force,the force by which one object attracts another
1780,auditory_apparatus,all of the components of the organ of hearing including the outer and middle and inner ears
1781,auditory_area auditory_cortex,the cortical area that receives auditory information from the medial geniculate body
1782,auditory_center,the part of the brain (in a fold of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain) that receives impulses from the ear by way of the auditory nerve
1783,auditory_meatus acoustic_meatus ear_canal auditory_canal external_auditory_canal,either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
1784,auditory_ossicle,ossicles of the middle ear that transmit acoustic vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
1785,auditory_system,the sensory system for hearing
1786,aureole corona,the outermost region of the sun's atmosphere; visible as a white halo during a solar eclipse
1787,auricle atrial_auricle auricula_atrii,a small conical pouch projecting from the upper anterior part of each atrium of the heart
1788,auricle pinna ear,the externally visible cartilaginous structure of the external ear
1789,auricula auricular_appendage auricular_appendix,a pouch projecting from the top front of each atrium of the heart
1790,auricula bear's_ear Primula_auricula,yellow-flowered primrose native to Alps; commonly cultivated
1791,auricular_artery arteria_auricularis,artery that supplies blood to the ear
1792,auricular_vein vena_auricularis,one of two veins serving the ear region
1793,auriculare auricular_point,the craniometric point at the center of the opening of the external acoustic meatus
1794,aurora,an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of bands of light caused by charged solar particles following the earth's magnetic lines of force
1795,aurora_australis southern_lights,the aurora of the southern hemisphere
1796,aurora_borealis northern_lights,the aurora of the northern hemisphere
1797,autoantibody,an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it
1798,autocatalysis,catalysis in which the catalyst is one of the products of the reaction
1799,autoeroticism autoerotism,using you own body as a sexual object
1800,autofluorescence,self-induced fluorescence
1801,autograft autoplasty,tissue that is taken from one site and grafted to another site on the same person; "skin from his thigh replaced the burned skin on his arms"
1802,autolysis self-digestion,lysis of plant or animal tissue by an internal process
1803,automatic_data_processing ADP,data processing by a computer
1804,automatism,any reaction that occurs automatically without conscious thought or reflection (especially the undirected behavior seen in psychomotor epilepsy)
1805,autonomic_ganglion,any of the ganglia of the autonomic system whose unmyelinated fibers innervate the internal organs
1806,autonomic_nervous_system ANS,the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands
1807,autonomic_plexus plexus_autonomici,a plexus of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
1808,autoradiography,producing a radiograph by means of the radiation emitted from the specimen being photographed
1809,autoregulation,(physiology) processes that maintain a generally constant physiological state in a cell or organism
1810,autosome somatic_chromosome,any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; appear in pairs in body cells but as single chromosomes in spermatozoa
1811,autotype autotypy,process for producing permanent prints in a carbon pigment
1812,autumn_crocus meadow_saffron naked_lady Colchicum_autumnale,bulbous autumn-flowering herb with white, purple or lavender-and-white flowers; native to western and central Europe
1813,autumn_sneezeweed Helenium_autumnale,North American perennial with bright yellow late summer flowers
1814,auxesis,growth from increase in cell size without cell division
1815,auxiliary_operation off-line_operation,a operation performed by off-line equipment not under the control of the central processing unit
1816,avalanche_lily Erythronium_montanum,perennial herb having large white flowers marked with orange; found near the snow line in the northwestern United States
1817,avaram tanner's_cassia Senna_auriculata Cassia_auriculata,evergreen Indian shrub with vivid yellow flowers whose bark is used in tanning; sometimes placed in genus Cassia
1818,avens,any of various perennials of the genus Geum having usually pinnate basal leaves and variously colored flowers
1819,avocado alligator_pear avocado_pear aguacate,a pear-shaped tropical fruit with green or blackish skin and rich yellowish pulp enclosing a single large seed
1820,avocado avocado_tree Persea_Americana,tropical American tree bearing large pulpy green fruits
1821,awn,slender bristlelike appendage found on the bracts of grasses
1822,awnless_bromegrass Bromus_inermis,drought-resistant perennial with awns lacking or very short and long creeping rhizomes; Europe and temperate Asia
1823,axial_muscle,a skeletal muscle of the trunk or head
1824,axial_skeleton,the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs
1825,axile_placentation,ovules are borne at or around the center of a compound ovary on an axis formed from joined septa
1826,axillary_artery arteria_axillaris,the part of the main artery of the arm that lies in the armpit and is continuous with the subclavian artery above and the brachial artery below
1827,axillary_node,any of the lymph glands of the armpit; fights infections in the neck and chest and arm regions
1828,axillary_vein vena_axillaris,a continuation of the basilic vein and brachial vein that becomes the subclavian vein
1829,axis,the main stem or central part about which plant organs or plant parts such as branches are arranged
1830,axis axis_vertebra,the 2nd cervical vertebra; serves as a pivot for turning the head
1831,axle_grease,a thick heavy grease used to lubricate axles
1832,axolemma,outer membrane covering an axon
1833,axseed crown_vetch Coronilla_varia,European herb resembling vetch; naturalized in the eastern United States; having umbels of pink-and-white flowers and sharp-angled pods
1834,ayapana Ayapana_triplinervis Eupatorium_aya-pana,low spreading tropical American shrub with long slender leaves used to make a mildly stimulating drink resembling tea; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium
1835,azalea,any of numerous ornamental shrubs grown for their showy flowers of various colors
1836,azido_group azido_radical,the univalent group N3- derived from hydrazoic acid
1837,azo_group azo_radical,the bivalent group -N=N- united to two hydrocarbon groups
1838,azure_aster,a variety of aster
1839,azygos_vein azygous_vein vena_azygos,one of a system of veins that drain the thoracic and abdominal walls; arises as a continuation of the right ascending lumbar vein and terminates in the superior vena cava
1840,b-meson,exceedingly short-lived meson
1841,babassu babassu_palm coco_de_macao Orbignya_phalerata Orbignya_spesiosa Orbignya_martiana,tall feather palm of northern Brazil with hard-shelled nuts yielding valuable oil and a kind of vegetable ivory
1842,babassu_nut,hard-shelled nut of the babassu palm
1843,babassu_oil babacu_oil,fatty oil from kernels of babassu nuts similar to coconut oil
1844,baby's_breath babies'-breath Gypsophila_paniculata,tall plant with small lance-shaped leaves and numerous tiny white or pink flowers
1845,baby_blue-eyes Nemophila_menziesii,delicate California annual having blue flowers marked with dark spots
1846,back dorsum,the posterior part of a human (or animal) body from the neck to the end of the spine; "his back was nicely tanned"
1847,back_tooth posterior,a tooth situated at the back of the mouth
1848,background_processing backgrounding,the execution of low priority programs while higher priority programs are not using the processing system
1849,backup,an accumulation caused by clogging or a stoppage; "a traffic backup on the main street"; "he discovered a backup in the toilet"
1850,backwater,a body of water that was created by a flood or tide or by being held or forced back by a dam; "the bayous and backwaters are breeding grounds for mosquitos"
1851,bacteriolysis,dissolution or destruction of bacteria
1852,bacteriostasis,inhibition of the growth of bacteria
1853,bad_luck mischance mishap,an unpredictable outcome that is unfortunate; "if I didn't have bad luck I wouldn't have any luck at all"
1854,bad_weather inclemency inclementness,weather unsuitable for outdoor activities
1855,bagasse,the dry dusty pulp that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or similar plants
1856,balata balata_tree beefwood bully_tree Manilkara_bidentata,a tropical hardwood tree yielding balata gum and heavy red timber
1857,ball,a more or less rounded anatomical body or mass; "the ball at the base of the thumb"; "he stood on the balls of his feet"
1858,ball-and-socket_joint spheroid_joint cotyloid_joint enarthrodial_joint enarthrosis articulatio_spheroidea,a freely moving joint in which a sphere on the head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity in the other bone
1859,ballistics ballistic_trajectory,the trajectory of an object in free flight
1860,balloon_flower scented_penstemon Penstemon_palmeri,fragrant puffed-up white to reddish-pink flowers in long narrow clusters on erect stems; Arizona to New Mexico and Utah
1861,balloon_vine heart_pea Cardiospermum_halicacabum,woody perennial climbing plant with large ornamental seed pods that resemble balloons; tropical India and Africa and America
1862,balm_of_gilead Commiphora_meccanensis,small evergreen tree of Africa and Asia; leaves have a strong aromatic odor when bruised
1863,balminess softness,the quality of weather that is deliciously mild and soothing; "the day's heat faded into balminess"; "the climate had the softness of the south of France"
1864,balsa Ochroma_lagopus,forest tree of lowland Central America having a strong very light wood; used for making floats and rafts and in crafts
1865,balsam,any seed plant yielding balsam
1866,balsam_apple Momordica_balsamina,a tropical Old World flowering vine with red or orange warty fruit
1867,balsam_fir balm_of_Gilead Canada_balsam Abies_balsamea,medium-sized fir of northeastern North America; leaves smell of balsam when crushed; much used for pulpwood and Christmas trees
1868,balsam_pear Momordica_charantia,tropical Old World vine with yellow-orange fruit
1869,balsam_poplar hackmatack tacamahac Populus_balsamifera,poplar of northeastern North America with broad heart-shaped leaves
1870,balsam_willow Salix_pyrifolia,small shrubby tree of eastern North America having leaves exuding an odor of balsam when crushed
1871,balsamroot,a plant of the genus Balsamorhiza having downy leaves in a basal rosette and yellow flowers and long balsam-scented taproots
1872,bamboo,woody tropical grass having hollow woody stems; mature canes used for construction and furniture
1873,bamboo_fern Coniogramme_japonica,fast-growing sturdy Japanese fern; cultivated for their attractive broad dark-green pinnate fronds
1874,bamboo_palm Raffia_vinifera,a palm of the genus Raffia
1875,banana,elongated crescent-shaped yellow fruit with soft sweet flesh
1876,banana banana_tree,any of several tropical and subtropical treelike herbs of the genus Musa having a terminal crown of large entire leaves and usually bearing hanging clusters of elongated fruits
1877,banana_passion_fruit Passiflora_mollissima,cultivated for fruit
1878,bandwagon_effect,the phenomenon of a popular trend attracting even greater popularity; "in periods of high merger activity there is a bandwagon effect with more and more firms seeking to engage in takeover activity"; "polls are accused of creating a bandwagon effect to benefit their candidate"
1879,baneberry,a poisonous berry of a plant of the genus Actaea
1880,bang fringe,a border of hair that is cut short and hangs across the forehead
1881,banksia,any shrub or tree of the genus Banksia having alternate leathery leaves apetalous yellow flowers often in showy heads and conelike fruit with winged seeds
1882,banksia_rose Rosa_banksia,Chinese evergreen climbing rose with yellow or white single flowers
1883,banyan banyan_tree banian banian_tree Indian_banyan East_Indian_fig_tree Ficus_bengalensis,East Indian tree that puts out aerial shoots that grow down into the soil forming additional trunks
1884,baobab monkey-bread_tree Adansonia_digitata,African tree having an exceedingly thick trunk and fruit that resembles a gourd and has an edible pulp called monkey bread
1885,bar,a submerged (or partly submerged) ridge in a river or along a shore; "the boat ran aground on a submerged bar in the river"
1886,barbados_cherry acerola Surinam_cherry West_Indian_cherry Malpighia_glabra,tropical American shrub bearing edible acid red fruit resembling cherries
1887,barbasco joewood Jacquinia_keyensis,West Indian shrub or small tree having leathery saponaceous leaves and extremely hard wood
1888,barbel feeler,slender tactile process on the jaws of a fish
1889,barberry,any of numerous plants of the genus Berberis having prickly stems and yellow flowers followed by small red berries
1890,bare_bone,bone stripped of flesh
1891,barilla Halogeton_souda,Algerian plant formerly burned to obtain calcium carbonate
1892,bark,tough protective covering of the woody stems and roots of trees and other woody plants
1893,barley,cultivated since prehistoric times; grown for forage and grain
1894,barley_grass wall_barley Hordeum_murinum,European annual grass often found as a weed in waste ground especially along roadsides and hedgerows
1895,barleycorn,a grain of barley
1896,barnyard_grass barn_grass barn_millet Echinochloa_crusgalli,a coarse annual panic grass; a cosmopolitan weed; occasionally used for hay or grazing
1897,barometric_pressure,atmospheric pressure as indicated by a barometer
1898,baroreceptor,a sensory receptor that responds to pressure
1899,barrel_cactus,a cactus of the genus Ferocactus: unbranched barrel-shaped cactus having deep ribs with numerous spines and usually large funnel-shaped flowers followed by dry fruits
1900,barrenwort bishop's_hat Epimedium_grandiflorum,slow-growing creeping plant with semi-evergreen leaves on erect wiry stems; used as ground cover
1901,barrier,anything serving to maintain separation by obstructing vision or access
1902,bartlett bartlett_pear,juicy yellow pear
1903,bartonia Mentzelia_lindleyi,annual grown especially for its fragrant golden nocturnal flowers
1904,baryon heavy_particle,any of the elementary particles having a mass equal to or greater than that of a proton and that participate in strong interactions; a hadron with a baryon number of +1
1905,basal_ganglion,any of several masses of subcortical grey matter at the base of each cerebral hemisphere that seem to be involved in the regulation of voluntary movement
1906,basal_metabolism,the amount of energy required to maintain the body of an individual in a resting state
1907,basal_placentation,where one or few ovules develop at the base of a simple or compound ovary
1908,basal_vein vena_basalis,a large vein passing along the medial surface of the temporal lobe and emptying into the great cerebral vein
1909,base,the bottom or lowest part; "the base of the mountain"
1910,basidiocarp,the fruiting body of a basidiomycete which bears its spores on special cells
1911,basidiospore,a sexually produced fungal spore borne on a basidium
1912,basidium,a small club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the ends of minute projections; unique to basidiomycetes
1913,basil,any of several Old World tropical aromatic annual or perennial herbs of the genus Ocimum
1914,basil_balm Monarda_clinopodia,perennial herb of North America (New York to Illinois and mountains of Alaska) having aromatic leaves and clusters of yellowish-pink balls
1915,basil_mint Pycnanthemum_virginianum,perennial herb of the eastern United States having inconspicuous greenish flowers and narrow leaves that are very aromatic when bruised
1916,basil_thyme basil_balm mother_of_thyme Acinos_arvensis Satureja_acinos,fragrant European mint having clusters of small violet-and-white flowers; naturalized especially in eastern North America
1917,basilar_artery arteria_basilaris,an unpaired artery; supplies the pons and cerebellum and the back part of the cerebrum and the inner ear
1918,basilar_membrane,a membrane in the cochlea that supports the organ of Corti
1919,basilic_vein vena_basilica,a vein that drains the back of the hand and forearm and empties into the axillary vein
1920,basivertebral_vein vena_basivertebralis,one of a number of veins draining the spongy substance of the vertebrae and emptying into the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
1921,basket_fern Drynaria_rigidula,giant epiphytic or lithophytic fern; Asia to Polynesia and Australia
1922,basket_fern toothed_sword_fern Nephrolepis_pectinata,tropical American fern cultivated for its finely divided greyish-green foliage; West Indies and southern Mexico to Peru and Brazil
1923,basket_flower Centaurea_americana,annual of southwestern United States cultivated for its purple flower heads and its bracts that resemble small baskets
1924,basket_oak cow_oak Quercus_prinus Quercus_montana,medium to large deciduous tree of the eastern United States; its durable wood is used as timber or split and woven into baskets or chair seats
1925,bastard_feverfew Parthenium_hysterophorus,tropical American annual weed with small radiate heads of white flowers; adventive in southern United States
1926,bastard_indigo Tephrosia_purpurea,East Indian shrub
1927,bastard_lignum_vitae Guaiacum_sanctum,small evergreen tree of the southern United States and West Indies a source of lignum vitae wood
1928,bastard_pennyroyal Trichostema_dichotomum,aromatic plant of the eastern United States
1929,bastard_wing alula spurious_wing,tuft of small stiff feathers on the first digit of a bird's wing
1930,batch_processing,the serial execution of computer programs
1931,bath_asparagus Prussian_asparagus Ornithogalum_pyrenaicum,Old World star of Bethlehem having edible young shoots
1932,bay embayment,an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf
1933,bay_myrtle puckerbush Myrica_cerifera,evergreen aromatic shrubby tree of southeastern United States having small hard berries thickly coated with white wax used for candles
1934,bay_willow laurel_willow Salix_pentandra,European willow tree with shining leathery leaves; widely naturalized in the eastern United States
1935,bayberry bay-rum_tree Jamaica_bayberry wild_cinnamon Pimenta_acris,West Indian tree; source of bay rum
1936,bayberry candleberry swamp_candleberry waxberry Myrica_pensylvanica,deciduous aromatic shrub of eastern North America with grey-green wax-coated berries
1937,bayberry_wax bayberry_tallow,a fragrant green wax obtained from the wax myrtle and used in making candles
1938,bayou,a swampy arm or slow-moving outlet of a lake (term used mainly in Mississippi and Louisiana)
1939,beach_erosion,the erosion of beaches
1940,beach_grass,tough grasses with strong roots that can grow on exposed sandy shores
1941,beach_heather poverty_grass Hudsonia_tomentosa,small heathlike plant covered with white down growing on beaches in northeastern North America
1942,beach_pancake Abronia_maritima,plant having hemispherical heads of wine-red flowers; found in coastal dunes from California to Mexico
1943,beach_pea sea_pea Lathyrus_maritimus Lathyrus_japonicus,wild pea of seashores of north temperate zone having tough roots and purple flowers and useful as a sand binder
1944,beach_plum,small dark purple fruit used especially in jams and pies
1945,beach_plum beach_plum_bush Prunus_maritima,seacoast shrub of northeastern North America having showy white blossoms and edible purple fruit
1946,beach_sand_verbena pink_sand_verbena Abronia_umbellata,prostrate herb having heads of deep pink to white flowers; found in coastal dunes from British Columbia to Baja California
1947,beach_strawberry Chilean_strawberry Fragaria_chiloensis,wild strawberry of western United States and South America; source of many varieties of cultivated strawberries
1948,bead_tree jumby_bean jumby_tree Ormosia_monosperma,small tree of West Indies and northeastern Venezuela having large oblong pointed leaflets and panicles of purple flowers; seeds are black or scarlet with black spots
1949,beak,beaklike mouth of animals other than birds (e.g., turtles)
1950,beak bill neb nib pecker,horny projecting mouth of a bird
1951,beak honker hooter nozzle snoot snout schnozzle schnoz,informal terms for the nose
1952,beaked_hazelnut Corylus_cornuta,hazel of western United States with conspicuous beaklike involucres on the nuts
1953,beam beam_of_light light_beam ray ray_of_light shaft shaft_of_light irradiation,a column of light (as from a beacon)
1954,beam ray electron_beam,a group of nearly parallel lines of electromagnetic radiation
1955,bean,any of various seeds or fruits that are beans or resemble beans
1956,bean bean_plant,any of various leguminous plants grown for their edible seeds and pods
1957,bean_caper Syrian_bean_caper Zygophyllum_fabago,perennial shrub of the eastern Mediterranean region and southwestern Asia having flowers whose buds are used as capers
1958,bean_tree,any of several trees having seedpods as fruits
1959,bean_trefoil stinking_bean_trefoil Anagyris_foetida,shrub with trifoliate leaves and yellow flowers followed by backward curving seed pods; leaves foetid when crushed
1960,beanstalk,stem of a bean plant
1961,bear's-paw_fern Aglaomorpha_meyeniana,epiphytic fern with large fronds; Taiwan and Philippines
1962,bear's_breech bear's_breeches sea_holly Acanthus_mollis,widely cultivated southern European acanthus with whitish purple-veined flowers
1963,bear_claw,claw of a bear; often used in jewelry
1964,bear_grass Nolina_microcarpa,stemless plant with tufts of grasslike leaves and erect panicle of minute creamy white flowers; southwestern United States and Mexico
1965,bear_grass Yucca_glauca,yucca of west central United States having a clump of basal grasslike leaves and a central stalk with a terminal raceme of small whitish flowers
1966,bear_grass Yucca_smalliana,yucca of southern United States having a clump of basal grasslike leaves and a central stalk with a terminal raceme of small whitish flowers
1967,bear_oak Quercus_ilicifolia,shrubby oak of southeastern United States usually forming dense thickets
1968,bearberry,chiefly evergreen subshrubs of northern to Arctic areas
1969,bearberry possum_haw winterberry Ilex_decidua,deciduous shrub of southeastern and central United States
1970,bearberry_willow Salix_uva-ursi,dwarf prostrate mat-forming shrub of Arctic and alpine regions of North America and Greenland having deep green elliptic leaves that taper toward the base
1971,beard,a tuft or growth of hairs or bristles on certain plants such as iris or grasses
1972,beard,hairy growth on or near the face of certain mammals
1973,beard face_fungus whiskers,the hair growing on the lower part of a man's face
1974,bearded_iris,any of numerous wild or cultivated irises with hairlike structures on the falls (the drooping sepals)
1975,bearded_wheatgrass Agropyron_subsecundum,a wheatgrass with straight terminal awns on the flowering glumes
1976,beardless_iris,any of numerous wild or cultivated irises having no hairs on the drooping sepals (the falls)
1977,beauty_bush Kolkwitzia_amabilis,Chinese deciduous shrub with yellow-throated pinkish flowers and bristly fruit; often cultivated as an ornamental
1978,beaver,a full beard
1979,bed-wetting,enuresis during sleep; especially common in children (who usually outgrow it)
1980,bedrock,solid unweathered rock lying beneath surface deposits of soil
1981,bedstraw,any of several plants of the genus Galium
1982,bee_balm beebalm Monarda_fistulosa,perennial herb of North America
1983,bee_balm beebalm bergamot_mint oswego_tea Monarda_didyma,perennial aromatic herb of eastern North America having variously colored tubular flowers in dense showy heads
1984,bee_orchid Ophrys_apifera,European orchid whose flowers resemble bumble bees in shape and color
1985,beech beech_tree,any of several large deciduous trees with rounded spreading crowns and smooth grey bark and small sweet edible triangular nuts enclosed in burs; north temperate regions
1986,beech_fern,any fern of the genus Phegopteris having deeply cut triangular fronds
1987,beechnut,small sweet triangular nut of any of various beech trees
1988,beef_tallow,tallow obtained from a bovine animal
1989,beefsteak_begonia kidney_begonia Begonia_erythrophylla Begonia_feastii,rhizomatous begonia with roundish fleshy leaves reddish colored beneath
1990,beefsteak_plant Perilla_frutescens_crispa,plant grown for its ornamental red or purple foliage
1991,beefsteak_plant beef_plant Iresine_herbstii Iresine_reticulata,South American plant having green to purple or red branches with green to purple ornamental foliage and spikes of insignificant woolly flowers with dry membranous bracts
1992,beefwood,any of several Australian trees of the genus Casuarina yielding heavy hard red wood used in cabinetwork
1993,beefwood Grevillea_striata,tree yielding hard heavy reddish wood
1994,beehive,a hairdo resembling a beehive
1995,beehive hive,a structure that provides a natural habitation for bees; as in a hollow tree
1996,beeswax,a yellow to brown wax secreted by honeybees to build honeycombs
1997,beet common_beet Beta_vulgaris,biennial Eurasian plant usually having a swollen edible root; widely cultivated as a food crop
1998,beet_sugar,sugar made from sugar beets
1999,beetroot Beta_vulgaris_rubra,beet having a massively swollen red root; widely grown for human consumption
2000,beggar's_lice beggar_lice,Eurasian and North American plants having small prickly nutlets that stick to clothing
2001,beggarweed Desmodium_tortuosum Desmodium_purpureum,West Indian forage plant cultivated in southern United States as forage and to improve soil
2002,begonia,any of numerous plants of the genus Begonia grown for their attractive glossy asymmetrical leaves and colorful flowers in usually terminal cymes or racemes
2003,belay,something to which a mountain climber's rope can be secured
2004,belch belching burp burping eructation,a reflex that expels gas noisily from the stomach through the mouth
2005,bell_apple sweet_cup water_lemon yellow_granadilla,the edible yellow fruit of the Jamaica honeysuckle
2006,bell_heather heather_bell fine-leaved_heath Erica_cinerea,common low European shrub with purple-red flowers
2007,belladonna belladonna_plant deadly_nightshade Atropa_belladonna,perennial Eurasian herb with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries; extensively grown in United States; roots and leaves yield atropine
2008,belladonna_lily naked_lady Amaryllis_belladonna,amaryllis of South Africa often cultivated for its fragrant white or rose flowers
2009,bellwort merry_bells wild_oats,any of various plants of the genus Uvularia having yellowish drooping bell-shaped flowers
2010,belly,the underpart of the body of certain vertebrates such as snakes or fish
2011,belly paunch,a protruding abdomen
2012,bennet white_avens Geum_canadense,North American white-flowered avens
2013,bennet white_avens Geum_virginianum,avens of Virginia having pale or greenish yellow flowers
2014,bent bent_grass bent-grass,grass for pastures and lawns especially bowling and putting greens
2015,benzoyl_group benzoyl_radical,the univalent radical derived from benzoic acid
2016,benzyl benzyl_group benzyl_radical,the univalent radical derived from toluene
2017,bergamot bergamot_orange Citrus_bergamia,small tree with pear-shaped fruit whose oil is used in perfumery; Italy
2018,bergamot_mint lemon_mint eau_de_cologne_mint Mentha_citrata,mint with leaves having perfume like that of the bergamot orange
2019,bergenia,any plant of the genus Bergenia; valued as an evergreen ground cover and for the spring blossoms
2020,berry,a small fruit having any of various structures, e.g., simple (grape or blueberry) or aggregate (blackberry or raspberry)
2021,berry,any of numerous small and pulpy edible fruits; used as desserts or in making jams and jellies and preserves
2022,bestiality zooerastia zooerasty sodomy,sexual activity between a person and an animal
2023,beta_decay,radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of a beta particle
2024,beta_particle,a high-speed electron or positron emitted in the decay of a radioactive isotope
2025,beta_radiation beta_ray electron_radiation,radiation of beta particles during radioactive decay
2026,beta_receptor beta-adrenergic_receptor beta-adrenoceptor,receptors postulated to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympathetic nervous system in order to explain the specificity of certain agents that affect only some sympathetic activities (such as vasodilation and increased heart beat)
2027,beta_rhythm beta_wave,the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake and alert; occurs with a frequency between 12 and 30 hertz
2028,betel betel_pepper Piper_betel,Asian pepper plant whose leaves are chewed with betel nut (seed of the betel palm) by southeast Asians
2029,betel_leaf betel,a leaf of a vine from the betel pepper
2030,betel_nut areca_nut,seed of betel palm; chewed with leaves of the betel pepper and lime as a digestive stimulant and narcotic in southeastern Asia
2031,betel_palm Areca_palm Areca_catechu,southeastern Asian palm bearing betel nuts (scarlet or orange single-seeded fruit with a fibrous husk)
2032,biauriculate_heart,a heart (as of mammals and birds and reptiles) having two auricles
2033,biceps,any skeletal muscle having two origins (but especially the muscle that flexes the forearm)
2034,biceps_brachii musculus_biceps_brachii biceps_humeri,a muscle that flexes and supinates the forearm
2035,bicolor_lespediza ezo-yama-hagi Lespedeza_bicolor,Asian shrub having conspicuous racemose rose-purple flowers widely used as an ornamental and in erosion control and as a source of feed for wild birds
2036,big-cone_spruce big-cone_douglas_fir Pseudotsuga_macrocarpa,douglas fir of California having cones 4-8 inches long
2037,big-tree_plum Prunus_mexicana,small tree of southwestern United States having purplish-red fruit sometimes cultivated as an ornamental for its large leaves
2038,big_sagebrush blue_sage Seriphidium_tridentatum Artemisia_tridentata,aromatic shrub of arid regions of western North America having hoary leaves
2039,big_shellbark big_shellbark_hickory big_shagbark king_nut king_nut_hickory Carya_laciniosa,hickory of the eastern United States resembling the shagbark but having a much larger nut
2040,big_toe great_toe hallux,the first largest innermost toe
2041,bight,a broad bay formed by an indentation in the shoreline; "the Bight of Benin"; "the Great Australian Bight"
2042,bignoniad,any woody plant of the family Bignoniaceae
2043,bijugate_leaf bijugous_leaf twice-pinnate,a pinnate leaf having two pairs of leaflets
2044,bilberry thin-leaved_bilberry mountain_blue_berry Viccinium_membranaceum,erect blueberry of western United States having solitary flowers and somewhat sour berries
2045,bilberry whortleberry European_blueberry,blue-black berries similar to American blueberries
2046,bilberry whortleberry whinberry blaeberry Viccinium_myrtillus,erect European blueberry having solitary flowers and blue-black berries
2047,biliary_ductule,excretory ducts of the liver; empty into the hepatic ducts
2048,bilimbi Averrhoa_bilimbi,East Indian evergreen tree bearing very acid fruit
2049,billabong,a branch of a river made by water flowing from the main stream only when the water level is high
2050,billabong,a stagnant pool of water in the bed of a stream that flows intermittently
2051,billy_buttons,any of various plants of the genus Craspedia grown for their downy foliage and globose heads of golden flowers; Australia and New Zealand
2052,bilocular_capsule,a capsule divided into two cells or compartments
2053,binary_star binary double_star,a system of two stars that revolve around each other under their mutual gravitation
2054,binding_energy separation_energy,the energy required to separate particles from a molecule or atom or nucleus; equals the mass defect
2055,bindweed,any of several vines of the genera Convolvulus and Calystegia having a twining habit
2056,bing_cherry,dark red or blackish sweet cherry
2057,biochemical_mechanism,a chemical mechanism involved in vital processes occurring in living organisms
2058,bioelectricity,electric phenomena in animals or plants
2059,biogenesis biogeny,the production of living organisms from other living organisms
2060,biological_clock,an innate mechanism in living organisms that controls the periodicity of many physiological functions
2061,biology,characteristic life processes and phenomena of living organisms; "the biology of viruses"
2062,bioluminescence,luminescence produced by physiological processes (as in the firefly)
2063,biosynthesis biogenesis,production of a chemical compound by a living organism
2064,bipinnate_leaf,a leaf having pinnate leaflets; as ferns
2065,birch birch_tree,any betulaceous tree or shrub of the genus Betula having a thin peeling bark
2066,bird's-eye_bush Ochna_serrulata,shrub with narrow-elliptic glossy evergreen leaves and yellow flowers with leathery petaloid sepals
2067,bird's-foot_fern Pellaea_mucronata Pellaea_ornithopus,cliff brake of California and Baja California having purple-brown leafstalks
2068,bird's-foot_violet pansy_violet Johnny-jump-up wood_violet Viola_pedata,common violet of the eastern United States with large pale blue or purple flowers resembling pansies
2069,bird's_foot,the foot of a bird
2070,bird's_foot_trefoil Trigonella_ornithopodioides,Old World herb related to fenugreek
2071,bird's_foot_trefoil bird's_foot_clover babies'_slippers bacon_and_eggs Lotus_corniculatus,European forage plant having claw-shaped pods introduced in America
2072,bird's_nest bird_nest birdnest,nest where birds lay their eggs and hatch their young
2073,bird's_nest_fern Asplenium_nidus,tropical Old World or Australian epiphytic fern frequently forming tufts in tree crotches
2074,bird_cherry bird_cherry_tree,any of several small-fruited cherry trees frequented or fed on by birds
2075,bird_of_paradise Strelitzia_reginae,ornamental plant of tropical South Africa and South America having stalks of orange and purplish-blue flowers resembling a bird
2076,bird_of_paradise poinciana Caesalpinia_gilliesii Poinciana_gilliesii,a tropical flowering shrub having bright orange or red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Poinciana
2077,bird_pepper Capsicum_frutescens_baccatum Capsicum_baccatum,plant bearing very small and very hot oblong red fruits; includes wild forms native to tropical America; thought to be ancestral to the sweet pepper and many hot peppers
2078,birth_canal,a passage in the uterus and vagina through which a fetus passes during vaginal birth
2079,birthwort Aristolochia_clematitis,creeping plant having curving flowers thought to resemble fetuses; native to Europe; naturalized Great Britain and eastern North America
2080,bise bize,a dry cold north wind in southeastern France
2081,bisexuality,sexual activity with both men and women
2082,bishop_pine bishop's_pine Pinus_muricata,two-needled or three-needled pinon mostly of northwestern California coast
2083,bit chip flake fleck scrap,a small fragment of something broken off from the whole; "a bit of rock caught him in the eye"
2084,bite chomp,the act of gripping or chewing off with the teeth and jaws
2085,bitter_almond Prunus_dulcis_amara Amygdalus_communis_amara,almond trees having white blossoms and poisonous nuts yielding an oil used for flavoring and for medicinal purposes
2086,bitter_almond_oil,pale yellow essential oil obtained from bitter almonds by distillation from almond cake or meal
2087,bitter_betch Vicia_orobus,European perennial toxic vetch
2088,bitter_cassava manioc mandioc mandioca tapioca_plant gari Manihot_esculenta Manihot_utilissima,cassava with long tuberous edible roots and soft brittle stems; used especially to make cassiri (an intoxicating drink) and tapioca
2089,bitter_dock broad-leaved_dock yellow_dock Rumex_obtusifolius,European dock with broad obtuse leaves and bitter rootstock common as a weed in North America
2090,bitter_orange Seville_orange sour_orange,highly acidic orange used especially in marmalade
2091,bitter_pea,any of several spiny shrubs of the genus Daviesia having yellow flowers and triangular seeds; Australia
2092,bittercress bitter_cress,any of various herbs of the genus Cardamine, having usually pinnate leaves and racemes of white, pink or purple flowers; cosmopolitan except Antarctic
2093,bitternut bitternut_hickory bitter_hickory bitter_pignut swamp_hickory Carya_cordiformis,hickory of the eastern United States having a leaves with 7 or 9 leaflets and thin-shelled very bitter nuts
2094,bitterroot Lewisia_rediviva,showy succulent ground-hugging plant of Rocky Mountains regions having deep to pale pink flowers and fleshy farinaceous roots; the Montana state flower
2095,bittersweet American_bittersweet climbing_bittersweet false_bittersweet staff_vine waxwork shrubby_bittersweet Celastrus_scandens,twining shrub of North America having yellow capsules enclosing scarlet seeds
2096,bittersweet bittersweet_nightshade climbing_nightshade deadly_nightshade poisonous_nightshade woody_nightshade Solanum_dulcamara,poisonous perennial Old World vine having violet flowers and oval coral-red berries; widespread weed in North America
2097,bitterwood_tree,any of various trees or shrubs of the family Simaroubaceae having wood and bark with a bitter taste
2098,black-body_radiation blackbody_radiation,the electromagnetic radiation that would be radiated from an ideal black body; the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of a black body depends only on temperature and is determined by Planck's radiation law
2099,black-eyed_Susan Rudbeckia_hirta Rudbeckia_serotina,the state flower of Maryland; of central and southeastern United States; having daisylike flowers with dark centers and yellow to orange rays
2100,black-eyed_Susan black-eyed_Susan_vine Thunbergia_alata,tropical African climbing plant having yellow flowers with a dark purple center
2101,black-stem_spleenwort black-stemmed_spleenwort little_ebony_spleenwort,fern of tropical America: from southern United States to West Indies and Mexico to Brazil
2102,black_ash basket_ash brown_ash hoop_ash Fraxinus_nigra,vigorous spreading North American tree having dark brown heavy wood; leaves turn gold in autumn
2103,black_bamboo kuri-chiku Phyllostachys_nigra,small bamboo having thin green culms turning shining black
2104,black_beech Nothofagus_solanderi,New Zealand forest tree
2105,black_birch river_birch red_birch Betula_nigra,birch of swamps and river bottoms throughout the eastern United States having reddish-brown bark
2106,black_body blackbody full_radiator,a hypothetical object capable of absorbing all the electromagnetic radiation falling on it; "a black body maintained at a constant temperature is a full radiator at that temperature because the radiation reaching and leaving it must be in equilibrium"
2107,black_bryony black_bindweed Tamus_communis,common European twining vine with tuberous roots and cordate leaves and red berries
2108,black_calla Arum_palaestinum,ornamental plant of Middle East cultivated for its dark purple spathe
2109,black_caraway nutmeg_flower Roman_coriander Nigella_sativa,herb of the Mediterranean region having pungent seeds used like those of caraway
2110,black_cherry black_cherry_tree rum_cherry Prunus_serotina,large North American wild cherry with round black sour edible fruit
2111,black_cohosh black_snakeroot rattle-top Cimicifuga_racemosa,North American bugbane found from Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin and south to Georgia
2112,black_cottonwood Western_balsam_poplar Populus_trichocarpa,cottonwood of western North America with dark green leaves shining above and rusty or silvery beneath
2113,black_currant,small black berries used in jams and jellies
2114,black_currant European_black_currant Ribes_nigrum,widely cultivated current bearing edible black aromatic berries
2115,black_grama Bouteloua_eriopoda,a pasture grass (especially of western coastal regions of North America)
2116,black_haw Viburnum_prunifolium,upright deciduous shrub having frosted dark-blue fruit; east and east central North America
2117,black_horehound black_archangel fetid_horehound stinking_horehound Ballota_nigra,ill-smelling European herb with rugose leaves and whorls of dark purple flowers
2118,black_huckleberry Gaylussacia_baccata,low shrub of the eastern United States bearing shiny black edible fruit; best known of the huckleberries
2119,black_locust yellow_locust Robinia_pseudoacacia,large thorny tree of eastern and central United States having pinnately compound leaves and drooping racemes of white flowers; widely naturalized in many varieties in temperate regions
2120,black_maire Olea_cunninghamii,northern Zealand tree having dense hard light-brown wood
2121,black_mallee black_sally black_gum Eucalytus_stellulata,a small mallee with rough dark-colored bark toward the butt; yields a red eucalyptus kino gum
2122,black_mangrove Aegiceras_majus,an Australian tree resembling the black mangrove of the West Indies and Florida
2123,black_mangrove Avicennia_marina,a mangrove of the West Indies and the southern Florida coast; occurs in dense thickets and has numerous short roots that bend up from the ground
2124,black_medick hop_clover yellow_trefoil nonesuch_clover Medicago_lupulina,prostrate European herb with small yellow flowers and curved black pods; naturalized in North America
2125,black_mulberry Morus_nigra,European mulberry having dark foliage and fruit
2126,black_mustard Brassica_nigra,widespread Eurasian annual plant cultivated for its pungent seeds; a principal source of table mustard
2127,black_nightshade common_nightshade poisonberry poison-berry Solanum_nigrum,Eurasian herb naturalized in America having white flowers and poisonous hairy foliage and bearing black berries that are sometimes poisonous but sometimes edible
2128,black_oak yellow_oak quercitron quercitron_oak Quercus_velutina,medium to large deciduous timber tree of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada having dark outer bark and yellow inner bark used for tanning; broad five-lobed leaves are bristle-tipped
2129,black_olive ripe_olive,olives picked ripe and cured in brine then dried or pickled or preserved canned or in oil
2130,black_pea Lathyrus_niger,perennial of Europe and North Africa; foliage turns black in drying
2131,black_pine Pinus_nigra,large two-needled timber pine of southeastern Europe
2132,black_poplar Populus_nigra,large European poplar
2133,black_raspberry blackcap blackcap_raspberry thimbleberry Rubus_occidentalis,raspberry native to eastern North America having black thimble-shaped fruit
2134,black_sage wooly_blue_curls California_romero Trichostema_lanatum,an aromatic plant with wooly leaves found in southern California and Mexico
2135,black_salsify viper's_grass scorzonera Scorzonera_hispanica,perennial south European herb having narrow entire leaves and solitary yellow flower heads and long black edible roots shaped like carrots
2136,black_spleenwort Asplenium_adiantum-nigrum,spleenwort of Europe and Africa and Asia having pinnate fronds and yielding an astringent
2137,black_spruce Picea_mariana spruce_pine,small spruce of boggy areas of northeastern North America having spreading branches with dense foliage; inferior wood
2138,black_walnut,American walnut having a very hard and thick woody shell
2139,black_walnut black_walnut_tree black_hickory Juglans_nigra,North American walnut tree with hard dark wood and edible nut
2140,black_wattle Acacia_auriculiformis,Australian tree that yields tanning materials
2141,blackberry,large sweet black or very dark purple edible aggregate fruit of any of various bushes of the genus Rubus
2142,blackberry blackberry_bush,bramble with sweet edible black or dark purple berries that usually do not separate from the receptacle
2143,blackberry-lily leopard_lily Belamcanda_chinensis,garden plant whose capsule discloses when ripe a mass of seeds resembling a blackberry
2144,blackfoot_daisy Melampodium_leucanthum,bushy subshrub having flower heads that resemble asters with broad white rays; found in desert areas of Arizona east to Kansas and south to Mexico
2145,blackheart blackheart_cherry,heart cherry with dark flesh and skin cherry
2146,blackjack_oak blackjack jack_oak Quercus_marilandica,a common scrubby deciduous tree of central and southeastern United States having dark bark and broad three-lobed (club-shaped) leaves; tends to form dense thickets
2147,blackthorn pear_haw pear_hawthorn Crataegus_calpodendron Crataegus_tomentosa,erect and almost thornless American hawthorn with somewhat pear-shaped berries
2148,blackthorn sloe Prunus_spinosa,a thorny Eurasian bush with plumlike fruits
2149,blackwood blackwood_tree,any of several hardwood trees yielding very dark-colored wood
2150,bladder vesica,a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas)
2151,bladder_campion Silene_uniflora Silene_vulgaris,perennial of Arctic Europe having large white flowers with inflated calyx
2152,bladder_fern,any fern of the genus Cystopteris characterized by a hooded indusium or bladderlike membrane covering the sori
2153,bladder_senna Colutea_arborescens,yellow-flowered European shrub cultivated for its succession of yellow flowers and very inflated bladdery pods and as a source of wildlife food
2154,bladder_sphincter musculus_sphincter_vesicae,the sphincter muscle of the urinary bladder; made up of a thickened muscular layer of bladder around the urethral opening
2155,bladder_stone cystolith,a calculus formed in the bladder
2156,bladderpod,annual or perennial herbs with inflated seed pods; some placed in genus Lesquerella
2157,bladderpod,any of several hairy North American herbs having yellow racemose flowers and inflated pods
2158,bladderpod,any of several plants of the genus Physaria having racemose yellow flowers and inflated pods
2159,bladderwort,any of numerous aquatic carnivorous plants of the genus Utricularia some of whose leaves are modified as small urn-shaped bladders that trap minute aquatic animals
2160,blade,a broad flat body part (as of the shoulder or tongue)
2161,blade leaf_blade,especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole
2162,blanket mantle,anything that covers; "there was a blanket of snow"
2163,blanket_flower Indian_blanket fire_wheel fire-wheel Gaillardia_pulchella,annual of central United States having showy long-stalked yellow flower heads marked with scarlet or purple in the center
2164,blastocoel blastocoele blastocele segmentation_cavity cleavage_cavity,the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula
2165,blastoderm germinal_disc blastodisc germinal_area,a layer of cells on the inside of the blastula
2166,blastogenesis,asexual reproduction by budding
2167,blastomycosis,any of several infections of the skin or mucous membrane caused by Blastomyces
2168,blastopore,the opening into the archenteron
2169,blaze blazing,a strong flame that burns brightly; "the blaze spread rapidly"
2170,blazing_star Mentzelia_livicaulis Mentzelia_laevicaulis,biennial of southwestern United States having white stems and toothed leaves that is grown for its large pale yellow flowers that open in early morning
2171,blazing_star button_snakeroot gayfeather gay-feather snakeroot,any of various North American plants of the genus Liatris having racemes or panicles of small discoid flower heads
2172,bleeding_heart lyreflower lyre-flower Dicentra_spectabilis,garden plant having deep-pink drooping heart-shaped flowers
2173,blessed_thistle sweet_sultan Cnicus_benedictus,annual of Mediterranean to Portugal having hairy stems and minutely spiny-toothed leaves and large heads of yellow flowers
2174,bletia,any of various orchids of the genus Bletia having pseudobulbs and erect leafless racemes of large purple or pink flowers
2175,blink eye_blink blinking wink winking nictitation nictation,a reflex that closes and opens the eyes rapidly
2176,blinks blinking_chickweed water_chickweed Montia_lamprosperma,small Indian lettuce of northern regions
2177,blister,(botany) a swelling on a plant similar to that on the skin
2178,blister bulla bleb,(pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid
2179,blizzard snowstorm,a storm with widespread snowfall accompanied by strong winds
2180,blolly West_Indian_snowberry Chiococca_alba,evergreen climbing shrub of southern Florida and West Indies grown for its racemes of fragrant white to creamy flowers followed by globose white succulent berries
2181,blood-brain_barrier,a mechanism that creates a barrier between brain tissues and circulating blood; serves to protect the central nervous system; "the brain was protected from the large molecules of the virus by the blood-brain barrier"
2182,blood_blister,blister containing blood or bloody serum usually caused by an injury
2183,blood_coagulation blood_clotting,a process in which liquid blood is changed into a semisolid mass (a blood clot)
2184,blood_extravasation,the leakage of blood from a vessel into tissues surrounding it; can occur in injuries or burns or allergic reactions
2185,blood_flower swallowwort Asclepias_curassavica,tropical herb having orange-red flowers followed by pods suggesting a swallow with outspread wings; a weed throughout the tropics
2186,blood_lily,any of various deciduous or evergreen herbs of the genus Haemanthus; South Africa and Namibia
2187,blood_pressure,the pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels; results from the systole of the left ventricle of the heart; sometimes measured for a quick evaluation of a person's health; "adult blood pressure is considered normal at 120/80 where the first number is the systolic pressure and the second is the diastolic pressure"
2188,blood_sugar blood_glucose,glucose in the bloodstream
2189,blood_vessel,a vessel in which blood circulates
2190,bloodleaf,any plant of the genus Iresine having colored foliage
2191,bloodroot puccoon redroot tetterwort Sanguinaria_canadensis,perennial woodland native of North America having a red root and red sap and bearing a solitary lobed leaf and white flower in early spring and having acrid emetic properties; rootstock used as a stimulant and expectorant
2192,bloodwood_tree kiaat Pterocarpus_angolensis,deciduous South African tree having large odd-pinnate leaves and profuse fragrant orange-yellow flowers; yields a red juice and heavy strong durable wood
2193,bloodwort,any of various plants of the family Haemodoraceae; roots contain a deep red coloring matter
2194,bloomer,a flower that blooms in a particular way; "a night bloomer"
2195,blooming bloom,the organic process of bearing flowers; "you will stop all bloom if you let the flowers go to seed"
2196,blossoming flowering florescence inflorescence anthesis efflorescence,the time and process of budding and unfolding of blossoms
2197,blow puff,forceful exhalation through the nose or mouth; "he gave his nose a loud blow"; "he blew out all the candles with a single puff"
2198,blowhole,the spiracle of a cetacean located far back on the skull
2199,blowing,processing that involves blowing a gas
2200,blubber,an insulating layer of fat under the skin of whales and other large marine mammals; used as a source of oil
2201,blue-eyed_African_daisy Arctotis_stoechadifolia Arctotis_venusta,bushy perennial of South Africa with white or violet flowers; in its native region often clothes entire valley sides in a sheet of color
2202,blue-eyed_Mary Collinsia_verna,eastern United States plant with whorls of blue-and-white flowers
2203,blue-eyed_grass,plant with grasslike foliage and delicate blue flowers
2204,blue_ash Fraxinus_quadrangulata,ash of central and southern United States with bluish-green foliage and hard brown wood
2205,blue_cohosh blueberry_root papooseroot papoose_root squawroot squaw_root Caulophyllum_thalictrioides Caulophyllum_thalictroides,tall herb of eastern North America and Asia having blue berrylike fruit and a thick knotty rootstock formerly used medicinally
2206,blue_columbine Aquilegia_caerulea Aquilegia_scopulorum_calcarea,columbine of the Rocky Mountains having long-spurred blue flowers
2207,blue_curls,any of several plants of the genus Trichostema having whorls of small blue flowers
2208,blue_daisy blue_marguerite Felicia_amelloides,hairy South African or Australian subshrub that has daisylike flowers with blue rays
2209,blue_elder blue_elderberry Sambucus_caerulea,shrub or small tree of western United States having white flowers and blue berries; fruit used in wines and jellies
2210,blue_false_indigo Baptisia_australis,wild indigo of the eastern United States having racemes of blue flowers
2211,blue_flag Iris_versicolor,a common iris of the eastern United States having blue or blue-violet flowers; root formerly used medicinally
2212,blue_fleabane Erigeron_acer,widespread weed with pale purple-blue flowers
2213,blue_grama Bouteloua_gracilis,a pasture grass of western North America
2214,blue_gum fever_tree Eucalyptus_globulus,tall fast-growing timber tree with leaves containing a medicinal oil; young leaves are bluish
2215,blue_jasmine blue_jessamine curly_clematis marsh_clematis Clematis_crispa,climber of southern United States having bluish-purple flowers
2216,blue_lotus Nymphaea_caerulea,blue Egyptian lotus: held sacred by the Egyptians
2217,blue_lotus Nymphaea_stellata,blue lotus of India and southeastern Asia
2218,blue_orchid Vanda_caerulea,famous orchid of northern India having large pale to deep lilac-blue flowers
2219,blue_pea butterfly_pea Clitoria_turnatea,vine of tropical Asia having pinnate leaves and bright blue flowers with yellow centers
2220,blue_pimpernel blue_skullcap mad-dog_skullcap mad-dog_weed Scutellaria_lateriflora,an American mint that yields a resinous exudate used especially formerly as an antispasmodic
2221,blue_poppy Meconopsis_betonicifolia,Chinese perennial having mauve-pink to bright sky blue flowers in drooping cymes
2222,blue_sage Salvia_azurea,blue-flowered sage of dry prairies of the eastern United States
2223,blue_sage Salvia_reflexa Salvia_lancifolia,sage of western North America to Central America having violet-blue flowers; widespread in cultivation
2224,blue_sage mealy_sage Salvia_farinacea,Texas sage having intensely blue flowers
2225,blue_star Amsonia_tabernaemontana,subshrubs of southeastern United States forming slow-growing clumps and having blue flowers in short terminal cymes
2226,blue_succory cupid's_dart Catananche_caerulea,south European plant having dark-eyed flowers with flat blue rays
2227,blue_toadflax old-field_toadflax Linaria_canadensis,North American plant having racemes of blue-violet flowers
2228,blueberry,sweet edible dark-blue berries of either low-growing or high-growing blueberry plants
2229,blueberry blueberry_bush,any of numerous shrubs of the genus Vaccinium bearing blueberries
2230,bluebonnet buffalo_clover Texas_bluebonnet Lupinus_subcarnosus,low-growing annual herb of southwestern United States (Texas) having silky foliage and blue flowers; a leading cause of livestock poisoning in the southwestern United States
2231,bluegrass blue_grass,any of various grasses of the genus Poa
2232,bluejack_oak turkey_oak Quercus_incana,small semi-evergreen shrubby tree of southeastern United States having hairy young branchlets and leaves narrowing to a slender bristly point
2233,bluestem blue_stem Andropogon_furcatus Andropogon_gerardii,tall grass with smooth bluish leaf sheaths grown for hay in the United States
2234,blueweed blue_devil blue_thistle viper's_bugloss Echium_vulgare,a coarse prickly European weed with spikes of blue flowers; naturalized in United States
2235,bluing blueing,a process that makes something blue (or bluish)
2236,blush flush,sudden reddening of the face (as from embarrassment or guilt or shame or modesty)
2237,bluster,a violent gusty wind
2238,bob,a hair style for women and children; a short haircut all around
2239,bobtail bob dock,a short or shortened tail of certain animals
2240,bocconia tree_celandine Bocconia_frutescens,small Central American tree having loose racemes of purple-tinted green flowers
2241,bodily_process body_process bodily_function activity,an organic process that takes place in the body; "respiratory activity"
2242,body,an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects; "heavenly body"
2243,body dead_body,a natural object consisting of a dead animal or person; "they found the body in the lake"
2244,body organic_structure,the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being); "he felt as if his whole body were on fire"
2245,body_covering,any covering for the body or a body part
2246,body_hair,short hair growing over a person's body
2247,body_of_water water,the part of the earth's surface covered with water (such as a river or lake or ocean); "they invaded our territorial waters"; "they were sitting by the water's edge"
2248,body_part,any part of an organism such as an organ or extremity
2249,bog_asphodel,either of two herbaceous rushlike bog plants having small yellow flowers and grasslike leaves; north temperate regions
2250,bog_aster,a variety of aster
2251,bog_bilberry bog_whortleberry moor_berry Vaccinium_uliginosum_alpinum,an evergreen shrub with leathery leaves
2252,bog_pimpernel Anagallis_tenella,small creeping European herb having delicate pink flowers
2253,bog_rein_orchid bog_candles Habenaria_dilatata,orchid with spikes of many fragrant white flowers on erect leafy stems; of wet or boggy ground through most of the West and northern North America
2254,bog_rose wild_pink dragon's_mouth Arethusa_bulbosa,a bog orchid with usually a solitary fragrant magenta pink blossom with a wide gaping corolla; Canada
2255,bog_rosemary moorwort Andromeda_glaucophylla,wiry evergreen shrub having pendent clusters of white or pink flowers; of wet acidic areas in Arctic and Canada to northeastern United States
2256,boiling,the application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas
2257,boisterousness,a turbulent and stormy state of the sea
2258,bok_choy bok_choi pakchoi pak_choi Chinese_white_cabbage Brassica_rapa_chinensis,Asiatic plant grown for its cluster of edible white stalks with dark green leaves
2259,bolide fireball,an especially luminous meteor (sometimes exploding)
2260,boll,the rounded seed-bearing capsule of a cotton or flax plant
2261,bondage,sexual practice that involves physically restraining (by cords or handcuffs) one of the partners
2262,bonduc bonduc_tree Caesalpinia_bonduc Caesalpinia_bonducella,tropical tree with large prickly pods of seeds that resemble beans and are used for jewelry and rosaries
2263,bonduc_nut nicker_nut nicker_seed,hard shiny grey seed of a bonduc tree; used for making e.g. jewelry
2264,bone os,rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates
2265,bone_fat,fatty matter in bones extracted with solvents or by boiling or steaming; used chiefly in candles and cheap soaps and in lubricating greases
2266,bone_oil,the liquid portion of bone fat; used as a lubricant and in leather manufacture
2267,bone_oil Dippel's_oil,dark-colored ill-smelling oil obtained by carbonizing bone; used especially in sheep dips and in denaturing alcohol
2268,boneset agueweed thoroughwort Eupatorium_perfoliatum,perennial herb of southeastern United States having white-rayed flower heads; formerly used as in folk medicine
2269,bonsai,a dwarfed ornamental tree or shrub grown in a tray or shallow pot
2270,bony_labyrinth osseous_labyrinth,cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone that contains the membranous labyrinth
2271,boojum_tree cirio Fouquieria_columnaris Idria_columnaris,candlewood of Mexico and southwestern California having tall columnar stems and bearing honey-scented creamy yellow flowers
2272,book_lung,organ in many arachnids containing many thin folds of membrane resembling the leaves of a book
2273,boolean_operation binary_operation binary_arithmetic_operation,an operation that follows the rules of Boolean algebra; each operand and the result take one of two values
2274,borage tailwort Borago_officinalis,hairy blue-flowered European annual herb long used in herbal medicine and eaten raw as salad greens or cooked like spinach
2275,bosc,greenish-yellow pear
2276,bosom,a person's breast or chest
2277,boson,any particle that obeys Bose-Einstein statistics but not the Pauli exclusion principle; all nuclei with an even mass number are bosons
2278,bottle-tree bottle_tree,an Australian tree of the genus Brachychiton
2279,bottle_gourd calabash Lagenaria_siceraria,Old World climbing plant with hard-shelled bottle-shaped gourds as fruits
2280,bottom_fermentation,a slow kind of alcoholic fermentation at a temperature low enough that the yeast cells can sink to the bottom of the fermenting liquid; used in the production of lager
2281,bottom_quark beauty_quark,a quark with a charge of -1/3 and a mass about 10,000 times that of an electron
2282,bouffant,a woman's hairstyle in which the hair gives a puffy appearance
2283,bougainvillea,any of several South American ornamental woody vines of the genus Bougainvillea having brilliant red or purple flower bracts; widely grown in warm regions
2284,bough,any of the larger branches of a tree
2285,boulder bowlder,a large smooth mass of rock detached from its place of origin
2286,boundary_layer,the layer of slower flow of a fluid past a surface
2287,bourtree black_elder common_elder elderberry European_elder Sambucus_nigra,a common shrub with black fruit or a small tree of Europe and Asia; fruit used for wines and jellies
2288,bowel_movement movement bm,a euphemism for defecation; "he had a bowel movement"
2289,bower_actinidia tara_vine Actinidia_arguta,climbing Asiatic vine having long finely serrate leaves and racemes of white flowers followed by greenish-yellow edible fruit
2290,bowleg bow_leg bandyleg bandy_leg genu_varum tibia_vara,a leg bowed outward at the knee (or below the knee)
2291,box boxwood,evergreen shrubs or small trees
2292,box_elder ash-leaved_maple Acer_negundo,common shade tree of eastern and central United States
2293,box_huckleberry Gaylussacia_brachycera,creeping evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having small shiny boxlike leaves and flavorless berries
2294,boysenberry,large raspberry-flavored fruit; cross between blackberries and raspberries
2295,boysenberry boysenberry_bush,cultivated hybrid bramble of California having large dark wine-red fruit with a flavor resembling raspberries
2296,bracelet_wood Jacquinia_armillaris,small West Indian shrub or tree with hard glossy seeds patterned yellow and brown that are used to make bracelets
2297,brachial_artery arteria_brachialis,the main artery of the upper arm; a continuation of the axillary artery; bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the elbow
2298,brachial_plexus plexus_brachialis,a network of nerves formed by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and supplying the arm and parts of the shoulder
2299,brachial_vein vena_brachialis,two veins in either arm that accompany the brachial artery and empty into the axillary vein
2300,brachiocephalic_vein innominate_vein vena_brachiocephalica,veins formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins
2301,bracken Pteridium_esculentum,fern of southeastern Asia; not hardy in cold temperate regions
2302,bracken pasture_brake brake Pteridium_aquilinum,large coarse fern often several feet high; essentially weed ferns; cosmopolitan
2303,bract,a modified leaf or leaflike part just below and protecting an inflorescence
2304,bracteole bractlet,a small bract
2305,braid plait tress twist,a hairdo formed by braiding or twisting the hair
2306,brain encephalon,that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord
2307,brain_death cerebral_death,death when respiration and other reflexes are absent; consciousness is gone; organs can be removed for transplantation before the heartbeat stops
2308,brainstem brain-stem brain_stem,the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus
2309,brainwave brain_wave cortical_potential,(neurophysiology) rapid fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex that are detectable with an electroencephalograph
2310,brake,any of various ferns of the genus Pteris having pinnately compound leaves and including several popular houseplants
2311,bramble,any of various rough thorny shrubs or vines
2312,bramble_bush,any prickly shrub of the genus Rubus bearing edible aggregate fruits
2313,branch,a division of a stem, or secondary stem arising from the main stem of a plant
2314,branch,a stream or river connected to a larger one
2315,branched_chain,an open chain of atoms with one or more side chains attached to it
2316,branchlet twig sprig,a small branch or division of a branch (especially a terminal division); usually applied to branches of the current or preceding year
2317,brass_buttons Cotula_coronopifolia,South African herb with golden-yellow globose flower heads; naturalized in moist areas along coast of California; cultivated as an ornamental
2318,brassavola,any of various tropical American orchids with usually solitary fleshy leaves and showy white to green nocturnally fragrant blossoms solitary or in racemes of up to 7
2319,brazil_nut brazil,three-sided tropical American nut with white oily meat and hard brown shell
2320,brazil_nut brazil-nut_tree Bertholletia_excelsa,tall South American tree bearing brazil nuts
2321,brazilian_ironwood Caesalpinia_ferrea,thornless tree yielding heavy wood
2322,brazilwood peachwood peach-wood pernambuco_wood Caesalpinia_echinata,tropical tree with prickly trunk; its heavy red wood yields a red dye and is used for cabinetry
2323,breadfruit,a large round seedless or seeded fruit with a texture like bread; eaten boiled or baked or roasted or ground into flour; the roasted seeds resemble chestnuts
2324,breadfruit breadfruit_tree Artocarpus_communis Artocarpus_altilis,native to Pacific islands and having edible fruit with a texture like bread
2325,breadroot Indian_breadroot pomme_blanche pomme_de_prairie Psoralea_esculenta,densely hairy perennial of central North America having edible tuberous roots
2326,breakax breakaxe break-axe Sloanea_jamaicensis,West Indian timber tree having very hard wood
2327,breaking_point,the degree of tension or stress at which something breaks
2328,breast,the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest
2329,breast bosom knocker boob tit titty,either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman
2330,breast chest,the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen; "he beat his breast in anger"
2331,breath,a slight movement of the air; "there wasn't a breath of air in the room"
2332,breath,the process of taking in and expelling air during breathing; "he took a deep breath and dived into the pool"; "he was fighting to his last breath"
2333,breathing external_respiration respiration ventilation,the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation
2334,breeze zephyr gentle_wind air,a slight wind (usually refreshing); "the breeze was cooled by the lake"; "as he waited he could feel the air on his neck"
2335,breeziness windiness,a mildly windy state of the air
2336,bregma,the craniometric point at the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures at the top of the cranium
2337,briarroot,hard woody root of the briar Erica arborea
2338,brickbat,a fragment of brick used as a weapon
2339,bridal_wreath bridal-wreath Francoa_ramosa,Chilean evergreen shrub having delicate spikes of small white flowers
2340,bridal_wreath bridal-wreath Saint_Peter's_wreath St._Peter's_wreath Spiraea_prunifolia,shrub having copious small white flowers in spring
2341,bridge,the hard ridge that forms the upper part of the nose; "her glasses left marks on the bridge of her nose"
2342,brier,a thorny stem or twig
2343,brisance,the shattering or crushing effect of a sudden release of energy as in an explosion
2344,bristle,a stiff hair
2345,bristle_fern filmy_fern,any fern of the genus Trichomanes having large pinnatifid often translucent fronds; most are epiphytic on tree branches and twigs or terrestrial on mossy banks
2346,bristlecone_pine Rocky_Mountain_bristlecone_pine Pinus_aristata,small slow-growing upland pine of western United States (Rocky Mountains) having dense branches with fissured rust-brown bark and short needles in bunches of 5 and thorn-tipped cone scales; among the oldest living things some over 4500 years old
2347,bristlegrass bristle_grass,grasses of grasslands and woodlands having large gracefully arching spikes with long bristles beneath each spikelet
2348,bristly_locust rose_acacia moss_locust Robinia_hispida,large shrub or small tree of the eastern United States having bristly stems and large clusters of pink flowers
2349,bristly_sarsaparilla bristly_sarsparilla dwarf_elder Aralia_hispida,bristly herb of eastern and central North America having black fruit and medicinal bark
2350,brittle_bladder_fern brittle_fern fragile_fern Cystopteris_fragilis,delicate fern widely distributed in North America and European having thin pinnatifid fronds with brittle stems
2351,brittle_maidenhair brittle_maidenhair_fern Adiantum_tenerum,tropical American fern with broad pinnae; widely cultivated
2352,brittlebush brittle_bush incienso Encelia_farinosa,fragrant rounded shrub of southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico having brittle stems and small crowded blue-green leaves and yellow flowers; produces a resin used in incense and varnish and in folk medicine
2353,broad-leaved_everlasting_pea perennial_pea Lathyrus_latifolius,perennial climber of central and southern Europe having purple or pink or white flowers; naturalized in North America
2354,broad-leaved_montia Montia_cordifolia,succulent plant with mostly basal leaves; stem bears 1 pair of broadly ovate or heart-shaped leaves and a loose raceme of 3-10 white flowers; western North America
2355,broad-leaved_plantain common_plantain white-man's_foot whiteman's_foot cart-track_plant Plantago_major,common European perennial naturalized worldwide; a troublesome weed
2356,broad-leaved_twayblade Listera_convallarioides,small orchid with two elliptic leaves and a slender raceme of small green flowers; western North America
2357,broad_bean broad-bean broad-bean_plant English_bean European_bean field_bean Vicia_faba,Old World upright plant grown especially for its large flat edible seeds but also as fodder
2358,broad_bean fava_bean horsebean,seed of the broad-bean plant
2359,broad_beech_fern southern_beech_fern Phegopteris_hexagonoptera Dryopteris_hexagonoptera Thelypteris_hexagonoptera,beech fern of North American woodlands having straw-colored stripes
2360,broad_buckler-fern Dryopteris_dilatata,European shield fern
2361,broad_leaved_centaury,a variety of centaury with broad leaves
2362,broccoli Brassica_oleracea_italica,plant with dense clusters of tight green flower buds
2363,broccoli_raab broccoli_rabe Brassica_rapa_ruvo,plant grown for its pungent edible leafy shoots
2364,brodiaea,any of several plants of the genus Brodiaea having basal grasslike leaves and globose flower heads on leafless stems resembling those of genus Allium
2365,brome bromegrass,any of various woodland and meadow grasses of the genus Bromus; native to temperate regions
2366,brompton_stock Matthiola_incana,European plant with racemes of sweet-scented flowers; widely cultivated as an ornamental
2367,bronchial_artery,arteries that accompany the bronchioles
2368,bronchial_vein vena_bronchialis,veins serving the bronchi; empty into the azygos vein
2369,bronchiole,any of the smallest bronchial ducts; ending in alveoli
2370,bronchus bronchial_tube,either of the two main branches of the trachea
2371,brooding incubation,sitting on eggs so as to hatch them by the warmth of the body
2372,brook creek,a natural stream of water smaller than a river (and often a tributary of a river); "the creek dried up every summer"
2373,brook_thistle Cirsium_rivulare,of central and southwestern Europe
2374,brooklet,a small brook
2375,brookweed Samolus_parviflorus Samolus_floribundus,American water pimpernel
2376,brookweed Samolus_valerandii,water pimpernel of Europe to China
2377,broom,any of various shrubs of the genera Cytisus or Genista or Spartium having long slender branches and racemes of yellow flowers
2378,broom_beard_grass prairie_grass wire_grass Andropogon_scoparius Schizachyrium_scoparium,handsome hardy North American grass with foliage turning pale bronze in autumn
2379,broom_grass,any of several grasses of the genus Andropogon; used in broom making
2380,broom_sedge Andropogon_virginicus,tall tufted grass of southeastern United States
2381,broom_tree needle_furze petty_whin Genista_anglica,prickly yellow-flowered shrub of the moors of New England and Europe
2382,broomcorn Sorghum_vulgare_technicum,tall grasses grown for the elongated stiff-branched panicle used for brooms and brushes
2383,broomcorn_millet hog_millet Panicum_miliaceum,extensively cultivated in Europe and Asia for its grain and in United States sometimes for forage
2384,broomweed broom-weed Gutierrezia_texana,annual of southwestern United States having rigid woody branches with sticky foliage and yellow flowers
2385,brow forehead,the part of the face above the eyes
2386,brown_bells Fritillaria_micrantha Fritillaria_parviflora,California herb with brownish-purple or greenish bell-shaped flowers
2387,brown_pine Rockingham_podocarp Podocarpus_elatus,large Australian tree with straight-grained yellow wood that turns brown on exposure
2388,browse browsing,the act of feeding by continual nibbling
2389,brush,a bushy tail or part of a bushy tail (especially of the fox)
2390,brush_cut,a short haircut with hairs standing up like a brush
2391,brush_discharge,discharge between electrodes creating visible streamers of ionized particles
2392,brussels_sprout Brassica_oleracea_gemmifera,plant grown for its stout stalks of edible small green heads resembling diminutive cabbages
2393,bryanthus,procumbent Old World mat-forming evergreen shrub with racemes of pinkish-white flowers
2394,bryony briony,a vine of the genus Bryonia having large leaves and small flowers and yielding acrid juice with emetic and purgative properties
2395,bubo,a lymph node that is inflamed and swollen because of plague or gonorrhea or tuberculosis
2396,buccal_artery arteria_buccalis,a branch of the maxillary artery that supplies blood to the buccinator muscle and the cheek
2397,buccal_cavity,the cavity between the jaws and the cheeks
2398,buckeye horse_chestnut conker,the inedible nutlike seed of the horse chestnut
2399,buckler_mustard Biscutalla_laevigata,plant of southeastern Europe having yellow flowers like those of mustard and pods with open valves resembling bucklers
2400,buckthorn,a shrub or shrubby tree of the genus Rhamnus; fruits are source of yellow dyes or pigments
2401,buckthorn,any shrub or small tree of the genus Bumelia
2402,buckthorn_berry yellow_berry,fruit of various buckthorns yielding dyes or pigments
2403,bucktooth,a large projecting front tooth
2404,buckwheat Polygonum_fagopyrum Fagopyrum_esculentum,a member of the genus Fagopyrum; annual Asian plant with clusters of small pinkish white flowers and small edible triangular seeds which are used whole or ground into flour
2405,bud,a partially opened flower
2406,bud,a swelling on a plant stem consisting of overlapping immature leaves or petals
2407,bud_brush bud_sagebrush Artemis_spinescens,a perennial that is valuable as sheep forage in the United States
2408,budding,reproduction of some unicellular organisms (such as yeasts) by growth and specialization followed by the separation by constriction of a part of the parent
2409,buff,bare skin; "swimming in the buff means to swim naked"
2410,buffalo_bur Solanum_rostratum,North American nightshade with prickly foliage and racemose yellow flowers
2411,buffalo_clover Trifolium_reflexum Trifolium_stoloniferum,clover of western United States
2412,buffalo_grass Buchloe_dactyloides,short grass growing on dry plains of central United States (where buffalo roam)
2413,buffalo_nut elk_nut oil_nut,oily drupaceous fruit of rabbitwood
2414,buffel_grass Cenchrus_ciliaris Pennisetum_cenchroides,erect tussock-forming perennial bur grass used particularly in South Africa and Australia for pasture and forage
2415,bugbane,a plant of the genus Cimicifuga having flowers in long racemes or panicles reported to be distasteful to insects
2416,bugle bugleweed,any of various low-growing annual or perennial evergreen herbs native to Eurasia; used for ground cover
2417,bugleweed Lycopus_virginicus,a mildly narcotic and astringent aromatic herb having small whitish flowers; eastern United States
2418,bugloss alkanet Anchusa_officinalis,perennial or biennial herb cultivated for its delicate usually blue flowers
2419,buildup,the result of the process of accumulation; "the buildup of leaves blocked the drain pipes"
2420,bulb,a modified bud consisting of a thickened globular underground stem serving as a reproductive structure
2421,bulb,a rounded dilation or expansion in a canal or vessel or organ
2422,bulbar_conjunctiva conjunctival_layer_of_bulb tunica_conjunctiva_bulbi,the part of the conjunctiva covering the anterior face of the sclera and the surface epithelium of the cornea
2423,bulbil bulblet,small bulb or bulb-shaped growth arising from the leaf axil or in the place of flowers
2424,bulblet_fern bulblet_bladder_fern berry_fern Cystopteris_bulbifera,North American fern often bearing bulbils on the leaflets
2425,bulbous_iris,any of various irises having a rootstock formed like a bulb
2426,bulbous_plant,plant growing from a bulb
2427,bull_neck,a thick short powerful neck
2428,bull_thistle boar_thistle spear_thistle Cirsium_vulgare Cirsium_lanceolatum,European thistle with rather large heads and prickly leaves; extensively naturalized as a weed in the United States
2429,bullace Prunus_insititia,small wild or half-domesticated Eurasian plum bearing small ovoid fruit in clusters
2430,bullbrier greenbrier catbrier horse_brier horse-brier brier briar Smilax_rotundifolia,a very prickly woody vine of the eastern United States growing in tangled masses having tough round stems with shiny leathery leaves and small greenish flowers followed by clusters of inedible shiny black berries
2431,bullethead,a head shaped like a bullet
2432,bullock's_heart Jamaica_apple,large heart-shaped tropical fruit with soft acid pulp
2433,bullock's_heart bullock's_heart_tree bullock_heart Annona_reticulata,small tropical American tree bearing a bristly heart-shaped acid tropical fruit
2434,bunchberry dwarf_cornel crackerberry pudding_berry Cornus_canadensis,creeping perennial herb distinguished by red berries and clustered leaf whorls at the tips of shoots; Greenland to Alaska
2435,bunchgrass bunch_grass,any of various grasses of many genera that grow in tufts or clumps rather than forming a sod or mat; chiefly of western United States
2436,bunji-bunji Flindersia_schottiana,Australian timber tree whose bark yields a poison
2437,bunya_bunya,nut tasting like roasted chestnuts; a staple food of Australian aborigines
2438,bunya_bunya bunya_bunya_tree Araucaria_bidwillii,Australian conifer bearing two-inch seeds tasting like roasted chestnuts; among the aborigines the tree is hereditary property protected by law
2439,bur burr,seed vessel having hooks or prickles
2440,bur_marigold burr_marigold beggar-ticks beggar's-ticks sticktight,any of several plants of the genus Bidens having yellow flowers and prickly fruits that cling to fur and clothing
2441,bur_oak burr_oak mossy-cup_oak mossycup_oak Quercus_macrocarpa,medium to large deciduous oak of central and eastern North America with ovoid acorns deeply immersed in large fringed cups; yields tough close-grained wood
2442,bur_reed,marsh plant having elongated linear leaves and round prickly fruit
2443,burdock clotbur,any of several erect biennial herbs of temperate Eurasia having stout taproots and producing burs
2444,burgrass bur_grass,a grass of the genus Cenchrus
2445,burl,a large rounded outgrowth on the trunk or branch of a tree
2446,burn_plant Aloe_vera,very short-stemmed plant with thick leaves with soothing mucilaginous juice; leaves develop spiny margins with maturity; native to Mediterranean region; grown widely in tropics and as houseplants
2447,burning_bush,(Old Testament) the bush that burned without being consumed and from which God spoke to Moses
2448,burrawong Macrozamia_communis Macrozamia_spiralis,large attractive palmlike evergreen cycad of New South Wales
2449,bursa,a small fluid-filled sac located between movable parts of the body especially at joints
2450,bursa_omentalis omental_bursa lesser_peritoneal_cavity,an isolated part of the peritoneal cavity that is dorsal to the stomach
2451,bush_bean,a bean plant whose bushy growth needs no supports
2452,bush_clover lespedeza,shrubby or herbaceous plants widely used for forage, soil improvement, and especially hay in southern United States
2453,bush_hibiscus Radyera_farragei Hibiscus_farragei,southern and western Australian shrub with unlobed or shallowly lobed toothed leaves and purple flowers; sometimes placed in genus Hibiscus
2454,bush_honeysuckle Diervilla_lonicera,spreading bush of northeastern United States having small clusters of fragrant green and yellow flowers
2455,bush_honeysuckle Diervilla_sessilifolia,bush honeysuckle of southeastern United States having large crowded clusters of sulfur-yellow flowers
2456,bush_honeysuckle Tartarian_honeysuckle Lonicera_tatarica,a honeysuckle shrub of southern Russia to central Asia
2457,bush_nasturtium Tropaeolum_minus,annual with deep yellow flowers smaller than the common garden nasturtium
2458,bush_pea,any of various plants of the genus Thermopsis having trifoliate leaves and yellow or purple racemose flowers
2459,bush_poppy tree_poppy,evergreen shrub of southwestern United States and Mexico often cultivated for its fragrant golden yellow flowers
2460,bush_vetch Vicia_sepium,European purple-flowered with slender stems; occurs as a weed in hedges
2461,bush_violet browallia,any of several herbs of the genus Browallia cultivated for their blue or violet or white flowers
2462,bush_willow Combretum_appiculatum,small deciduous tree of the Transvaal having spikes of yellow flowers
2463,bush_willow Combretum_erythrophyllum,small South African tree having creamy yellow fragrant flowers usually growing on stream banks
2464,bushman's_poison ordeal_tree Acocanthera_oppositifolia Acocanthera_venenata,evergreen shrub or tree of South Africa
2465,bushy_aster Aster_dumosus,stiff perennial of the eastern United States having small linear leaves and numerous tiny white flower heads
2466,butcher's_broom Ruscus_aculeatus,shrub with stiff flattened stems resembling leaves (cladophylls); used for making brooms
2467,butterbur bog_rhubarb Petasites_hybridus Petasites_vulgaris,small Eurasian herb having broad leaves and lilac-pink rayless flowers; found in moist areas
2468,buttercup butterflower butter-flower crowfoot goldcup kingcup,any of various plants of the genus Ranunculus
2469,buttercup_squash,plant bearing somewhat drum-shaped fruit having dark green rind with greyish markings
2470,butterfat,the fatty substance of milk from which butter is made
2471,butterfly_bush buddleia,tropical shrub having clusters of white or violet or yellow flowers
2472,butterfly_effect,the phenomenon whereby a small change at one place in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere, e.g., a butterfly flapping its wings in Rio de Janeiro might change the weather in Chicago
2473,butterfly_flower Bauhinia_monandra,shrub or small tree of Dutch Guiana having clusters of pink flowers streaked with purple
2474,butterfly_flower poor_man's_orchid schizanthus,any plant of the genus Schizanthus having finely divided leaves and showy variegated flowers
2475,butterfly_orchid,any orchid of the genus Psychopsis: spectacular large tiger-striped orchids
2476,butterfly_orchid Encyclia_tampensis Epidendrum_tampense,orchid of Florida and the Bahamas having showy brightly colored flowers; sometimes placed in genus Epidendrum
2477,butterfly_orchid butterfly_orchis Epidendrum_venosum Encyclia_venosa,Mexican epiphytic orchid having pale green or yellow-green flowers with white purple-veined lip
2478,butterfly_orchid butterfly_orchis Orchis_papilionaceae,Mediterranean orchid having usually purple flowers with a fan-shaped spotted or striped rose-red lip
2479,butterfly_pea Centrosema_virginianum,large-flowered weakly twining or prostrate vine of New Jersey to tropical eastern North America, sometimes cultivated for its purple and white flowers
2480,butterfly_pea Clitoria_mariana,large-flowered wild twining vine of southeastern and central United States having pale blue flowers
2481,butterfly_plant Phalaenopsis_amabilis,orchid having large elliptic to obovate fleshy leaves and fragrant pink-and-white flowers dotted with red
2482,butterfly_weed orange_milkweed chigger_flower chiggerflower pleurisy_root tuber_root Indian_paintbrush Asclepias_tuberosa,erect perennial of eastern and southern United States having showy orange flowers
2483,butternut,oily egg-shaped nut of an American tree of the walnut family
2484,butternut butternut_tree white_walnut Juglans_cinerea,North American walnut tree having light-brown wood and edible nuts; source of a light-brown dye
2485,butternut_squash Cucurbita_maxima,plant bearing buff-colored squash having somewhat bottle-shaped fruit with fine-textured edible flesh and a smooth thin rind
2486,butterweed,any of several yellow-flowered plants of the genus Packera; often placed in genus Senecio
2487,butterweed ragwort Senecio_glabellus,American ragwort with yellow flowers
2488,butterwort,any of numerous carnivorous bog plants of the genus Pinguicula having showy purple or yellow or white flowers and a rosette of basal leaves coated with a sticky secretion to trap small insects
2489,buttock cheek,either of the two large fleshy masses of muscular tissue that form the human rump
2490,buttocks nates arse butt backside bum buns can fundament hindquarters hind_end keister posterior prat rear rear_end rump stern seat tail tail_end tooshie tush bottom behind derriere fanny ass,the fleshy part of the human body that you sit on; "he deserves a good kick in the butt"; "are you going to sit on your fanny and do nothing?"
2491,button,any of various plant parts that resemble buttons
2492,button_fern Pellaea_rotundifolia,fern of New Zealand and Australia having trailing fronds with dark green buttonlike leaflets
2493,button_fern Tectaria_cicutaria,Jamaican fern having round buttonlike bulbils
2494,button_pink Dianthus_latifolius,much-branched pink with flowers in clusters; closely related to sweet William
2495,button_snakeroot Eryngium_aquaticum,coarse prickly perennial eryngo with aromatic roots; southeastern United States; often confused with rattlesnake master
2496,button_tree button_mangrove Conocarpus_erectus,evergreen tree or shrub with fruit resembling buttons and yielding heavy hard compact wood
2497,butyl,a hydrocarbon radical (C4H9)
2498,by-product byproduct,a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence
2499,bypass,a surgically created shunt (usually around a damaged part)
2500,cabbage cultivated_cabbage Brassica_oleracea,any of various cultivars of the genus Brassica oleracea grown for their edible leaves or flowers
2501,cabbage_bark cabbage-bark_tree cabbage_tree Andira_inermis,tree with shaggy unpleasant-smelling toxic bark and yielding strong durable wood; bark and seeds used as a purgative and vermifuge and narcotic
2502,cabbage_palm Euterpe_oleracea,Brazilian palm of genus Euterpe whose leaf buds are eaten like cabbage when young
2503,cabbage_palm Roystonea_oleracea,West Indian palm with leaf buds that are edible when young
2504,cabbage_palm cabbage_tree Livistona_australis,Australian palm with leaf buds that are edible when young
2505,cabbage_palmetto cabbage_palm Sabal_palmetto,low-growing fan-leaved palm of coastal southern United States having edible leaf buds
2506,cabbage_tree grass_tree Cordyline_australis,elegant tree having either a single trunk or a branching trunk each with terminal clusters of long narrow leaves and large panicles of fragrant white, yellow or red flowers; New Zealand
2507,cacao cacao_tree chocolate_tree Theobroma_cacao,tropical American tree producing cacao beans
2508,cacao_bean cocoa_bean,seed of the cacao tree; ground roasted beans are source of chocolate
2509,cacodyl cacodyl_group cacodyl_radical arsenic_group,the univalent group derived from arsine
2510,cactus,any succulent plant of the family Cactaceae native chiefly to arid regions of the New World and usually having spines
2511,cadaver corpse stiff clay remains,the dead body of a human being; "the cadaver was intended for dissection"; "the end of the police search was the discovery of a corpse"; "the murderer confessed that he threw the stiff in the river"; "honor comes to bless the turf that wraps their clay"
2512,calaba Santa_Maria_tree Calophyllum_calaba,West Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers and yielding a durable timber and resinous juice
2513,calabar-bean_vine Physostigma_venenosum,tropical African woody vine yielding calabar beans
2514,calabar_bean ordeal_bean,dark brown highly poisonous seed of the calabar-bean vine; source of physostigmine and used in native witchcraft
2515,calabash,round gourd of the calabash tree
2516,calabash calabash_tree Crescentia_cujete,tropical American evergreen that produces large round gourds
2517,caladenia,any of various orchids of the genus Caladenia
2518,caladium,any plant of the genus Caladium cultivated for their ornamental foliage variously patterned in white or pink or red
2519,calamint,perennial aromatic herbs growing in hedgerows or scrub or open woodlands from western Europe to central Asia and in North America
2520,calamus,any tropical Asian palm of the genus Calamus; light tough stems are a source of rattan canes
2521,calamus,the aromatic root of the sweet flag used medicinally
2522,calamus_oil,carcinogenic oil from calamus root used as a perfume
2523,calanthe,any of various showy orchids of the genus Calanthe having white or yellow or rose-colored flowers and broad leaves folded lengthwise
2524,calcarine_sulcus calcarine_fissure,a sulcus in the mesial surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
2525,calceolaria slipperwort,any garden plant of the genus Calceolaria having flowers with large inflated slipper-shaped lower lip
2526,calcification,a process that impregnates something with calcium (or calcium salts)
2527,calcination,the conversion of metals into their oxides as a result of heating to a high temperature
2528,calcium_ion factor_IV,ion of calcium; a factor in the clotting of blood
2529,calculus concretion,a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts; found in hollow organs or ducts of the body; "renal calculi can be very painful"
2530,calendula,any of numerous chiefly annual herbs of the genus Calendula widely cultivated for their yellow or orange flowers; often used for medicinal and culinary purposes
2531,calf sura,the muscular back part of the shank
2532,calisaya Cinchona_officinalis Cinchona_ledgeriana Cinchona_calisaya,Peruvian shrub or small tree having large glossy leaves and cymes of fragrant yellow to green or red flowers; cultivated for its medicinal bark
2533,calla_lily calla arum_lily Zantedeschia_aethiopica,South African plant widely cultivated for its showy pure white spathe and yellow spadix
2534,calliandra,any of various shrubs and small trees valued for their fine foliage and attractive spreading habit and clustered white to deep pink or red flowers
2535,calliopsis Coreopsis_tinctoria,North American annual widely cultivated for its yellow flowers with purple-red to brownish centers; in some classifications placed in a subgenus Calliopsis
2536,callus,(botany) an isolated thickening of tissue, especially a stiff protuberance on the lip of an orchid
2537,calm_air calm,wind moving at less than 1 knot; 0 on the Beaufort scale
2538,calmness,an absence of strong winds or rain
2539,caltrop devil's_weed Tribulus_terestris,tropical annual procumbent poisonous subshrub having fruit that splits into five spiny nutlets; serious pasture weed
2540,calvaria skullcap,the dome of the skull
2541,calving,giving birth to a calf
2542,calyculus caliculus calycle,a small cup-shaped structure (as a taste bud or optic cup or cavity of a coral containing a polyp)
2543,calypso fairy-slipper Calypso_bulbosa,rare north temperate bog orchid bearing a solitary white to pink flower marked with purple at the tip of an erect reddish stalk above 1 basal leaf
2544,calyptra,the hood or cap covering the calyx of certain plants: e.g., the California poppy
2545,camas camass quamash camosh camash,any of several plants of the genus Camassia; North and South America
2546,cambium,a formative one-cell layer of tissue between xylem and phloem in most vascular plants that is responsible for secondary growth
2547,camellia camelia,any of several shrubs or small evergreen trees having solitary white or pink or reddish flowers
2548,campanula bellflower,any of various plants of the genus Campanula having blue or white bell-shaped flowers
2549,camphor_daisy Haplopappus_phyllocephalus,annual of southern United States and Mexico having bristly leaves and pale yellow flowers
2550,camphor_dune_tansy Tanacetum_camphoratum,densely hairy plant with rayless flowers; San Francisco Bay area
2551,camphor_oil,oil distilled from camphor resin
2552,camphor_tree Cinnamomum_camphora,large evergreen tree of warm regions whose aromatic wood yields camphor
2553,campylotropous_ovule,a curved ovule with the micropyle almost touching the funiculus
2554,camwood African_sandalwood Baphia_nitida,small shrubby African tree with hard wood used as a dyewood yielding a red dye
2555,canal,(astronomy) an indistinct surface feature of Mars once thought to be a system of channels; they are now believed to be an optical illusion
2556,canal_of_Schlemm Schlemm's_canal sinus_venosus_sclerae,a circular canal in the eye that drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye into the anterior ciliary veins
2557,canaliculus,a small canal or duct as in some bones and parts of plants
2558,canary_grass birdseed_grass Phalaris_canariensis,Canary Islands grass; seeds used as feed for caged birds
2559,canarybird_flower canarybird_vine canary_creeper Tropaeolum_peregrinum,a climber having flowers that are the color of canaries
2560,cancerweed cancer_weed Salvia_lyrata,sage of eastern United States
2561,candelilla Euphorbia_antisyphilitica,wax-coated shrub of northern Mexico and southwestern United States
2562,candelilla Pedilanthus_bracteatus Pedilanthus_pavonis,wax-coated Mexican shrub related to Euphorbia antisyphilitica
2563,candelilla_wax,a hard brown wax that occurs as a coating on candelilla shrubs
2564,candidiasis moniliasis monilia_disease,an infection caused by fungi of the genus Monilia or Candida (especially Candida albicans)
2565,candlelight candle_flame,the light provided by a burning candle
2566,candlenut,seed of candlenut tree; source of soil used in varnishes
2567,candlenut varnish_tree Aleurites_moluccana,large tree native to southeastern Asia; the nuts yield oil used in varnishes; nut kernels strung together are used locally as candles
2568,candlewood,any of several resinous trees or shrubs often burned for light
2569,candytuft,any of various flowering plants of the genus Iberis cultivated for their showy clusters of white to red or purple flowers; native to Mediterranean region
2570,cane,a strong slender often flexible stem as of bamboos, reeds, rattans, or sugar cane
2571,cane_sugar,sucrose obtained from sugar cane
2572,canella canella_bark white_cinnamon,highly aromatic inner bark of the Canella winterana used as a condiment and a tonic
2573,canine canine_tooth eyetooth eye_tooth dogtooth cuspid,one of the four pointed conical teeth (two in each jaw) located between the incisors and the premolars
2574,canistel canistel_tree Pouteria_campechiana_nervosa,tropical tree of Florida and West Indies yielding edible fruit
2575,canistel eggfruit,ovoid orange-yellow mealy sweet fruit of Florida and West Indies
2576,canna,any plant of the genus Canna having large sheathing leaves and clusters of large showy flowers
2577,canna_lily Canna_generalis,plants grown for their large bright yellow to red flowers
2578,cannabis hemp,any plant of the genus Cannabis; a coarse bushy annual with palmate leaves and clusters of small green flowers; yields tough fibers and narcotic drugs
2579,cannon shank,lower part of the leg extending from the hock to the fetlock in hoofed mammals
2580,cannon_bone,greatly developed metatarsal or metacarpal bone in the shank or cannon part of the leg in hoofed mammals
2581,canola_oil canola,vegetable oil made from rapeseed; it is high in monounsaturated fatty acids
2582,cantaloup cantaloupe,the fruit of a cantaloup vine; small to medium-sized melon with yellowish flesh
2583,cantaloupe cantaloup cantaloupe_vine cantaloup_vine Cucumis_melo_cantalupensis,a variety of muskmelon vine having fruit with a tan rind and orange flesh
2584,canyon_oak canyon_live_oak maul_oak iron_oak Quercus_chrysolepis,medium-sized evergreen of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico with oblong leathery often spiny-edged leaves
2585,cap pileus,a fruiting structure resembling an umbrella or a cone that forms the top of a stalked fleshy fungus such as a mushroom
2586,capacitance electrical_capacity capacity,an electrical phenomenon whereby an electric charge is stored
2587,cape_aloe Aloe_ferox,much-branched South African plant with reddish prickly succulent leaves
2588,cape_forget-me-not Anchusa_capensis,anchusa of southern Africa having blue flowers with white throats
2589,cape_forget-me-not Anchusa_riparia,anchusa of southern Africa having blue to red-purple flowers
2590,cape_gooseberry purple_ground_cherry Physalis_peruviana,annual of tropical South America having edible purple fruits
2591,cape_jasmine cape_jessamine Gardenia_jasminoides Gardenia_augusta,evergreen shrub widely cultivated for its large fragrant waxlike white flowers and glossy leaves
2592,cape_marigold sun_marigold star_of_the_veldt,any of several South African plants grown for the profusion of usually yellow daisylike flowers and mounds of aromatic foliage
2593,cape_yellowwood African_yellowwood Podocarpus_elongatus,South African tree or shrub having a rounded crown
2594,caper,any of numerous plants of the genus Capparis
2595,caper_spurge myrtle_spurge mole_plant Euphorbia_lathyris,poisonous Old World spurge; adventive in America; seeds yield a purgative oil
2596,caper_tree Jamaica_caper_tree Capparis_cynophallophora,shrub of southern Florida to West Indies
2597,caper_tree bay-leaved_caper Capparis_flexuosa,shrub or small tree of southern Florida to Central and South America
2598,capillarity capillary_action,a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries
2599,capillary capillary_vessel,any of the minute blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules
2600,capillary_bed,a layer of tissue densely packed with capillaries
2601,capitate capitate_bone os_capitatum,the wrist bone with a rounded head shape that articulates with the 3rd metacarpus
2602,capitulum head,a dense cluster of flowers or foliage; "a head of cauliflower"; "a head of lettuce"
2603,caprifig Ficus_carica_sylvestris,wild variety of the common fig used to facilitate pollination of certain figs
2604,capsicum pepper capsicum_pepper_plant,any of various tropical plants of the genus Capsicum bearing peppers
2605,capsid,the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
2606,capsule,a dry dehiscent seed vessel or the spore-containing structure of e.g. mosses
2607,capsule,a structure that encloses a body part
2608,capture,a process whereby a star or planet holds an object in its gravitational field
2609,capture,any process in which an atomic or nuclear system acquires an additional particle
2610,capulin Mexican_black_cherry,Mexican black cherry
2611,capulin capulin_tree Prunus_capuli,Mexican black cherry tree having edible fruit
2612,caracolito Ruptiliocarpon_caracolito,large Costa Rican tree having light-colored wood suitable for cabinetry; similar to the African lepidobotrys in wood structure as well as in fruit and flowers and leaves and seeds; often classified in other families
2613,carambola carambola_tree Averrhoa_carambola,East Indian tree bearing deeply ridged yellow-brown fruit
2614,carambola star_fruit,deeply ridged yellow-brown tropical fruit; used raw as a vegetable or in salad or when fully ripe as a dessert
2615,caranday caranda caranda_palm wax_palm Copernicia_australis Copernicia_alba,South American palm yielding a wax similar to carnauba wax
2616,carapace shell cuticle shield,hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles
2617,caraway Carum_carvi,a Eurasian plant with small white flowers yielding caraway seed
2618,carbohydrate saccharide sugar,an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain
2619,carbon_cycle,a thermonuclear reaction in the interior of stars
2620,carbon_cycle,the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
2621,carbonation,saturation with carbon dioxide (as soda water)
2622,carbonization carbonisation,the destructive distillation of coal (as in coke ovens)
2623,carbonyl_group,the bivalent radical CO
2624,carboxyl carboxyl_group,the univalent radical -COOH; present in and characteristic of organic acids
2625,carboxymethyl_cellulose,an acid derivative of cellulose
2626,carcase carcass,the dead body of an animal especially one slaughtered and dressed for food
2627,cardamom cardamon Elettaria_cardamomum,rhizomatous herb of India having aromatic seeds used as seasoning
2628,cardia,the opening into the stomach and that part of the stomach connected to the esophagus
2629,cardiac_muscle heart_muscle,the muscle tissue of the heart; adapted to continued rhythmic contraction
2630,cardiac_plexus plexus_cardiacus,a plexus of nerves supplying the heart and nearby structures
2631,cardiac_sphincter,the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach; the physiological sphincter at the esophagogastric junction
2632,cardinal_flower Indian_pink Lobelia_cardinalis,North American lobelia having brilliant red flowers
2633,cardinal_vein,any of the major venous channels in primitive adult vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates
2634,cardoon Cynara_cardunculus,southern European plant having spiny leaves and purple flowers cultivated for its edible leafstalks and roots
2635,caressing cuddling fondling hugging kissing necking petting smooching snuggling,affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)
2636,carib_wood Sabinea_carinalis,small Dominican tree bearing masses of large crimson flowers before the fine pinnate foliage emerges
2637,caricature_plant Graptophyllum_pictum,tropical Old World shrub having purple or red tubular flowers and leaf markings resembling the profile of a human face
2638,carina,any of various keel-shaped structures or ridges such as that on the breastbone of a bird or that formed by the fused petals of a pea blossom
2639,carina_fornicis,ridge on the lower surface of the fornix of the brain
2640,carissa,a shrub of the genus Carissa having fragrant white flowers and plumlike red to purple-black fruits
2641,carissa_plum natal_plum,edible scarlet plumlike fruit of a South African plant
2642,carline_thistle,a thistle of the genus Carlina
2643,carnal_abuse,any lascivious contact by an adult with the sexual organs of a child (especially not involving sexual intercourse)
2644,carnassial_tooth,the last upper premolar and first lower molar teeth of a carnivore; having sharp edges for cutting flesh
2645,carnation clove_pink gillyflower Dianthus_caryophyllus,Eurasian plant with pink to purple-red spice-scented usually double flowers; widely cultivated in many varieties and many colors
2646,carnauba carnauba_palm wax_palm Copernicia_prunifera Copernicia_cerifera,Brazilian fan palm having an edible root; source of a useful leaf fiber and a brittle yellowish wax
2647,carnauba_wax carnauba,hard yellowish to brownish wax from leaves of the carnauba palm used especially in floor waxes and polishes
2648,carnivorous_plant,plants adapted to attract and capture and digest primarily insects but also other small animals
2649,carob carob_bean algarroba_bean algarroba locust_bean locust_pod,long pod containing small beans and sweetish edible pulp; used as animal feed and source of a chocolate substitute
2650,carob carob_tree carob_bean_tree algarroba Ceratonia_siliqua,evergreen Mediterranean tree with edible pods; the biblical carob
2651,carotid_artery arteria_carotis,either of two major arteries of the neck and head; branches from the aorta
2652,carotid_body,a chemoreceptor located near the bifurcations of the carotid arteries; monitors oxygen content of the blood and helps control respiration
2653,carotid_plexus plexus_caroticus,a plexus of nerves surrounding the internal carotid artery
2654,carpal_bone carpal wrist_bone,any of the eight small bones of the wrist of primates
2655,carpal_tunnel,a passageway in the wrist through which nerves and the flexor muscles of the hands pass
2656,carpel,a simple pistil or one element of a compound pistil
2657,carpenteria Carpenteria_californica,California evergreen shrub having glossy opposite leaves and terminal clusters of a few fragrant white flowers
2658,carpet,a natural object that resembles or suggests a carpet; "a carpet of flowers"; "the larvae of some moths spin a web that resembles a carpet"
2659,carpetweed Indian_chickweed Molluga_verticillata,annual prostrate mat-forming weed having whorled leaves and small greenish-white flowers; widespread throughout North America
2660,carpophore,a slender stalk that furnishes an axis for a carpel
2661,carpospore,a nonmotile spore of red algae
2662,carriage_return,the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed as the first character on a line
2663,carrier_wave carrier,a radio wave that can be modulated in order to transmit a signal
2664,carrion,the dead and rotting body of an animal; unfit for human food
2665,carrot,deep orange edible root of the cultivated carrot plant
2666,carrot cultivated_carrot Daucus_carota_sativa,perennial plant widely cultivated as an annual in many varieties for its long conical orange edible roots; temperate and tropical regions
2667,cartilage gristle,tough elastic tissue; mostly converted to bone in adults
2668,cartilage_bone,any bone that develops within cartilage rather than a fibrous tissue
2669,cartilaginous_structure,body structure given shape by cartilage
2670,cartilaginous_tube,a duct with cartilaginous walls
2671,caruncle caruncula,an outgrowth on a plant or animal such as a fowl's wattle or a protuberance near the hilum of certain seeds
2672,caryophyllaceous_plant,a plant of the family Caryophyllaceae
2673,casaba casaba_melon,melon having yellowish rind and whitish flesh
2674,cascade,a small waterfall or series of small waterfalls
2675,cascade_everlasting Ozothamnus_secundiflorus Helichrysum_secundiflorum,shrub with white woolly branches and woolly leaves having fragrant flowers forming long sprays; flowers suitable for drying; sometimes placed in genus Helichrysum
2676,cascade_penstemon Penstemon_serrulatus,whorls of deep blue to dark purple flowers at tips of erect leafy stems; moist places from British Columbia to Oregon
2677,cascara cascara_sagrada chittam_bark chittem_bark,dried bark of the cascara buckthorn used as a laxative
2678,cascara_buckthorn bearberry bearwood chittamwood chittimwood Rhamnus_purshianus,shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada
2679,cascarilla Croton_eluteria,West Indian shrub with aromatic bark
2680,cascarilla_bark eleuthera_bark sweetwood_bark,aromatic bark of cascarilla; used as a tonic and for making incense
2681,casein,a milk protein used in making e.g. plastics and adhesives
2682,cashew cashew_nut,kidney-shaped nut edible only when roasted
2683,cashew cashew_tree Anacardium_occidentale,tropical American evergreen tree bearing kidney-shaped nuts that are edible only when roasted
2684,caspase,any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis
2685,cassava casava,any of several plants of the genus Manihot having fleshy roots yielding a nutritious starch
2686,cassava cassava_starch manioc manioca,a starch made by leaching and drying the root of the cassava plant; the source of tapioca; a staple food in the tropics
2687,cassava manioc,cassava root eaten as a staple food after drying and leaching; source of tapioca
2688,cassia,any of various trees or shrubs of the genus Cassia having pinnately compound leaves and usually yellow flowers followed by long seedpods
2689,cassia cassia-bark_tree Cinnamomum_cassia,Chinese tree with aromatic bark; yields a less desirable cinnamon than Ceylon cinnamon
2690,cassia_bark Chinese_cinnamon,aromatic bark of the cassia-bark tree; less desirable as a spice than Ceylon cinnamon bark
2691,castor-oil_plant castor_bean_plant palma_christi palma_christ Ricinus_communis,large shrub of tropical Africa and Asia having large palmate leaves and spiny capsules containing seeds that are the source of castor oil and ricin; widely naturalized throughout the tropics
2692,castor_bean,the toxic seed of the castor-oil plant; source of castor oil
2693,casuarina,any of various trees and shrubs of the genus Casuarina having jointed stems and whorls of scalelike leaves; some yield heavy hardwood
2694,cat's-claw catclaw black_bead Pithecellobium_unguis-cati,erect shrub with small if any spines having racemes of white to yellow flowers followed by curved pointed pods and black shiny seeds; West Indies and Florida
2695,cat's-ear,any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having flowers with petals shaped like cat's ears
2696,cat's-ear California_dandelion capeweed gosmore Hypochaeris_radicata,European weed widely naturalized in North America having yellow flower heads and leaves resembling a cat's ears
2697,cat's_foot cat's_feet pussytoes Antennaria_dioica,low-growing perennial herb having leaves with whitish down and clusters of small white flowers
2698,cat_thyme marum Teucrium_marum,Mediterranean germander having small hairy leaves and reddish purple flowers; attractive to cats
2699,catabiosis,normal aging of cells
2700,catabolism katabolism dissimilation destructive_metabolism,breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy
2701,catalase,enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water
2702,catalpa Indian_bean,tree of the genus Catalpa with large leaves and white flowers followed by long slender pods
2703,catalysis contact_action,acceleration of a chemical reaction induced the presence of material that is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction; "of the top 50 commodity chemicals, 30 are created directly by catalysis and another 6 are made from raw materials that are catalytically produced"
2704,catananche,any of several plants of the genus Catananche having long-stalked heads of blue or yellow flowers
2705,cataphyll,a reduced or scarcely developed leaf at the start of a plant's life (i.e., cotyledons) or in the early stages of leaf development
2706,cataract,a large waterfall; violent rush of water over a precipice
2707,catastrophe cataclysm,a sudden violent change in the earth's surface
2708,catechu Jerusalem_thorn Acacia_catechu,East Indian spiny tree having twice-pinnate leaves and yellow flowers followed by flat pods; source of black catechu
2709,catgut goat's_rue wild_sweet_pea Tephrosia_virginiana,perennial subshrub of eastern North America having downy leaves yellowish and rose flowers and; source of rotenone
2710,cathode_ray,a beam of electrons emitted by the cathode of an electrical discharge tube
2711,cation,a positively charged ion
2712,catkin ament,a cylindrical spikelike inflorescence
2713,catmint catnip Nepeta_cataria,hairy aromatic perennial herb having whorls of small white purple-spotted flowers in a terminal spike; used in the past as a domestic remedy; strongly attractive to cats
2714,cattley_guava purple_strawberry_guava Psidium_cattleianum Psidium_littorale_longipes,small tropical shrubby tree bearing deep red oval fruit
2715,cattleya,any orchid of the genus Cattleya characterized by a three-lobed lip enclosing the column; among the most popular and most extravagantly beautiful orchids known
2716,cauda,any taillike structure
2717,caudal_appendage,tail especially of a mammal posterior to and above the anus
2718,caudate_nucleus caudate,a tail-shaped basal ganglion located in a lateral ventricle of the brain
2719,caudex,woody stem of palms and tree ferns
2720,caul veil embryonic_membrane,the inner membrane of embryos in higher vertebrates (especially when covering the head at birth)
2721,cauliflower Brassica_oleracea_botrytis,a plant having a large edible head of crowded white flower buds
2722,cauliflower_ear,an auricle deformed by injury; common among boxers
2723,cavernous_sinus sinus_cavernosus,either of a pair of large venous sinuses in the cranial cavity
2724,cavity bodily_cavity cavum,(anatomy) a natural hollow or sinus within the body
2725,cavity caries dental_caries tooth_decay,soft decayed area in a tooth; progressive decay can lead to the death of a tooth
2726,cayenne cayenne_pepper chili_pepper chilli_pepper long_pepper jalapeno Capsicum_annuum_longum,plant bearing very hot and finely tapering long peppers; usually red
2727,cecum caecum blind_gut,the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens; "the appendix is an offshoot of the cecum"
2728,cedar cedar_tree,any of numerous trees of the family Cupressaceae that resemble cedars
2729,cedar cedar_tree true_cedar,any cedar of the genus Cedrus
2730,cedar_elm Ulmus_crassifolia,elm of southern United States and Mexico having spreading pendulous corky branches
2731,cedar_of_Lebanon Cedrus_libani,cedar of Lebanon and northwestern Syria that attains great age and height
2732,ceibo crybaby_tree cry-baby_tree common_coral_tree Erythrina_crista-galli,small South American spiny tree with dark crimson and scarlet flowers solitary or clustered
2733,celandine greater_celandine swallowwort swallow_wort Chelidonium_majus,perennial herb with branched woody stock and bright yellow flowers
2734,celandine_poppy wood_poppy Stylophorum_diphyllum,perennial herb native to woodland of the eastern United States having yellow flowers
2735,celeriac celery_root knob_celery root_celery turnip-rooted_celery Apium_graveolens_rapaceum,grown for its thickened edible aromatic root
2736,celery cultivated_celery Apium_graveolens_dulce,widely cultivated herb with aromatic leaf stalks that are eaten raw or cooked
2737,celery_pine,Australasian evergreen conifer having a graceful head of foliage resembling celery that is composed of phyllodes borne in the axils of scalelike leaves
2738,celery_top_pine celery-topped_pine Phyllocladus_asplenifolius,medium tall celery pine of Tasmania
2739,celestial_body heavenly_body,natural objects visible in the sky
2740,celiac_trunk celiac_artery truncus_celiacus arteria_celiaca,an artery that originates from the abdominal aorta just below the diaphragm and branches into the left gastric artery and the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery
2741,cell-mediated_immune_response,an immune response (chiefly against viral or fungal invasions or transplanted tissue) that involves T cells
2742,cell_division cellular_division,the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells
2743,cell_membrane cytomembrane plasma_membrane,a thin membrane (a double layer of lipids) enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell; proteins in the membrane control passage of ions (like sodium or potassium or calcium) in and out of the cell; "all cells have a cell membrane"
2744,cellulite,lumpy deposits of body fat especially on women's thighs etc.
2745,cellulose,a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers
2746,celom coelom celoma,a cavity in the mesoderm of an embryo that gives rise in humans to the pleural cavity and pericardial cavity and peritoneal cavity
2747,celtuce stem_lettuce Lactuca_sativa_asparagina,lettuce valued especially for its edible stems
2748,cembra_nut cedar_nut,the seed of the Swiss pine
2749,cenogenesis kenogenesis caenogenesis cainogenesis kainogenesis,introduction during embryonic development of characters or structure not present in the earlier evolutionary history of the strain or species (such as the addition of the placenta in mammalian evolution)
2750,centaury,any of various plants of the genus Centaurium
2751,centaury,any plant of the genus Centaurea
2752,center centre nerve_center nerve_centre,a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process; "in most people the speech center is in the left hemisphere"
2753,central_artery_of_the_retina arteria_centralis_retinae,a branch of the ophthalmic artery; enters the eyeball with the optic nerve
2754,central_gyrus,either of two gyri on either side of the central sulcus
2755,central_nervous_system CNS systema_nervosum_centrale,the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
2756,central_vein_of_retina vena_centrales_retinae,vein formed by the union of the retinal veins; accompanies central arteries of the retina in the optic nerve
2757,central_vein_of_suprarenal_gland vena_centralis_glandulae_suprarenalis,a single draining vein; on the right it empties into the inferior vena cava; on the left it empties into the left renal vein
2758,central_veins_of_liver venae_centrales_hepatis,terminal branches of the hepatic veins that lie in the hepatic lobules and receive blood from the liver sinusoids
2759,centrifugal_force,the outward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body
2760,centrifugation,the process of separating substances of different densities by the use of a centrifuge
2761,centriole,one of a pair of small cylindrical cell organelles near the nucleus in animal cells; composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis
2762,centripetal_force,the inward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body
2763,centromere kinetochore,a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape; "the centromere is difficult to sequence"
2764,centrum,the main body of a vertebra
2765,cephalic_vein vena_cephalica,a large vein of the arm that empties into the axillary vein
2766,ceras,one of the often brightly colored and branching hornlike structures on the back of the nudibranch (and other related mollusks) that serve as gills
2767,ceratozamia,a small cycad of the genus Ceratozamia having a short scaly woody trunk and fernlike foliage and woody cones; Mexico
2768,cere,the fleshy, waxy covering at the base of the upper beak of some birds
2769,cereal cereal_grass,grass whose starchy grains are used as food: wheat; rice; rye; oats; maize; buckwheat; millet
2770,cereal_oat Avena_sativa,widely cultivated in temperate regions for its edible grains
2771,cerebellar_artery arteria_cerebelli,an artery that supplies the cerebellum
2772,cerebellar_hemisphere,either of two lateral lobes of the cerebellum
2773,cerebellar_vein vena_cerebellum,the veins draining the cerebellum
2774,cerebellum,a major division of the vertebrate brain; situated above the medulla oblongata and beneath the cerebrum in humans
2775,cerebral_aqueduct Sylvian_aqueduct aqueductus_cerebri,a canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles
2776,cerebral_artery arteria_cerebri,any of the arteries supplying blood to the cerebral cortex
2777,cerebral_cortex cerebral_mantle pallium cortex,the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum
2778,cerebral_vein vena_cerebri,any of several veins serving the cerebral hemispheres of the brain
2779,cerebrum,anterior portion of the brain consisting of two hemispheres; dominant part of the brain in humans
2780,ceresin,a white wax extracted from ozokerite
2781,ceriman Monstera_deliciosa,tropical American vine having roots that hang like cords and cylindrical fruit with a pineapple and banana flavor
2782,ceriman monstera,tropical cylindrical fruit resembling a pinecone with pineapple-banana flavor
2783,cerumen earwax,a soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal
2784,cervical_artery areteria_cervicalis,an artery that supplies the muscles of the neck
2785,cervical_canal canalis_cervicis_uteri,a spindle-shaped canal extending from the uterus to the vagina
2786,cervical_glands cervical_glands_of_the_uterus glandulae_cervicales_uteri,mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix
2787,cervical_nerve,any of eight pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the cervical section of the spinal cord
2788,cervical_plexus plexus_cervicalis,a nerve plexus lying beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle
2789,cervical_smear Pap_smear Papanicolaou_smear,a sample of secretions and superficial cells of the uterine cervix and uterus; examined with a microscope to detect any abnormal cells
2790,cervical_vein deep_cervical_vein vena_cervicalis_profunda,a vein that accompanies an artery of the same name
2791,cervical_vertebra neck_bone,one of 7 vertebrae in the human spine located in the neck region
2792,cervix uterine_cervix cervix_uteri,necklike opening to the uterus
2793,chaenactis,any of several United States plants having long stalks of funnel-shaped white or yellow flowers
2794,chaeta,a stiff chitinous seta or bristle especially of an annelid worm
2795,chafeweed wood_cudweed Gnaphalium_sylvaticum,weedy perennial of north temperate regions having woolly foliage and dirty white flowers in a leafy spike
2796,chaffweed bastard_pimpernel false_pimpernel,weedy plant having short dry chafflike leaves
2797,chain chemical_chain,(chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule)
2798,chain_fern,a fern of the genus Woodwardia having the sori in chainlike rows
2799,chain_reaction,a self-sustaining nuclear reaction; a series of nuclear fissions in which neutrons released by splitting one atom leads to the splitting of others
2800,chain_reaction,a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is a reactant in the next
2801,chalaza,basal part of a plant ovule opposite the micropyle; where integument and nucellus are joined
2802,chalaza,one of two spiral bands of tissue connecting the egg yolk to the enclosing membrane at either end of the shell
2803,chalice_vine trumpet_flower cupflower Solandra_guttata,Mexican evergreen climbing plant having large solitary funnel-shaped fragrant yellow flowers with purple-brown ridges in the throat
2804,chamber,an enclosed volume in the body; "the chambers of his heart were healthy"
2805,chamois_cress Pritzelago_alpina Lepidium_alpina,small tufted perennial herb of mountains of central and southern Europe having very small flowers of usually leafless stems; sometimes placed in genus Lepidium
2806,chamomile camomile Chamaemelum_nobilis Anthemis_nobilis,Eurasian plant with apple-scented foliage and white-rayed flowers and feathery leaves used medicinally; in some classification systems placed in genus Anthemis
2807,chanar chanal Geoffroea_decorticans,thorny shrub or small tree common in central Argentina having small orange or yellow flowers followed by edible berries
2808,change,a thing that is different; "he inspected several changes before selecting one"
2809,change,the result of alteration or modification; "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs"; "there had been no change in the mountains"
2810,channel,a deep and relatively narrow body of water (as in a river or a harbor or a strait linking two larger bodies) that allows the best passage for vessels; "the ship went aground in the channel"
2811,chaos,the formless and disordered state of matter before the creation of the cosmos
2812,chaparral_mallow Malacothamnus_fasciculatus Sphaeralcea_fasciculata,shrub of coastal ranges of California and Baja California having hairy branches and spikes of numerous mauve flowers; sometimes placed in genus Sphaeralcea
2813,chaparral_pea stingaree-bush Pickeringia_montana,spiny evergreen xerophytic shrub having showy rose and purple flowers and forming dense thickets; of dry rocky mountain slopes of California
2814,chard Swiss_chard spinach_beet leaf_beet chard_plant Beta_vulgaris_cicla,beet lacking swollen root; grown as a vegetable for its edible leaves and stalks
2815,charge electric_charge,the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons; "the battery needed a fresh charge"
2816,charm_quark,a quark with an electric charge of +2/3 and a mass 2900 times that of an electron and a charm of +1
2817,chatter_mark,marks on a glaciated rock caused by the movement of a glacier
2818,chaulmoogra chaulmoogra_tree chaulmugra Hydnocarpus_kurzii Taraktagenos_kurzii Taraktogenos_kurzii,East Indian tree with oily seeds yield chaulmoogra oil used to treat leprosy
2819,chaulmoogra_oil,an oil from chaulmoogra trees; used in treatment of skin diseases and leprosy
2820,checkerbloom wild_hollyhock Sidalcea_malviflora,perennial purple-flowered wild mallow of western North America that is also cultivated
2821,cheddar_pink Diangus_gratianopolitanus,mat-forming perennial of central Europe with large fragrant pink or red flowers
2822,cheek,either side of the face below the eyes
2823,cheek_muscle buccinator_muscle musculus_buccinator,a muscle that flattens the cheek and retracts the angle of the mouth
2824,cheek_pouch,a membranous pouch inside the mouth of many rodents (as a gopher)
2825,cheekbone zygomatic_bone zygomatic malar malar_bone jugal_bone os_zygomaticum,the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek
2826,chelation,(medicine) the process of removing a heavy metal from the bloodstream by means of a chelate as in treating lead or mercury poisoning
2827,chelation,the process of forming a ring by forming one or more hydrogen bonds
2828,chelicera,either of the first pair of fang-like appendages near the mouth of an arachnid; often modified for grasping and piercing
2829,chemical_bond bond,an electrical force linking atoms
2830,chemical_energy,that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction
2831,chemical_equilibrium equilibrium,a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates
2832,chemical_phenomenon,any natural phenomenon involving chemistry (as changes to atoms or molecules)
2833,chemical_process chemical_change chemical_action,(chemistry) any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved
2834,chemical_reaction reaction,(chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others; "there was a chemical reaction of the lime with the ground water"
2835,chemiluminescence,luminescence resulting from a chemical reaction as the oxidation of luciferin in fireflies
2836,chemisorption chemosorption,adsorption (especially when irreversible) by means of chemical instead of physical forces; "chemisorption of gaseous nitrogen on iron catalysts"
2837,chemoreceptor,a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli
2838,chemosynthesis,synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water; limited to certain bacteria and fungi
2839,chemotaxis,movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus
2840,cherimoya cherimolla,large tropical fruit with leathery skin and soft pulp; related to custard apples
2841,cherimoya cherimoya_tree Annona_cherimola,small tropical American tree bearing round or oblong fruit
2842,cherry,a red fruit with a single hard stone
2843,cherry cherry_tree,any of numerous trees and shrubs producing a small fleshy round fruit with a single hard stone; many also produce a valuable hardwood
2844,cherry_laurel laurel_cherry Prunus_laurocerasus,frequently cultivated Eurasian evergreen shrub or small tree having showy clusters of white flowers and glossy foliage and yielding oil similar to bitter almond oil
2845,cherry_laurel laurel_cherry mock_orange wild_orange Prunus_caroliniana,small flowering evergreen tree of southern United States
2846,cherry_pepper Capsicum_annuum_cerasiforme,plant bearing small rounded usually pungent fruits
2847,cherry_plum myrobalan myrobalan_plum Prunus_cerasifera,small Asiatic tree bearing edible red or yellow fruit
2848,cherry_stone,the stone seed of a cherry
2849,cherry_tomato Lycopersicon_esculentum_cerasiforme,plant bearing small red to yellow fruit
2850,chervil beaked_parsley Anthriscus_cereifolium,aromatic annual Old World herb cultivated for its finely divided and often curly leaves for use especially in soups and salads
2851,chess cheat Bromus_secalinus,weedy annual native to Europe but widely distributed as a weed especially in wheat
2852,chest_cavity thoracic_cavity,the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
2853,chestnut,edible nut of any of various chestnut trees of the genus Castanea
2854,chestnut chestnut_tree,any of several attractive deciduous trees yellow-brown in autumn; yield a hard wood and edible nuts in a prickly bur
2855,chestnut_oak,an oak having leaves resembling those of chestnut trees
2856,chiasma chiasm decussation,an intersection or crossing of two tracts in the form of the letter X
2857,chichipe Lemaireocereus_chichipe,tall treelike Mexican cactus with edible red fruit
2858,chickasaw_plum hog_plum hog_plum_bush Prunus_angustifolia,small native American shrubby tree bearing small edible yellow to reddish fruit
2859,chickpea chickpea_plant Egyptian_pea Cicer_arietinum,Asiatic herb cultivated for its short pods with one or two edible seeds
2860,chickpea garbanzo,the seed of the chickpea plant
2861,chickweed,any of various plants of the genus Stellaria
2862,chickweed_phlox sand_phlox Phlox_bifida Phlox_stellaria,low mat-forming herb of rocky places in United States
2863,chicory chicory_root,the dried root of the chicory plant: used as a coffee substitute
2864,chicory succory chicory_plant Cichorium_intybus,perennial Old World herb having rayed flower heads with blue florets cultivated for its root and its heads of crisp edible leaves used in salads
2865,chignon,a roll of hair worn at the nape of the neck
2866,child's_body,the body of a human child
2867,childbirth childbearing accouchement vaginal_birth,the parturition process in human beings; having a baby; the process of giving birth to a child
2868,chimney_plant chimney_bellflower Campanula_pyramidalis,bellflower of southeastern Europe
2869,chin mentum,the protruding part of the lower jaw
2870,china_pink rainbow_pink Dianthus_chinensis,Chinese pink with deeply toothed rose-lilac flowers with a purplish eye; usually raised as an annual
2871,chinaberry chinaberry_tree China_tree Persian_lilac pride-of-India azederach azedarach Melia_azederach Melia_azedarach,tree of northern India and China having purple blossoms and small inedible yellow fruits; naturalized in the southern United States as a shade tree
2872,chincapin chinkapin chinquapin,small nut of either of two small chestnut trees of the southern United States; resembles a hazelnut
2873,chincherinchee wonder_flower Ornithogalum_thyrsoides,South African perennial with long-lasting spikes of white blossoms that are shipped in to Europe and America for use as winter cut flowers
2874,chine,backbone of an animal
2875,chinese_mustard indian_mustard leaf_mustard gai_choi Brassica_juncea,Asiatic mustard used as a potherb
2876,chinook chinook_wind snow_eater,a warm dry wind blowing down the eastern slopes of the Rockies
2877,chinquapin_oak chinkapin_oak yellow_chestnut_oak Quercus_muehlenbergii,medium-sized deciduous tree of the eastern United States that yields a strong durable wood
2878,chitin,a tough semitransparent horny substance; the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of certain fungi
2879,chives chive cive schnittlaugh Allium_schoenoprasum,perennial having hollow cylindrical leaves used for seasoning
2880,chlamydospore,thick-walled asexual resting spore of certain fungi and algae
2881,chlorenchyma,parenchyma whose cells contain chloroplasts
2882,chlorination,the addition or substitution of chlorine in organic compounds
2883,chokecherry,the fruit of the chokecherry tree
2884,chokecherry chokecherry_tree Prunus_virginiana,a common wild cherry of eastern North America having small bitter black berries favored by birds
2885,cholinesterase,an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid)
2886,cholla Opuntia_cholla,arborescent cacti having very spiny cylindrical stem segments; southwestern United States and Mexico
2887,chondrin,a substance that resembles gelatin and is obtained by boiling cartilage in water
2888,chondrite,a rock of meteoric origin containing chondrules
2889,chop,a jaw; "I'll hit him on the chops"
2890,chop,the irregular motion of waves (usually caused by wind blowing in a direction opposite to the tide); "the boat headed into the chop"
2891,chop-suey_greens tong_ho shun_giku Chrysanthemum_coronarium_spatiosum,grown for its succulent edible leaves used in Asian cooking
2892,chopper pearly,informal terms for a human `tooth'
2893,choppiness roughness rough_water,used of the sea during inclement or stormy weather
2894,chordamesoderm chordomesoderm,the area of mesoderm that forms the notochord
2895,chorioallantois chorioallantoic_membrane,the very vascular fetal membrane composed of the fused chorion and adjacent wall of the allantois
2896,chorion,the outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo in higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)
2897,chorionic_villus,one of the tiny villi that stick out of the fetal chorion and combine with the mother's uterine tissue to form the placenta
2898,choroid choroid_coat,a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera; a dark pigmentation minimizes the scattering of light inside the eye
2899,choroid_plexus plexus_choroideus,a vascular plexus of the cerebral ventricles that regulate intraventricular pressure
2900,choroid_vein vena_choroidea,either of two veins serving the choroid coat of the eye
2901,choroidal_artery arteria_choroidea,an artery that supplies the choroid plexus
2902,christella,any of several tropical ferns of the genus Christella having thin brittle fronds
2903,chromatic_aberration,an optical aberration in which the image has colored fringes
2904,chromatography,a process used for separating mixtures by virtue of differences in absorbency
2905,chromoblastomycosis,a fungal infection characterized by itchy warty nodules on the skin
2906,chromophore,the chemical group that gives color to a molecule
2907,chromosome,a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order; "humans have 22 chromosome pairs plus two sex chromosomes"
2908,chrysanthemum,any of numerous perennial Old World herbs having showy brightly colored flower heads of the genera Chrysanthemum, Argyranthemum, Dendranthema, Tanacetum; widely cultivated
2909,chrysanthemum,the flower of a chrysanthemum plant
2910,cider_gum Eucalypt_gunnii,small to medium-sized tree of Tasmania
2911,ciliary_artery arteria_ciliaris,one of several arteries supplying the choroid coat of the eye
2912,ciliary_body,the part of the tunic of the eye between the choroid coat and the iris; "the ciliary body produces aqueous humor"
2913,ciliary_veins venae_ciliares,small veins coming from the ciliary body
2914,cilium,a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell; provides locomotion in free-swimming unicellular organisms
2915,cinchona chinchona,any of several trees of the genus Cinchona
2916,cinchona cinchona_bark Peruvian_bark Jesuit's_bark,medicinal bark of cinchona trees; source of quinine and quinidine
2917,cinchona_tree Cinchona_pubescens,small tree of Ecuador and Peru having very large glossy leaves and large panicles of fragrant pink flowers; cultivated for its medicinal bark
2918,cinder clinker,a fragment of incombustible matter left after a wood or coal or charcoal fire
2919,cineraria Pericallis_cruenta Senecio_cruentus,herb of Canary Islands widely cultivated for its blue or purple or red or variegated daisylike flowers
2920,cingulate_gyrus gyrus_cinguli,a long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres; the cortical part of the limbic system
2921,cingulum,(anatomy) an encircling structure (as the ridge around the base of a tooth)
2922,cinnamon Ceylon_cinnamon Ceylon_cinnamon_tree Cinnamomum_zeylanicum,tropical Asian tree with aromatic yellowish-brown bark; source of the spice cinnamon
2923,cinnamon cinnamon_bark,aromatic bark used as a spice
2924,cinnamon_bark,aromatic bark of Saigon cinnamon used medicinally as a carminative
2925,cinnamon_fern fiddlehead fiddlehead_fern Osmunda_cinnamonea,New World fern having woolly cinnamon-colored spore-bearing fronds in early spring later surrounded by green fronds; the early uncurling fronds are edible
2926,cinnamon_vine Chinese_yam Dioscorea_batata,hardy Chinese vine naturalized in United States and cultivated as an ornamental climber for its glossy heart-shaped cinnamon-scented leaves and in the tropics for its edible tubers
2927,cinquefoil five-finger,any of a numerous plants grown for their five-petaled flowers; abundant in temperate regions; alleged to have medicinal properties
2928,circle_of_Willis,a ring of arteries at the base of the brain
2929,circulation,movement through a circuit; especially the movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels
2930,circulatory_system cardiovascular_system,the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body
2931,circumflex_artery,any of several paired curving arteries
2932,circumflex_artery_of_the_thigh arteria_circumflexa_femoris,an artery that supplies the hip joint and thigh muscles
2933,circumflex_femoral_vein vena_circumflexus_femoris,either of two veins that accompany arteries of the same name serving the hip and thigh
2934,circumflex_humeral_artery arteria_circumflexa_humeri,an artery that supplies the shoulder joint and shoulder muscles
2935,circumflex_iliac_artery arteria_circumflexa_ilium,an artery that supplies the lower abdominal walls and skin and the sartorius muscle
2936,circumflex_iliac_vein vena_circumflexa_ilium,accompanies the artery of the same name
2937,circumflex_scapular_artery arteria_circumflexa_scapulae,an artery that serves the muscles of the shoulder and scapular area
2938,circumflex_vein vena_circumflexa,any of several curved parallel veins accompanying arteries of the same name
2939,cirrocumulus cirrocumulus_cloud,a cloud at a high altitude consisting of a series of regularly arranged small clouds resembling ripples
2940,cirrostratus cirrostratus_cloud,a thin uniform layer of hazy cloud at high altitude
2941,cirrus,a slender flexible animal appendage as on barnacles or crinoids or many insects; often tactile
2942,cirrus cirrhus,usually coiled
2943,cirrus cirrus_cloud,a wispy white cloud (usually of fine ice crystals) at a high altitude (4 to 8 miles)
2944,cisterna cistern,a sac or cavity containing fluid especially lymph or cerebrospinal fluid
2945,citrange,more aromatic and acid tasting than oranges; used in beverages and marmalade
2946,citrange citrange_tree Citroncirus_webberi,more aromatic and acidic than oranges
2947,citron,large lemonlike fruit with thick aromatic rind; usually preserved
2948,citron citron_tree Citrus_medica,thorny evergreen small tree or shrub of India widely cultivated for its large lemonlike fruits that have thick warty rind
2949,citrus citrus_fruit citrous_fruit,any of numerous fruits of the genus Citrus having thick rind and juicy pulp; grown in warm regions
2950,citrus citrus_tree,any of numerous tropical usually thorny evergreen trees of the genus Citrus having leathery evergreen leaves and widely cultivated for their juicy edible fruits having leathery aromatic rinds
2951,civilization civilisation,the social process whereby societies achieve an advanced stage of development and organization
2952,cladode cladophyll phylloclad phylloclade,a flattened stem resembling and functioning as a leaf
2953,clammy_locust Robinia_viscosa,small rough-barked locust of southeastern United States having racemes of pink flowers and glutinous branches and seeds
2954,clammyweed Polanisia_graveolens Polanisia_dodecandra,strong-scented herb common in southern United States covered with intermixed gland and hairs
2955,clamshell,the shell of a clam
2956,clary Salvia_sclarea,aromatic herb of southern Europe; cultivated in Great Britain as a potherb and widely as an ornamental
2957,clary_sage Salvia_clarea,stout Mediterranean sage with white or pink or violet flowers; yields oil used as a flavoring and in perfumery
2958,clast,(geology) a constituent fragment of a clastic rock
2959,clastic_rock,(geology) a rock composed of broken pieces of older rocks
2960,claustrum,a layer of grey matter in the brain adjacent to the lenticular nucleus
2961,clavicle collarbone,bone linking the scapula and sternum
2962,claw,a bird's foot
2963,claw,sharp curved horny process on the toe of a bird or some mammals or reptiles
2964,claw chela nipper pincer,a grasping structure on the limb of a crustacean or other arthropods
2965,clear-air_turbulence,strong turbulence in an otherwise cloudless region that subjects aircraft to violent updrafts or downdrafts
2966,cleavage,the breaking of a chemical bond in a molecule resulting in smaller molecules
2967,cleavage,the line formed by a groove between two parts (especially the separation between a woman's breasts)
2968,cleavage segmentation,(embryology) the repeated division of a fertilised ovum
2969,cleavers clivers goose_grass catchweed spring_cleavers Galium_aparine,annual having the stem beset with curved prickles; North America and Europe and Asia
2970,cleistothecium cleistocarp,closed spore-bearing structure of some fungi (especially Aspergillaceae and Erysiphaceae) from which spores are released only by decay or disintegration
2971,clematis,any of various ornamental climbing plants of the genus Clematis usually having showy flowers
2972,clementine,a mandarin orange of a deep reddish orange color and few seeds
2973,clementine clementine_tree,a variety of mandarin orange that is grown around the Mediterranean and in South Africa
2974,cliff_brake cliff-brake rock_brake,any of several small lithophytic ferns of tropical and warm temperate regions
2975,cliff_rose sea_pink Armeria_maritima,tufted thrift of seacoasts and mountains of north temperate zone; occasionally grown as a ground cover
2976,climate_change global_climate_change,a change in the world's climate
2977,climber,a vine or climbing plant that readily grows up a support or over other plants
2978,climbing_bird's_nest_fern Microsorium_punctatum,tropical Africa to Australasia and Polynesia
2979,climbing_corydalis Corydalis_claviculata Fumaria_claviculata,annual vine with decompound leaves and racemes of yellow and pink flowers
2980,climbing_fern,any of several ferns of the genus Lygodium that climb by twining
2981,climbing_fumitory Allegheny_vine Adlumia_fungosa Fumaria_fungosa,vine with feathery leaves and white or pinkish flowers; sometimes placed in genus Fumaria
2982,climbing_hempweed climbing_boneset wild_climbing_hempweed climbing_hemp-vine Mikania_scandens,herb of tropical America having vanilla-scented flowers; climbs up trees
2983,climbing_hydrangea Hydrangea_anomala,deciduous climber with aerial roots having white to creamy flowers in fairly flat heads
2984,climbing_hydrangea Hydrangea_petiolaris,deciduous climber with aerial roots having large flat flower heads
2985,climbing_hydrangea Schizophragma_hydrangeoides,climbing shrub with adhesive aerial roots having opposite leaves and small white flowers in terminal cymes; Himalayas to Taiwan and Japan
2986,climbing_maidenhair climbing_maidenhair_fern snake_fern Lygodium_microphyllum,tropical fern widespread in Old World; naturalized in Jamaica and Florida
2987,climbing_onion Bowiea_volubilis,much-branched leafless twining South African herb cultivated as an ornamental for its bright green stems growing from large aboveground bulbs
2988,cling clingstone,fruit (especially peach) whose flesh adheres strongly to the pit
2989,clintonia Clinton's_lily,any temperate liliaceous plant of the genus Clintonia having broad basal leaves and white or yellowish or purplish flowers followed by blue or black berries
2990,clitoral_vein vena_clitoridis,veins that serve the clitoris
2991,clitoris clit button,a female sexual organ homologous to the penis
2992,cloaca,(zoology) the cavity (in birds, reptiles, amphibians, most fish, and monotremes but not mammals) at the end of the digestive tract into which the intestinal, genital, and urinary tracts open
2993,closed_chain ring,(chemistry) a chain of atoms in a molecule that forms a closed loop
2994,closed_gentian blind_gentian Gentiana_clausa,similar to Gentiana andrewsii but with larger flowers
2995,closed_gentian blind_gentian bottle_gentian Gentiana_andrewsii,gentian of eastern North America having tubular blue or white flowers that open little if at all
2996,closed_universe,(cosmology) a universe that is spatially closed and in which there is sufficient matter to halt the expansion that began with the big bang; the visible matter is only 10 percent of the matter required for closure but there may be large amounts of dark matter
2997,cloud,a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitude
2998,cloud,any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible
2999,cloud_bank,a layer of clouds seen from a distance
3000,cloud_grass Agrostis_nebulosa,Spanish grass with light feathery panicles grown for dried bouquets
3001,cloudberry dwarf_mulberry bakeapple baked-apple_berry salmonberry Rubus_chamaemorus,creeping raspberry of north temperate regions with yellow or orange berries
3002,cloudiness cloud_cover overcast,the state of the sky when it is covered by clouds
3003,clouding clouding_up,the process whereby water particles become visible in the sky
3004,clove,aromatic flower bud of a clove tree; yields a spice
3005,clove clove_tree Syzygium_aromaticum Eugenia_aromaticum Eugenia_caryophyllatum,moderate sized very symmetrical red-flowered evergreen widely cultivated in the tropics for its flower buds which are source of cloves
3006,clove_oil oil_of_cloves,essential oil obtained from cloves and used to flavor medicines
3007,cloven_foot cloven_hoof,a hoof divided into two parts at its distal extremity (as of ruminants or swine)
3008,clover trefoil,a plant of the genus Trifolium
3009,clover_fern pepperwort,any of several water ferns of the genus Marsilea having four leaflets
3010,club_moss club-moss lycopod,primitive evergreen moss-like plant with spores in club-shaped strobiles
3011,clusia,an aromatic tree of the genus Clusia having large white or yellow or pink flowers
3012,cluster_of_differentiation_4 CD4,a glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of helper T cells; "CD4 is a receptor for HIV in humans"
3013,cluster_of_differentiation_8 CD8,a membrane glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of cytotoxic T cells
3014,clustered_bellflower Campanula_glomerata,bellflower of Europe to temperate Asia having dense spikes of violet-blue to white flowers
3015,clustered_lady's_slipper Cypripedium_fasciculatum,clusters of several short stems each having 2 broad leaves and 2-4 drooping brownish to greenish flowers with pouches mottled with purple; British Columbia to central California and northern Colorado
3016,clustered_poppy_mallow Callirhoe_triangulata,densely hairy perennial having mostly triangular basal leaves and rose-purple flowers in panicled clusters
3017,clypeus,a shield-like plate on the front of an insect's head
3018,coagulase,an enzyme that induces coagulation
3019,coagulation_factor clotting_factor,any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation
3020,coast_boykinia Boykinia_elata Boykinia_occidentalis,plant with leaves mostly at the base and openly branched clusters of small white flowers; western North America
3021,coast_lily Lilium_maritinum,orange-flowered lily of Pacific coast of United States
3022,coast_live_oak California_live_oak Quercus_agrifolia,highly variable often shrubby evergreen oak of coastal zone of western North America having small thick usually spiny-toothed dark-green leaves
3023,coast_rhododendron Rhododendron_californicum,medium-sized rhododendron of Pacific coast of North America having large rosy brown-spotted flowers
3024,coastal_rein_orchid Habenaria_greenei,stout orchid of central California to northern Washington having racemes of white fragrant bilaterally symmetrical flowers
3025,coat pelage,growth of hair or wool or fur covering the body of an animal
3026,coattails_effect,(politics) the consequence of one popular candidate in an election drawing votes for other members of the same political party; "he counted on the coattails effect to win him the election"
3027,cobblers,a man's testicles (from Cockney rhyming slang: cobbler's awl rhymes with ball)
3028,cobnut filbert Corylus_avellana Corylus_avellana_grandis,small nut-bearing tree much grown in Europe
3029,cocarboxylase thiamine_pyrophosphate,a coenzyme important in respiration in the Krebs cycle
3030,coccidioidomycosis coccidiomycosis valley_fever desert_rheumatism,an infection of the lungs and skin characterized by excessive sputum and nodules
3031,coccygeal_nerve nervus_coccygeus,the lowest pair of spinal nerves
3032,coccygeal_plexus plexus_coccygeus,a small plexus formed by the fifth sacral and coccygeal nerves
3033,coccygeal_vertebra caudal_vertebra,one of 4 vertebrae in the human coccyx
3034,coccyx tail_bone,the end of the vertebral column in humans and tailless apes
3035,cochlea,the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the organ of Corti
3036,cock prick dick shaft pecker tool putz,obscene terms for penis
3037,cock's_eggs Salpichroa_organifolia Salpichroa_rhomboidea,weedy vine of Argentina having solitary white flowers followed by egg-shaped white or yellow fruit
3038,cock_sucking blowjob,slang for fellatio
3039,cocklebur cockle-bur cockleburr cockle-burr,any coarse weed of the genus Xanthium having spiny burrs
3040,cockscomb common_cockscomb Celosia_cristata Celosia_argentea_cristata,garden annual with featherlike spikes of red or yellow flowers
3041,cockspur Pisonia_aculeata,small spiny West Indian tree
3042,cockspur_thorn cockspur_hawthorn Crataegus_crus-galli,eastern United States hawthorn with long straight thorns
3043,coco_plum coco_plum_tree cocoa_plum icaco Chrysobalanus_icaco,small tropical American tree bearing edible plumlike fruit
3044,cocoa_butter,a yellow-white fat from cocoa beans
3045,cocoa_plum coco_plum icaco,plum-shaped whitish to almost black fruit used for preserves; tropical American
3046,cocobolo Dalbergia_retusa,a valuable timber tree of tropical South America
3047,coconut cocoanut,large hard-shelled oval nut with a fibrous husk containing thick white meat surrounding a central cavity filled (when fresh) with fluid or milk
3048,coconut coconut_palm coco_palm coco cocoa_palm coconut_tree Cocos_nucifera,tall palm tree bearing coconuts as fruits; widely planted throughout the tropics
3049,coconut_oil copra_oil,oil from coconuts
3050,cocoon,silky envelope spun by the larvae of many insects to protect pupas and by spiders to protect eggs
3051,cocozelle Italian_vegetable_marrow,squash plant having dark green fruit with skin mottled with light green or yellow
3052,cod-liver_oil cod_liver_oil,an oil obtained from the livers of cod and similar fishes; taken orally as a source of vitamins A and D
3053,cod_oil,an inferior cod-liver oil that is used in leather manufacturing
3054,coelenteron,the saclike body cavity of a coelenterate
3055,coelogyne,any of various orchids of the genus Coelogyne with: clusters of fragrant lacy snow-white flowers; salmon-pink solitary flowers; chainlike racemes of topaz and chocolate brown flowers; spikes of delicate white spice-scented flowers; emerald green flowers marked with blue-black
3056,coenzyme,a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes
3057,coenzyme_A,a coenzyme present in all living cells; essential to metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and some amino acids
3058,coffee coffee_tree,any of several small trees and shrubs native to the tropical Old World yielding coffee beans
3059,coffee_bean coffee_berry coffee,a seed of the coffee tree; ground to make coffee
3060,coffee_fern Pellaea_andromedifolia,evergreen fern of California and Baja California
3061,coffee_senna mogdad_coffee styptic_weed stinking_weed Senna_occidentalis Cassia_occidentalis,very leafy malodorous tropical weedy shrub whose seeds have been used as an adulterant for coffee; sometimes classified in genus Cassia
3062,coffeeberry California_buckthorn California_coffee Rhamnus_californicus,evergreen shrub of western United States bearing small red or black fruits
3063,cohesion,(botany) the process in some plants of parts growing together that are usually separate (such as petals)
3064,cohesion,(physics) the intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid
3065,cohune-nut_oil cohune_oil cohune_fat,semisolid fat from nuts of the cohune palm; used in cooking and soap making
3066,cohune_nut,nut of the cohune palm having hard white shells like those of ivory nuts
3067,cohune_palm Orbignya_cohune cohune,tropical American feather palm whose large nuts yield valuable oil and a kind of vegetable ivory
3068,cold_front polar_front,the front of an advancing mass of colder air
3069,cold_fusion,nuclear fusion at or near room temperatures; claims to have discovered it are generally considered to have been mistaken
3070,cold_wave,a wave of unusually cold weather
3071,cold_weather,a period of unusually cold weather
3072,coleus flame_nettle,any of various Old World tropical plants of the genus Coleus having multicolored decorative leaves and spikes of blue flowers
3073,colic_artery arteria_colica,arteries that supply blood to the colon
3074,colic_vein vena_colica,vein serving the large intestine
3075,colicroot colic_root crow_corn star_grass unicorn_root,any of several perennials of the genus Aletris having grasslike leaves and bitter roots reputed to cure colic
3076,collagen,a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling
3077,collagenase,any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of collagen and gelatin
3078,collard,variety of kale having smooth leaves
3079,colon,the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
3080,coltsfoot Tussilago_farfara,perennial herb with large rounded leaves resembling a colt's foot and yellow flowers appearing before the leaves do; native to Europe but now nearly cosmopolitan; used medicinally especially formerly
3081,columbine aquilegia aquilege,a plant of the genus Aquilegia having irregular showy spurred flowers; north temperate regions especially mountains
3082,columbo American_columbo deer's-ear deer's-ears pyramid_plant American_gentian,any of various tall perennial herbs constituting the genus Frasera; widely distributed in warm dry upland areas of California, Oregon, and Washington
3083,column,any tubular or pillar-like supporting structure in the body
3084,column_chromatography,chromatography that uses selective adsorption by a column of powders
3085,columnea,tropical plant having thick hairy somewhat toothed leaves and solitary or clustered yellow to scarlet flowers; many cultivated for their flowers and ornamental foliage
3086,coma,(astronomy) the luminous cloud of particles surrounding the frozen nucleus of a comet; forms as the comet approaches the sun and is warmed
3087,comb,ciliated comb-like swimming plate of a ctenophore
3088,comb cockscomb coxcomb,the fleshy red crest on the head of the domestic fowl and other gallinaceous birds
3089,combretum,any of numerous shrubs or small trees of the genus Combretum having spikes of small flowers
3090,combustion burning,a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light
3091,comet,(astronomy) a relatively small extraterrestrial body consisting of a frozen mass that travels around the sun in a highly elliptical orbit
3092,comfrey cumfrey,perennial herbs of Europe and Iran; make rapidly growing groundcover for shaded areas
3093,commelina,any plant of the genus Commelina
3094,commissure,a bundle of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the brain or spinal cord
3095,common_European_dogwood red_dogwood blood-twig pedwood Cornus_sanguinea,European deciduous shrub turning red in autumn having dull white flowers
3096,common_St_John's_wort tutsan Hypericum_androsaemum,deciduous bushy Eurasian shrub with golden yellow flowers and reddish-purple fruits from which a soothing salve is made in Spain
3097,common_ageratum Ageratum_houstonianum,small tender herb grown for its fluffy brushlike blue to lavender blooms
3098,common_alder European_black_alder Alnus_glutinosa Alnus_vulgaris,medium-sized tree with brown-black bark and woody fruiting catkins; leaves are hairy beneath
3099,common_allamanda golden_trumpet Allamanda_cathartica,vigorous evergreen climbing plant of South America having glossy leathery foliage and golden yellow flowers
3100,common_amsinckia Amsinckia_intermedia,annual of western United States with coiled spikes of yellow-orange coiled flowers
3101,common_apricot Prunus_armeniaca,temperate zone tree bearing downy yellow to rosy fruits
3102,common_bamboo Bambusa_vulgaris,extremely vigorous bamboo having thin-walled culms striped green and yellow; so widely cultivated that native area is uncertain
3103,common_barberry European_barberry Berberis_vulgaris,upright deciduous European shrub widely naturalized in United States having clusters of juicy berries
3104,common_barley Hordeum_vulgare,grass yielding grain used for breakfast food and animal feed and in malt beverages
3105,common_basil sweet_basil Ocimum_basilicum,annual or perennial of tropical Asia having spikes of small white flowers and aromatic leaves; one of the most important culinary herbs; used in salads, casseroles, sauces and some liqueurs
3106,common_bean common_bean_plant Phaseolus_vulgaris,the common annual twining or bushy bean plant grown for its edible seeds or pods
3107,common_bearberry red_bearberry wild_cranberry mealberry hog_cranberry sand_berry sandberry mountain_box bear's_grape creashak Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi,evergreen mat-forming shrub of North America and northern Eurasia having small white flowers and red berries; leaves turn red in autumn
3108,common_beech European_beech Fagus_sylvatica,large European beech with minutely-toothed leaves; widely planted as an ornamental in North America
3109,common_bile_duct bile_duct,a duct formed by the hepatic and cystic ducts; opens into the duodenum
3110,common_box European_box Buxus_sempervirens,large slow-growing evergreen shrub or small tree with multiple stems; extensively used for hedges or borders and topiary figures
3111,common_broom Scotch_broom green_broom Cytisus_scoparius,deciduous erect spreading broom native to western Europe; widely cultivated for its rich yellow flowers
3112,common_burdock lesser_burdock Arctium_minus,a plant that is ubiquitous in all but very acid soil; found in most of Europe and North Africa
3113,common_buttercup Ranunculus_bulbosus,perennial Old World buttercup with golden to sulphur yellow flowers in late spring to early summer; naturalized in North America
3114,common_calamint Calamintha_sylvatica Satureja_calamintha_officinalis,mint-scented perennial of central and southern Europe
3115,common_camas Camassia_quamash,plant having a large edible bulb and linear basal leaves and racemes of light to deep violet-blue star-shaped flowers on tall green scapes; western North America
3116,common_caper Capparis_spinosa,prostrate spiny shrub of the Mediterranean region cultivated for its greenish flower buds which are pickled
3117,common_cardinal_vein,the major return channels to the heart; formed by anastomosis of the anterior and posterior cardinal veins
3118,common_carline_thistle Carlina_vulgaris,Eurasian thistle growing in sand dunes and dry chalky soils
3119,common_carotid_artery common_carotid,runs upward in the neck and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries
3120,common_chickweed Stellaria_media,a common low-growing annual garden weed with small white flowers; cosmopolitan; so-called because it is eaten by chickens
3121,common_comfrey boneset Symphytum_officinale,European herb having small white, pink or purple flowers; naturalized as a weed in North America
3122,common_corn_salad lamb's_lettuce Valerianella_olitoria Valerianella_locusta,widely cultivated as a salad crop and pot herb; often a weed
3123,common_daisy English_daisy Bellis_perennis,low-growing Eurasian plant with yellow central disc flowers and pinkish-white outer ray flowers
3124,common_dandelion Taraxacum_ruderalia Taraxacum_officinale,Eurasian plant widely naturalized as a weed in North America; used as salad greens and to make wine
3125,common_evening_primrose German_rampion Oenothera_biennis,a coarse biennial of eastern North America with yellow flowers that open in the evening; naturalized in Europe
3126,common_facial_vein,vein formed by union of facial vein and the retromandibular vein and emptying into the jugular vein
3127,common_fennel Foeniculum_vulgare,strongly aromatic with a smell of aniseed; leaves and seeds used for seasoning
3128,common_flat_pea native_holly Playlobium_obtusangulum,low spreading evergreen shrub of southern Australia having triangular to somewhat heart-shaped foliage and orange-yellow flowers followed by flat winged pods
3129,common_four-o'clock marvel-of-Peru Mirabilis_jalapa Mirabilis_uniflora,common garden plant of North America having fragrant red or purple or yellow or white flowers that open in late afternoon
3130,common_foxglove fairy_bell fingerflower finger-flower fingerroot finger-root Digitalis_purpurea,tall leafy European biennial or perennial having spectacular clusters of large tubular pink-purple flowers; leaves yield drug digitalis and are poisonous to livestock
3131,common_garden_cress garden_pepper_cress pepper_grass pepperwort Lepidium_sativum,annual herb used as salad green and garnish
3132,common_ginger Canton_ginger stem_ginger Zingiber_officinale,tropical Asian plant widely cultivated for its pungent root; source of gingerroot and powdered ginger
3133,common_grape_hyacinth Muscari_neglectum,prolific species having particularly beautiful dark blue flowers
3134,common_gum_cistus Cistus_ladanifer Cistus_ladanum,shrub having white flowers and viscid stems and leaves yielding a fragrant oleoresin used in perfumes especially as a fixative
3135,common_heath Epacris_impressa,spindly upright shrub of southern Australia and Tasmania having white to rose or purple-red flowers
3136,common_heath blunt-leaf_heath Epacris_obtusifolia,small erect shrub of Australia and Tasmania with fragrant ivory flowers
3137,common_hop common_hops bine European_hop Humulus_lupulus,European twining plant whose flowers are used chiefly to flavor malt liquors; cultivated in America
3138,common_horehound white_horehound Marrubium_vulgare,European aromatic herb with hairy leaves and numerous white flowers in axillary cymes; leaves yield a bitter extract use medicinally and as flavoring
3139,common_horsetail field_horsetail Equisetum_arvense,of Eurasia and Greenland and North America
3140,common_hyacinth Hyacinthus_orientalis,widely grown for its fragrance and its white, pink, blue, or purplish flowers
3141,common_iliac_artery,terminal branches of the abdominal aorta
3142,common_iliac_vein,formed by the internal and external iliac veins; unites with its fellow from the opposite side of the body to form the inferior vena cava
3143,common_jasmine true_jasmine jessamine Jasminum_officinale,a climbing deciduous shrub with fragrant white or yellow or red flowers used in perfume and to flavor tea
3144,common_laburnum golden_chain golden_rain Laburnum_anagyroides,an ornamental shrub or tree of the genus Laburnum; often cultivated for Easter decorations
3145,common_lady's-slipper showy_lady's-slipper showy_lady_slipper Cypripedium_reginae Cypripedium_album,pale pink wild orchid of northeastern America having an inflated pouchlike lip
3146,common_lilac Syringa_vulgaris,large European lilac naturalized in North America having heart-shaped ovate leaves and large panicles of highly fragrant lilac or white flowers
3147,common_madia common_tarweed Madia_elegans,California annual having red-brown spots near the base of its yellow flower rays
3148,common_maidenhair Venushair Venus'-hair_fern southern_maidenhair Venus_maidenhair Adiantum_capillus-veneris,delicate maidenhair fern with slender shining black leaf stalks; cosmopolitan
3149,common_mallow Malva_neglecta,annual Old World plant with clusters of pink or white flowers; naturalized in United States
3150,common_marigold pot_marigold ruddles Scotch_marigold Calendula_officinalis,the common European annual marigold
3151,common_matrimony_vine Duke_of_Argyll's_tea_tree Lycium_barbarum Lycium_halimifolium,deciduous erect or spreading shrub with spiny branches and violet-purple flowers followed by orange-red berries; southeastern Europe to China
3152,common_milkwort gand_flower Polygala_vulgaris,small European perennial with numerous branches having racemes of blue, pink or white flowers; formerly reputed to promote human lactation
3153,common_moonseed Canada_moonseed yellow_parilla Menispermum_canadense,a woody vine of eastern North America having large oval leaves and small white flowers and purple to blue-black fruits
3154,common_morning_glory Ipomoea_purpurea,pantropical annual climbing herb with funnel-shaped blue, purple, pink or white flowers
3155,common_morning_glory Ipomoea_tricolor,annual or perennial climbing herb of Central America having sky-blue flowers; most commonly cultivated morning glory
3156,common_mugwort Artemisia_vulgaris,European tufted aromatic perennial herb having hairy red or purple stems and dark green leaves downy white below and red-brown florets
3157,common_mullein great_mullein Aaron's_rod flannel_mullein woolly_mullein torch Verbascum_thapsus,tall-stalked very woolly mullein with densely packed yellow flowers; ancient Greeks and Romans dipped the stalks in tallow for funeral torches
3158,common_myrtle Myrtus_communis,European shrub with white or rosy flowers followed by black berries
3159,common_oak English_oak pedunculate_oak Quercus_robur,medium to large deciduous European oak having smooth leaves with rounded lobes; yields hard strong light-colored wood
3160,common_osier hemp_willow velvet_osier Salix_viminalis,willow with long flexible twigs used in basketry
3161,common_pitcher_plant huntsman's_cup huntsman's_cups Sarracenia_purpurea,perennial bog herb having dark red flowers and decumbent broadly winged pitchers forming a rosette; of northeastern North America and naturalized in Europe especially Ireland
3162,common_plum Prunus_domestica,any of various widely distributed plums grown in the cooler temperate areas
3163,common_polypody adder's_fern wall_fern golden_maidenhair golden_polypody sweet_fern Polypodium_vulgare,mat-forming lithophytic or terrestrial fern with creeping rootstocks and large pinnatifid fronds found throughout North America and Europe and Africa and east Asia
3164,common_privet Ligustrum_vulgare,deciduous semi-evergreen shrub used for hedges
3165,common_purslane pussley pussly verdolagas Portulaca_oleracea,weedy trailing mat-forming herb with bright yellow flowers cultivated for its edible mildly acid leaves eaten raw or cooked especially in Indian and Greek and Middle Eastern cuisine; cosmopolitan
3166,common_ragweed Ambrosia_artemisiifolia,annual weed with finely divided foliage and spikes of green flowers; common in North America; introduced elsewhere accidentally
3167,common_sage ramona Salvia_officinalis,shrubby plant with aromatic greyish-green leaves used as a cooking herb
3168,common_sickle_pine Falcatifolium_falciforme,small tropical rain forest tree of Indonesia and Malaysia
3169,common_speedwell gypsyweed Veronica_officinalis,common hairy European perennial with pale blue or lilac flowers in axillary racemes
3170,common_spindle_tree Euonymus_europaeus,small erect deciduous shrub having tough white wood and cathartic bark and fruit
3171,common_spotted_orchid Dactylorhiza_fuchsii Dactylorhiza_maculata_fuchsii,European orchid having lanceolate leaves spotted purple and pink to white or mauve flowers spotted or lined deep red or purple
3172,common_staghorn_fern elkhorn_fern Platycerium_bifurcatum Platycerium_alcicorne,commonly cultivated fern of Australia and southeastern Asia and Polynesia
3173,common_sunflower mirasol Helianthus_annuus,annual sunflower grown for silage and for its seeds which are a source of oil; common throughout United States and much of North America
3174,common_teasel Dipsacus_fullonum,teasel with lilac flowers native to Old World but naturalized in North America; dried flower heads used to raise a nap on woolen cloth
3175,common_thyme Thymus_vulgaris,common aromatic garden perennial native to the western Mediterranean; used in seasonings and formerly as medicine
3176,common_tobacco Nicotiana_tabacum,tall erect South American herb with large ovate leaves and terminal clusters of tubular white or pink flowers; cultivated for its leaves
3177,common_unicorn_plant devil's_claw common_devil's_claw elephant-tusk proboscis_flower ram's_horn Proboscidea_louisianica,annual of southern United States to Mexico having large whitish or yellowish flowers mottled with purple and a long curving beak
3178,common_valerian garden_heliotrope Valeriana_officinalis,tall rhizomatous plant having very fragrant flowers and rhizomes used medicinally
3179,common_vetchling meadow_pea yellow_vetchling Lathyrus_pratensis,scrambling perennial Eurasian wild pea having yellowish flowers and compressed seed pods; cultivated for forage
3180,common_watercress Rorippa_nasturtium-aquaticum Nasturtium_officinale,perennial Eurasian cress growing chiefly in springs or running water having fleshy pungent leaves used in salads or as a potherb or garnish; introduced in North America and elsewhere
3181,common_wheat Triticum_aestivum,widely cultivated in temperate regions in many varieties for its commercially important grain
3182,common_white_dogwood eastern_flowering_dogwood Cornus_florida,deciduous tree; celebrated for its large white or pink bracts and stunning autumn color that is followed by red berries
3183,common_winterberry_holly,a holly shrub
3184,common_wood_sorrel cuckoo_bread shamrock Oxalis_acetosella,Eurasian plant with heart-shaped trifoliate leaves and white purple-veined flowers
3185,common_wormwood absinthe old_man lad's_love Artemisia_absinthium,aromatic herb of temperate Eurasia and North Africa having a bitter taste used in making the liqueur absinthe
3186,common_yellowwood bastard_yellowwood Afrocarpus_falcata,medium-sized tree of South Africa
3187,communicating_artery arteria_communicans,any of three arteries in the brain that make up the circle of Willis
3188,compartment_pressure,the air pressure maintained in an air-tight compartment (as in an aircraft)
3189,compass_plant compass_flower,any of several plants having leaves so arranged on the axis as to indicate the cardinal points of the compass
3190,compensation,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that conceals your undesirable shortcomings by exaggerating desirable behaviors
3191,complement,one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response
3192,complement accompaniment,something added to complete or embellish or make perfect; "a fine wine is a perfect complement to the dinner"; "wild rice was served as an accompaniment to the main dish"
3193,complement_fixation,an immune response in which an antigen-antibody combination inactivates a complement (so it is unavailable to participate in a second antigen-antibody combination)
3194,composite composite_plant,considered the most highly evolved dicotyledonous plants, characterized by florets arranged in dense heads that resemble single flowers
3195,compound_eye,in insects and some crustaceans: composed of many light-sensitive elements each forming a portion of an image
3196,compound_leaf,a leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk
3197,compound_pistil,consists of two or more fused carpels
3198,computer_operation machine_operation,an elementary operation that a computer is designed and built to perform
3199,conacaste elephant's_ear Enterolobium_cyclocarpa,tropical South American tree having a wide-spreading crown of bipinnate leaves and coiled ear-shaped fruits; grown for shade and ornament as well as valuable timber
3200,conception,the act of becoming pregnant; fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon
3201,concha,(anatomy) a structure that resembles a shell in shape
3202,concretion,the formation of stonelike objects within a body organ (e.g., the kidneys)
3203,concurrent_operation,two or more operations performed at the same time (or within a give interval)
3204,condensation,the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state
3205,condensation condensate,atmospheric moisture that has condensed because of cold
3206,conditional_reflex conditioned_reflex acquired_reflex conditional_reaction conditioned_reaction conditional_response conditioned_response,an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus
3207,conditioned_avoidance conditioned_avoidance_response,a conditioned response that anticipates the occurrence of an aversive stimulus
3208,conductance,a material's capacity to conduct electricity; measured as the reciprocal of electrical resistance
3209,conduction conductivity,the transmission of heat or electricity or sound
3210,condylar_process condyloid_process mandibular_condyle,the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull
3211,condyle,a round bump on a bone where it forms a joint with another bone
3212,condylion,the craniometric point at the tip of the mandibular condyle
3213,cone strobilus strobile,cone-shaped mass of ovule- or spore-bearing scales or bracts
3214,cone_pepper Capsicum_annuum_conoides,plant bearing erect pungent conical red or yellow or purple fruits; sometimes grown as an ornamental
3215,coneflower,a wildflower of the genus Ratibida
3216,coneflower,any of various perennials of the eastern United States having thick rough leaves and long-stalked showy flowers with drooping rays and a conelike center
3217,coneflower,any of various plants of the genus Rudbeckia cultivated for their large usually yellow daisies with prominent central cones
3218,congealment congelation,the process of congealing; solidification by (or as if by) freezing
3219,conidium conidiospore,an asexually produced fungal spore formed on a conidiophore
3220,conifer coniferous_tree,any gymnospermous tree or shrub bearing cones
3221,conjugated_protein compound_protein,a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances
3222,conjunctiva,a transparent lubricating mucous membrane that covers the eyeball and the under surface of the eyelid
3223,conjunctival_veins venae_conjunctivales,veins draining the conjunctiva
3224,conk,informal term for the nose
3225,connective_tissue,tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of e.g. collagen fibroblasts and fatty cells; supports organs and fills spaces between them and forms tendons and ligaments
3226,conodont,the tiny fossil cone-shaped tooth of a primitive vertebrate of order Conodonta
3227,consequence effect outcome result event issue upshot,a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"; "his decision had depressing consequences for business"; "he acted very wise after the event"
3228,consolidation,something that has consolidated into a compact mass; "he dropped the consolidation into the acid bath"
3229,conspicuous_consumption,buying expensive services and products in order to flaunt your wealth
3230,constellation,a configuration of stars as seen from the earth
3231,consumption economic_consumption usance use use_of_goods_and_services,(economics) the utilization of economic goods to satisfy needs or in manufacturing; "the consumption of energy has increased steadily"
3232,consumption ingestion intake uptake,the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating)
3233,continental_drift,the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics)
3234,contour_feather,feathers covering the body of an adult bird and determining its shape
3235,contractile_organ contractor,a bodily organ that contracts
3236,contrail condensation_trail,an artificial cloud created by an aircraft; caused either by condensation due to the reduction in air pressure above the wing surface or by water vapor in the engine exhaust
3237,control,(physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc; "the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired"; "he had lost control of his sphincters"
3238,control_operation control_function,an operation that controls the recording or processing or transmission of interpretation of data; "a control operation started the data processing"
3239,convalescence recuperation recovery,gradual healing (through rest) after sickness or injury
3240,convection,(meteorology) the vertical movement of heat or other properties by massive motion within the atmosphere
3241,convection,the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion
3242,conversion,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism represses emotional conflicts which are then converted into physical symptoms that have no organic basis
3243,convolvulus,any of numerous plants of the genus Convolvulus
3244,cooking_apple,an apple used primarily in cooking for pies and applesauce etc
3245,cooking_oil,any of numerous vegetable oils used in cooking
3246,cooling chilling temperature_reduction,the process of becoming cooler; a falling temperature
3247,coontie Florida_arrowroot Seminole_bread Zamia_pumila,small tough woody zamia of Florida and West Indies and Cuba; roots and half-buried stems yield an arrowroot
3248,coordinate_bond dative_bond,a covalent bond in which both electrons are provided by one of the atoms
3249,copper_beech purple_beech Fagus_sylvatica_atropunicea Fagus_purpurea Fagus_sylvatica_purpurea,variety of European beech with shining purple or copper-colored leaves
3250,coprolith fecalith faecalith stercolith,a hard mass of fecal matter
3251,coprophagy coprophagia,eating feces; in human a symptom of some kinds of insanity
3252,coquilla_nut,nut having a hard hazel-brown shell used like vegetable ivory
3253,coral-root_bittercress coralroot coralwort Cardamine_bulbifera Dentaria_bulbifera,European bittercress having a knotted white rootstock
3254,coral_bean_tree Erythrina_corallodendrum,deciduous shrub having racemes of deep red flowers and black-spotted red seeds
3255,coral_bush flame_bush Templetonia_retusa,Australian shrub having simple obovate leaves and brilliant scarlet flowers
3256,coral_drops Bessera_elegans,half-hardy Mexican herb cultivated for its drooping terminal umbels of showy red-and-white flowers
3257,coral_gem Lotus_berthelotii,low-growing much-branched perennial of Canary Islands having orange-red to scarlet or purple flowers; naturalized in United States
3258,coral_necklace Illecebrum_verticullatum,glabrous annual with slender taproot and clusters of white flowers; western Europe especially western Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal areas
3259,coral_pea,any of various Australian climbing plants of the genus Kennedia having scarlet flowers
3260,coral_root,a wildflower of the genus Corallorhiza growing from a hard mass of rhizomes associated with a fungus that aids in absorbing nutrients from the forest floor
3261,coral_tree erythrina,any of various shrubs or shrubby trees of the genus Erythrina having trifoliate leaves and racemes of scarlet to coral red flowers and black seeds; cultivated as an ornamental
3262,coral_vine Kennedia_coccinea,prostrate or twining woody vine with small leathery leaves and umbels of red flowers; Australia and Tasmania
3263,coralbells Heuchera_sanguinea,perennial plant of the western United States having bright red flowers in feathery spikes; used as an ornamental
3264,coralberry Indian_currant Symphoricarpos_orbiculatus,North American deciduous shrub cultivated for it abundant clusters of coral-red berrylike fruits
3265,coralberry spiceberry Ardisia_crenata,shrub with coral-red berries; Japan to northern India
3266,coralwood coral-wood red_sandalwood Barbados_pride peacock_flower_fence Adenanthera_pavonina,East Indian tree with racemes of yellow-white flowers; cultivated as an ornamental
3267,corchorus,any of various plants of the genus Corchorus having large leaves and cymose clusters of yellow flowers; a source of jute
3268,cordate_leaf,a heart-shaped leaf
3269,cordgrass cord_grass,any of several perennial grasses of the genus Spartina; some important as coastal soil binders
3270,core,a cylindrical sample of soil or rock obtained with a hollow drill
3271,coreopsis tickseed tickweed tick-weed,any of numerous plants of the genus Coreopsis having a profusion of showy usually yellow daisylike flowers over long periods; North and South America
3272,coriander coriander_plant Chinese_parsley cilantro Coriandrum_sativum,Old World herb with aromatic leaves and seed resembling parsley
3273,cork,outer bark of the cork oak; used for stoppers for bottles etc.
3274,cork_oak Quercus_suber,medium-sized evergreen oak of southern Europe and northern Africa having thick corky bark that is periodically stripped to yield commercial cork
3275,cork_tree Erythrina_vespertilio,prickly Australian coral tree having soft spongy wood
3276,cork_tree Phellodendron_amurense,deciduous tree of China and Manchuria having a turpentine aroma and handsome compound leaves turning yellow in autumn and deeply fissured corky bark
3277,corkwood corkwood_tree Leitneria_floridana,very small deciduous dioecious tree or shrub of damp habitats in southeastern United States having extremely light wood
3278,corm,solid swollen underground bulb-shaped stem or stem base and serving as a reproductive structure
3279,cormous_plant,plant growing from a corm
3280,corn,(Great Britain) any of various cereal plants (especially the dominant crop of the region--wheat in Great Britain or oats in Scotland and Ireland)
3281,corn,the dried grains or kernels or corn used as animal feed or ground for meal
3282,corn maize Indian_corn Zea_mays,tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears: widely cultivated in America in many varieties; the principal cereal in Mexico and Central and South America since pre-Columbian times
3283,corn_chamomile field_chamomile corn_mayweed Anthemis_arvensis,European white-flowered weed naturalized in North America
3284,corn_cockle corn_campion crown-of-the-field Agrostemma_githago,European annual having large trumpet-shaped reddish-purple flowers and poisonous seed; a common weed in grainfields and beside roadways; naturalized in America
3285,corn_gluten,gluten prepared from corn
3286,corn_lily,any of several South African plants of the genus Ixia having grasslike leaves and clusters of showy variously colored lily-like flowers; widely cultivated
3287,corn_marigold field_marigold Chrysanthemum_segetum,European herb with bright yellow flowers; a common weed in grain fields
3288,corn_mint field_mint Mentha_arvensis,European mint naturalized in United States
3289,corn_oil,oil from the germs of corn grains
3290,corn_poppy field_poppy Flanders_poppy Papaver_rhoeas,annual European poppy common in grain fields and often cultivated
3291,corn_salad,a plant of the genus Valerianella
3292,corn_speedwell Veronica_arvensis,erect or procumbent blue-flowered annual found in waste places of Europe and America
3293,corn_spurry corn_spurrey Spergula_arvensis,small European weed with whorled leaves and white flowers
3294,corn_sugar,dextrose made by hydrolysis of cornstarch
3295,cornea,the transparent dome-shaped anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye; it covers the iris and pupil and is continuous with the sclera
3296,cornelian_cherry Cornus_mas,deciduous European shrub or small tree having bright red fruit
3297,corner,a projecting part where two sides or edges meet; "he knocked off the corners"
3298,cornflower bachelor's_button bluebottle Centaurea_cyanus,an annual Eurasian plant cultivated in North America having showy heads of blue or purple or pink or white flowers
3299,cornhusk,the husk of an ear of corn
3300,cornsilk corn_silk,each of the long filamentous styles that grow as a silky tuft at the tip of an ear of Indian corn
3301,cornstalk corn_stalk,the stalk of a corn plant
3302,cornstarch cornflour,starch prepared from the grains of corn; used in cooking as a thickener
3303,cornu,(anatomy) any structure that resembles a horn in shape
3304,corona,(anatomy) any structure that resembles a crown in shape
3305,corona,(botany) the trumpet-shaped or cup-shaped outgrowth of the corolla of a daffodil or narcissus flower
3306,corona,one or more circles of light seen around a luminous object
3307,corona_discharge corona corposant St._Elmo's_fire Saint_Elmo's_fire Saint_Elmo's_light Saint_Ulmo's_fire Saint_Ulmo's_light electric_glow,an electrical discharge accompanied by ionization of surrounding atmosphere
3308,coronal_suture sutura_coronalis,the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull
3309,coronary_artery arteria_coronaria,the artery that branches from the aorta to supply blood to the heart
3310,coronary_sinus sinus_coronarius,a short sinus receiving most of the veins of the heart; empties into the right atrium
3311,coronet,margin between the skin of the pastern and the horn of the hoof
3312,coronilla,any of various plants of the genus Coronilla having purple or pink or yellow flowers in long axillary heads or umbels
3313,coronion,the craniometric point at the tip of the coronoid process of the mandible
3314,coronoid_process processus_coronoideus,a sharp triangular process projecting from a bone
3315,coronoid_process_of_the_mandible,the coronoid process that provides an attachment for the temporal muscle
3316,corozo corozo_palm,any of several tropical American palms bearing corozo nuts
3317,corpus,the main part of an organ or other bodily structure
3318,corpus_callosum,a broad transverse nerve tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
3319,corpus_luteum,yellow endocrine tissue that forms in a ruptured Graafian follicle following the release of an ovum; it degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun
3320,corpus_striatum striatum striate_body,a striped mass of white and grey matter located in front of the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere; consists of the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus
3321,corpuscular_radiation particulate_radiation,a stream of atomic or subatomic particles that may be charged positively (e.g. alpha particles) or negatively (e.g. beta particles) or not at all (e.g. neutrons)
3322,corrosion corroding erosion,erosion by chemical action
3323,corruption,decay of matter (as by rot or oxidation)
3324,cortex,the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal
3325,cortical_area cortical_region,any of various regions of the cerebral cortex
3326,cortina,a cobwebby partial veil consisting of silky fibrils
3327,corydalis,a plant of the genus Corydalis with beautiful compound foliage and spurred tubular flowers
3328,corymb,flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height; outer flowers open first
3329,coryphantha,a cactus of the genus Coryphantha
3330,cos_lettuce romaine_lettuce Lactuca_sativa_longifolia,lettuce with long dark-green spoon-shaped leaves
3331,cosmic_background_radiation CBR cosmic_microwave_background_radiation CMBR cosmic_microwave_background CMB,(cosmology) the cooled remnant of the hot big bang that fills the entire universe and can be observed today with an average temperature of about 2.725 kelvin
3332,cosmic_dust,clouds of particles or gases occurring throughout interstellar space
3333,cosmic_radiation,radiation coming from outside the solar system
3334,cosmic_ray,highly penetrating ionizing radiation of extraterrestrial origin; consisting chiefly of protons and alpha particles; collision with atmospheric particles results in rays and particles of many kinds
3335,cosmos cosmea,any of various mostly Mexican herbs of the genus Cosmos having radiate heads of variously colored flowers and pinnate leaves; popular fall-blooming annuals
3336,cost-pull_inflation,inflation caused by an increase in the costs of production
3337,costa,a riblike part of a plant or animal (such as a middle rib of a leaf or a thickened vein of an insect wing)
3338,costal_cartilage,the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs; its elasticity allows the chest to move in respiration
3339,costal_groove,groove between the ribs where the nerves and blood vessels are
3340,costmary alecost bible_leaf mint_geranium balsam_herb Tanacetum_balsamita Chrysanthemum_balsamita,tansy-scented Eurasian perennial herb with buttonlike yellow flowers; used as potherb or salad green and sometimes for potpourri or tea or flavoring; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum
3341,costoaxillary_vein,one of several veins connecting intercostal veins with the lateral thoracic vein or the thoracoepigastric vein
3342,costus_oil,a yellow volatile essential oil obtained from costusroot; used in perfumes
3343,costusroot Saussurea_costus Saussurea_lappa,annual herb of the eastern Himalayas (Kashmir) having purple florets and a fragrant root that yields a volatile oil used in perfumery and for preserving furs
3344,cotoneaster,any shrub of the genus Cotoneaster: erect or creeping shrubs having richly colored autumn foliage and many small white to pinkish flowers followed by tiny red or black fruits
3345,cottage_pink grass_pink Dianthus_plumarius,European pink cultivated for its very fragrant pink or rosy flowers
3346,cottage_tulip,any of several long-stemmed tulips that flower in May; have egg-shaped variously colored flowers
3347,cotton cotton_plant,erect bushy mallow plant or small tree bearing bolls containing seeds with many long hairy fibers
3348,cotton_rose Confederate_rose Confederate_rose_mallow Hibiscus_mutabilis,Chinese shrub or small tree having white or pink flowers becoming deep red at night; widely cultivated; naturalized in southeastern United States
3349,cotton_rose cudweed filago,any plant of the genus Filago having capitate clusters of small woolly flower heads
3350,cotton_thistle woolly_thistle Scotch_thistle Onopordum_acanthium Onopordon_acanthium,biennial Eurasian white hairy thistle having pale purple flowers; naturalized in North America
3351,cottonseed,seed of cotton plants; source of cottonseed oil
3352,cottonseed_oil,edible oil pressed from cottonseeds
3353,cottonweed,any of various plants of the genus Froelichia found in sandy soils and on rocky slopes in warmer regions of America; grown for their spikes of woolly white flowers
3354,cottonwood,any of several North American trees of the genus Populus having a tuft of cottony hairs on the seed
3355,cotyledon seed_leaf,embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants
3356,countenance physiognomy phiz visage kisser smiler mug,the human face (`kisser' and `smiler' and `mug' are informal terms for `face' and `phiz' is British)
3357,counterglow gegenschein,a faint spot of light in the night sky that appears directly opposite the position of the sun; a reflection of sunlight by micrometeoric material in space
3358,countertransference,the psychoanalyst's displacement of emotion onto the patient or more generally the psychoanalyst's emotional involvement in the therapeutic interaction
3359,country_borage Coleus_aromaticus Coleus_amboinicus Plectranthus_amboinicus,an aromatic fleshy herb of India and Ceylon to South Africa; sometimes placed in genus Plectranthus
3360,couple,(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines
3361,coupling mating pairing conjugation union sexual_union,the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes; "the casual couplings of adolescents"; "the mating of some species occurs only in the spring"
3362,courbaril Hymenaea_courbaril,West Indian locust tree having pinnate leaves and panicles of large white or purplish flowers; yields very hard tough wood
3363,covalent_bond,a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
3364,covariation,(statistics) correlated variation
3365,cove,a small inlet
3366,covering natural_covering cover,a natural object that covers or envelops; "under a covering of dust"; "the fox was flushed from its cover"
3367,cow_parsley wild_chervil Anthriscus_sylvestris,coarse erect biennial Old World herb introduced as a weed in eastern North America
3368,cow_parsnip hogweed Heracleum_sphondylium,tall coarse plant having thick stems and cluster of white to purple flowers
3369,cowage,pods of the cowage plant or the stinging hairs covering them; used as a vermifuge when mixed with e.g. honey
3370,cowage velvet_bean Bengal_bean Benghal_bean Florida_bean Mucuna_pruriens_utilis Mucuna_deeringiana Mucuna_aterrima Stizolobium_deeringiana,the annual woody vine of Asia having long clusters of purplish flowers and densely hairy pods; cultivated in southern United States for green manure and grazing
3371,cowberry mountain_cranberry lingonberry lingenberry lingberry foxberry Vaccinium_vitis-idaea,low evergreen shrub of high north temperate regions of Europe and Asia and America bearing red edible berries
3372,cowherb cow_cockle Vaccaria_hispanica Vaccaria_pyramidata Saponaria_vaccaria,European annual with pale rose-colored flowers; cultivated flower or self-sown grainfield weed; introduced in North America; sometimes classified as a soapwort
3373,cowlick,a tuft of hair that grows in a different direction from the rest of the hair and usually will not lie flat
3374,cowpea black-eyed_pea,fruit or seed of the cowpea plant
3375,cowpea cowpea_plant black-eyed_pea Vigna_unguiculata Vigna_sinensis,sprawling Old World annual cultivated especially in southern United States for food and forage and green manure
3376,cowpen_daisy golden_crownbeard golden_crown_beard butter_daisy Verbesina_encelioides Ximenesia_encelioides,coarse greyish-green annual yellow-flowered herb; southwestern United States to Mexico
3377,cowslip paigle Primula_veris,early spring flower common in British isles having fragrant yellow or sometimes purple flowers
3378,coyol coyol_palm Acrocomia_vinifera,tropical American palm having edible nuts and yielding a useful fiber
3379,coyote_brush coyote_bush chaparral_broom kidney_wort Baccharis_pilularis,widely spreading evergreen shrub of southwestern United States with flower heads in a leafy panicle
3380,crab_apple crabapple,small sour apple; suitable for preserving; "crabapples make a tangy jelly"
3381,crab_apple crabapple cultivated_crab_apple,any of numerous varieties of crab apples cultivated for their small acidic (usually bright red) fruit used for preserves or as ornamentals for their blossoms
3382,crab_cactus Thanksgiving_cactus Zygocactus_truncatus Schlumbergera_truncatus,South American jointed cactus with usually red flowers; often cultivated as a houseplant; sometimes classified as genus Schlumbergera
3383,crabgrass crab_grass finger_grass,grasses with creeping stems that root freely; a pest in lawns
3384,crack_willow brittle_willow snap_willow Salix_fragilis,large willow tree with stiff branches that are easily broken
3385,cracking,the process whereby heavy molecules of naphtha or petroleum are broken down into hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight (especially in the oil-refining process)
3386,cracklings,the crisp residue left after lard has been rendered
3387,cranberry,any of numerous shrubs of genus Vaccinium bearing cranberries
3388,cranberry,very tart red berry used for sauce or juice
3389,cranberry_bush cranberry_tree American_cranberry_bush highbush_cranberry Viburnum_trilobum,deciduous North American shrub or small tree having three-lobed leaves and red berries
3390,cranesbill crane's_bill,any of numerous geraniums of the genus Geranium
3391,cranial_cavity intracranial_cavity,the cavity enclosed by the cranium
3392,cranial_nerve,any of the 12 paired nerves that originate in the brain stem
3393,craniometric_point,a landmark on the skull from which craniometric measurements can be taken
3394,cranium braincase brainpan,the part of the skull that encloses the brain
3395,crape_fern Prince-of-Wales_fern Prince-of-Wales_feather Prince-of-Wales_plume Leptopteris_superba Todea_superba,New Zealand with pinnate fronds and a densely woolly stalks; sometimes included in genus Todea
3396,crape_jasmine crepe_jasmine crepe_gardenia pinwheel_flower East_Indian_rosebay Adam's_apple Nero's_crown coffee_rose Tabernaemontana_divaricate,tropical shrub having glossy foliage and fragrant nocturnal flowers with crimped or wavy corollas; northern India to Thailand
3397,crape_myrtle crepe_myrtle crepe_flower Lagerstroemia_indica,ornamental shrub from eastern India commonly planted in the southern United States
3398,craton,the part of a continent that is stable and forms the central mass of the continent; typically Precambrian
3399,craw crop,a pouch in many birds and some lower animals that resembles a stomach for storage and preliminary maceration of food
3400,cream-of-tartar_tree sour_gourd Adansonia_gregorii,Australian tree having an agreeably acid fruit that resembles a gourd
3401,creamcups Platystemon_californicus,California plant with small pale yellow flowers
3402,creeper,any plant (as ivy or periwinkle) that grows by creeping
3403,creeping_St_John's_wort Hypericum_calycinum,creeping evergreen shrub with bright yellow star-shaped summer flowers; useful as ground cover
3404,creeping_bellflower Campanula_rapunculoides,erect European herb with creeping rootstocks and nodding spikelike racemes of blue to violet flowers
3405,creeping_bent creeping_bentgrass Agrostis_palustris,common pasture or lawn grass spread by long runners
3406,creeping_bugle Ajuga_reptans,low rhizomatous European carpeting plant having spikes of blue flowers; naturalized in parts of United States
3407,creeping_buttercup creeping_crowfoot Ranunculus_repens,perennial European herb with long creeping stolons
3408,creeping_fern Hartford_fern Lygodium_palmatum,delicate fern of the eastern United States having a twining stem and palmately-lobed sterile fronds and forked fertile fronds
3409,creeping_oxalis creeping_wood_sorrel Oxalis_corniculata,creeping much-branched mat-forming weed; cosmopolitan
3410,creeping_snowberry moxie_plum maidenhair_berry Gaultheria_hispidula,slow-growing procumbent evergreen shrublet of northern North America and Japan having white flowers and numerous white fleshy rough and hairy seeds
3411,creeping_soft_grass Holcus_mollis,European perennial grass with soft velvety foliage
3412,creeping_willow Salix_repens,small trailing bush of Europe and Asia having straggling branches with silky green leaves of which several varieties are cultivated
3413,creeping_zinnia Sanvitalia_procumbens,low-branching leafy annual with flower heads resembling zinnias; found in southwestern United States and Mexico to Guatemala
3414,cremains,the remains of a dead body after cremation
3415,crenate_leaf,a leaf having a scalloped margin
3416,creosote_bush coville hediondilla Larrea_tridentata,desert shrub of southwestern United States and New Mexico having persistent resinous aromatic foliage and small yellow flowers
3417,crepe_fern king_fern Todea_barbara,fern of rain forests of tropical Australia and New Zealand and South Africa
3418,cress cress_plant,any of various plants of the family Cruciferae with edible leaves that have a pungent taste
3419,crest,a showy growth of e.g. feathers or skin on the head of a bird or other animal
3420,crested_coral_root Hexalectris_spicata,orchid with yellowish-brown flowers with dark veins; southeastern Arizona to the eastern United States
3421,crested_wheatgrass crested_wheat_grass fairway_crested_wheat_grass Agropyron_cristatum,Eurasian grass grown in United States great plains area for forage and erosion control
3422,crew_cut butch flattop,a closely cropped haircut; usually for men or boys
3423,cricket-bat_willow Salix_alba_caerulea,Eurasian willow tree having greyish leaves and ascending branches
3424,crimp,a lock of hair that has been artificially waved or curled
3425,crimson_clover Italian_clover Trifolium_incarnatum,southern European annual with spiky heads of crimson flower; extensively cultivated in United States for forage
3426,crinkleroot crinkle-root crinkle_root pepper_root toothwort Cardamine_diphylla Dentaria_diphylla,North American herb with pungent scaly or toothed roots
3427,crocus,any of numerous low-growing plants of the genus Crocus having slender grasslike leaves and white or yellow or purple flowers; native chiefly to the Mediterranean region but widely cultivated
3428,crooked-stemmed_aster,a variety of aster
3429,cross-leaved_heath bell_heather Erica_tetralix,dwarf European shrub with rose-colored flowers
3430,cross-link cross-linkage,a side bond that links two adjacent chains of atoms in a complex molecule
3431,cross_vine trumpet_flower quartervine quarter-vine Bignonia_capreolata,woody flowering vine of southern United States; stems show a cross in transverse section
3432,crossing_over crossover,the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis
3433,crosswind,wind blowing across the path of a ship or aircraft
3434,crotalaria rattlebox,any of various plants of the genus Crotalaria having inflated pods within which the seeds rattle; used for pasture and green-manure crops
3435,crotaphion,the tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
3436,croton Codiaeum_variegatum,grown in many varieties for their brightly colored foliage; widely cultivated as a houseplant
3437,croton Croton_tiglium,tropical Asiatic shrub; source of croton oil
3438,croton_oil,viscid acrid brownish-yellow oil from the seeds of Croton tiglium having a violent cathartic action
3439,crow_garlic false_garlic field_garlic stag's_garlic wild_garlic Allium_vineale,pungent Old World wild onion
3440,crowberry,a low evergreen shrub with small purple flowers and black berrylike fruit
3441,crown_daisy Chrysanthemum_coronarium,shrubby annual of the Mediterranean region with yellowish-white flowers
3442,crown_imperial Fritillaria_imperialis,Eurasian herb with a cluster of leaves and orange-red bell-shaped flowers at the top of the stem
3443,crown_of_thorns Christ_thorn Christ_plant Euphorbia_milii,somewhat climbing bushy spurge of Madagascar having long woody spiny stems with few leaves and flowers with scarlet bracts
3444,crownbeard crown-beard crown_beard,any plant of the genus Verbesina having clustered white or yellow flower heads
3445,crucifer cruciferous_plant,any of various plants of the family Cruciferae
3446,cruel_plant Araujia_sericofera,robust twining shrub having racemes of fragrant white or pink flowers with flat spreading terminal petals that trap nocturnal moths and hold them until dawn
3447,crus,the leg from the knee to foot
3448,crust incrustation encrustation,a hard outer layer that covers something
3449,crustose_thallus,thin crusty lichen thallus; adheres closely to or is embedded in the surface on which it grows
3450,crying weeping tears,the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds); "I hate to hear the crying of a child"; "she was in tears"
3451,cryptococcosis,a fungal infection characterized by nodular lesions--first in the lungs and spreading to the nervous system
3452,crystal crystallization,a rock formed by the solidification of a substance; has regularly repeating internal structure; external plane faces
3453,crystallite,any of numerous minute rudimentary crystalline bodies of unknown composition found in glassy igneous rock
3454,crystallization crystallisation crystallizing,the formation of crystals
3455,ctene comb-plate,a locomotor organ consisting of a row of strong cilia whose bases are fused
3456,ctenidium,comb-like respiratory structure serving as the gill of certain mollusks
3457,cube,any of several tropical American woody plants of the genus Lonchocarpus whose roots are used locally as a fish poison and commercially as a source of rotenone
3458,cubeb,spicy fruit of the cubeb vine; when dried and crushed is used medicinally or in perfumery and sometimes smoked in cigarettes
3459,cubeb cubeb_vine Java_pepper Piper_cubeba,tropical southeast Asian shrubby vine bearing spicy berrylike fruits
3460,cubitus,the arm from the elbow to the fingertips
3461,cuboid_bone,the cube shaped bone on the outer side of the tarsus
3462,cuckoopint lords-and-ladies jack-in-the-pulpit Arum_maculatum,common European arum with lanceolate spathe and short purple spadix; emerges in early spring; source of a starch called arum
3463,cucumber cucumber_vine Cucumis_sativus,a melon vine of the genus Cucumis; cultivated from earliest times for its cylindrical green fruit
3464,cucumber_tree Magnolia_acuminata,American deciduous magnolia having large leaves and fruit like a small cucumber
3465,cudweed,any of numerous plants of the genus Gnaphalium having flowers that can be dried without loss of form or color
3466,culm,stem of plants of the Gramineae
3467,cultivar,a variety of a plant developed from a natural species and maintained under cultivation
3468,cultivated_parsnip,European biennial having a long fusiform root that has been made palatable through cultivation
3469,cultivated_plant,plants that are grown for their produce
3470,cultivated_rice Oryza_sativa,yields the staple food of 50 percent of world's population
3471,cultivation,the process of fostering the growth of something; "the cultivation of bees for honey"
3472,culture,(biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar); "the culture of cells in a Petri dish"
3473,cumin Cuminum_cyminum,dwarf Mediterranean annual long cultivated for its aromatic seeds
3474,cumin cumin_seed,aromatic seeds of the cumin herb of the carrot family
3475,cumulonimbus cumulonimbus_cloud thundercloud,a dark cloud of great vertical extent charged with electricity; associated with thunderstorms
3476,cumulus cumulus_cloud,a globular cloud
3477,cuneate_leaf,a wedge-shaped leaf having the acute angle at the base
3478,cunnilingus cunnilinctus,oral stimulation of the vulva or clitoris
3479,cunt puss pussy slit snatch twat,obscene terms for female genitals
3480,cup,cup-shaped plant organ
3481,cupflower nierembergia,any of various plants of the genus Nierembergia having upturned bell-shaped flowers
3482,cupule,a sucker on the feet of certain flies
3483,cupule acorn_cup,cup-shaped structure of hardened bracts at the base of an acorn
3484,curdling clotting coagulation,the process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid
3485,curled_leaf_pondweed curly_pondweed Potamogeton_crispus,European herb naturalized in the eastern United States and California
3486,curly-heads Clematis_ochreleuca,shrubby clematis of the eastern United States having curly foliage
3487,curly_grass curly_grass_fern Schizaea_pusilla,rare small fern of northeastern North America having numerous slender spiraling fronds and forming dense tufts
3488,curlycup_gumweed Grindelia_squarrosa,perennial gumweed of western and central North America
3489,currant,any of several tart red or black berries used primarily for jellies and jams
3490,currant,small dried seedless raisin grown in the Mediterranean region and California; used in cooking
3491,currant currant_bush,any of various deciduous shrubs of the genus Ribes bearing currants
3492,current electric_current,a flow of electricity through a conductor; "the current was measured in amperes"
3493,cursed_crowfoot celery-leaved_buttercup Ranunculus_sceleratus,annual herb growing in marshy places
3494,curtain,any barrier to communication or vision; "a curtain of secrecy"; "a curtain of trees"
3495,cush-cush Dioscorea_trifida,tropical American yam with small yellow edible tubers
3496,cushaw Cucurbita_mixta Cucurbita_argyrosperma,plant bearing squash having globose to ovoid fruit with variously striped grey and green and white warty rinds
3497,cushion_flower pincushion_hakea Hakea_laurina,tall straggling shrub with large globose crimson-yellow flowers; western Australia
3498,cusp leaflet,a thin triangular flap of a heart valve
3499,custard_apple,the fruit of any of several tropical American trees of the genus Annona having soft edible pulp
3500,custard_apple custard_apple_tree,any of several tropical American trees bearing fruit with soft edible pulp
3501,cutaneous_vein vena_cutanea,one of a number of veins in the subcutaneous tissue that empty into deep veins
3502,cuticle,the dead skin at the base of a fingernail or toenail
3503,cuticula,the outer body wall of an insect
3504,cutleaved_coneflower Rudbeckia_laciniata,tall leafy plant with erect branches ending in large yellow flower heads with downward-arching rays; grow in Rocky Mountains south to Arizona and east to the Atlantic coast
3505,cutting,a piece cut off from the main part of something
3506,cutting slip,a part (sometimes a root or leaf or bud) removed from a plant to propagate a new plant through rooting or grafting
3507,cyanide_process,an industrial process for extracting gold and silver by treating ore with a sodium cyanide solution
3508,cyano_group cyano_radical cyanide_group cyanide_radical,the monovalent group -CN in a chemical compound
3509,cycad,any tropical gymnosperm of the order Cycadales; having unbranched stems with a crown of fernlike leaves
3510,cyclamen Cyclamen_purpurascens,Mediterranean plant widely cultivated as a houseplant for its showy dark green leaves splotched with silver and nodding white or pink to reddish flowers with reflexed petals
3511,cyclone,(meteorology) rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low pressure center; circling counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern
3512,cyclone,a violent rotating windstorm
3513,cyclooxygenase Cox,either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin
3514,cyclooxygenase-1 Cox-1,an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys; "an unfortunate side effect of NSAIDs is that they block Cox-1"
3515,cyclooxygenase-2 Cox-2,an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever; "the beneficial effects of NSAIDs result from their ability to block Cox-2"
3516,cyclosis streaming,the circulation of cytoplasm within a cell
3517,cymbid cymbidium,any of various plants of the genus Cymbidium having narrow leaves and a long drooping cluster of numerous showy and variously colored boat-shaped flowers; extensively hybridized and cultivated as houseplants and important florists' flowers
3518,cyme,more or less flat-topped cluster of flowers in which the central or terminal flower opens first
3519,cymling pattypan_squash,squash plant having flattened round fruit with a scalloped edge; usually greenish white
3520,cymule,a small cyme, generally with few flowers
3521,cynancum,any of various mostly giant tropical lianas of Africa and Madagascar having greenish or purple flowers and long smooth pods; roots formerly used as an emetic
3522,cypress cypress_tree,any of numerous evergreen conifers of the genus Cupressus of north temperate regions having dark scalelike leaves and rounded cones
3523,cypress_spurge Euphorbia_cyparissias,Old World perennial having foliage resembling cypress; naturalized as a weed in the United States
3524,cypress_vine star-glory Indian_pink Ipomoea_quamoclit Quamoclit_pennata,tropical American annual climber having red (sometimes white) flowers and finely dissected leaves; naturalized in United States and elsewhere
3525,cypripedia,a plant or flower of the genus Cypripedium
3526,cyrilla leatherwood white_titi Cyrilla_racemiflora,shrub or small tree of southeastern United States to West Indies and Brazil; grown for the slender racemes of white flowers and orange and crimson foliage
3527,cystic_artery arteria_cystica,a branch of the hepatic artery; supplies the gall bladder and the surface of the liver
3528,cystic_vein vena_cystica,vein that drains the gallbladder
3529,cytochrome,(biochemistry) a class of hemoprotein whose principal biological function is electron transfer (especially in cellular respiration)
3530,cytochrome_c,the most abundant and stable cytochrome; involved in energy transfer
3531,cytogenesis cytogeny,the origin and development and variation of cells
3532,cytokine,any of various protein molecules secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system
3533,cytokinesis,organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
3534,cytologic_specimen,a specimen used for cytologic examination and diagnosis
3535,cytolysis,pathological breakdown of cells by the destruction of their outer membrane
3536,cytoskeleton,a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
3537,cytostome,mouth of a protozoan
3538,dacryon,the craniometric point at the junction of the anterior border of the lacrimal bone with the frontal bone
3539,daffodil Narcissus_pseudonarcissus,any of numerous varieties of Narcissus plants having showy often yellow flowers with a trumpet-shaped central crown
3540,daffodil_garlic flowering_onion Naples_garlic Allium_neopolitanum,European onion with white flowers
3541,dagame lemonwood_tree Calycophyllum_candidissimum,source of a tough elastic wood
3542,dagga Cape_dagga red_dagga wilde_dagga Leonotis_leonurus,relatively nontoxic South African herb smoked like tobacco
3543,dahlia Dahlia_pinnata,any of several plants of or developed from the species Dahlia pinnata having tuberous roots and showy rayed variously colored flower heads; native to the mountains of Mexico and Central America and Colombia
3544,daisy,any of numerous composite plants having flower heads with well-developed ray flowers usually arranged in a single whorl
3545,daisy_fleabane Erigeron_annuus,widely naturalized white-flowered North American herb
3546,daisybush daisy-bush daisy_bush,any of various mostly Australian attractively shaped shrubs of the genus Olearia grown for their handsome and sometimes fragrant evergreen foliage and profusion of daisy flowers with white or purple or blue rays
3547,daisyleaf_grape_fern daisy-leaved_grape_fern Botrychium_matricariifolium,of North America and Eurasia
3548,dallisgrass dallis_grass paspalum Paspalum_dilatatum,tall tufted perennial tropical American grass naturalized as pasture and forage grass in southern United States
3549,damask_rose summer_damask_rose Rosa_damascena,large hardy very fragrant pink rose; cultivated in Asia Minor as source of attar of roses; parent of many hybrids
3550,damask_violet Dame's_violet sweet_rocket Hesperis_matronalis,long cultivated herb having flowers whose scent is more pronounced in the evening; naturalized throughout Europe to Siberia and into North America
3551,damson damson_plum,dark purple plum of the damson tree
3552,damson_plum damson_plum_tree Prunus_domestica_insititia,plum tree long cultivated for its edible fruit
3553,dandelion blowball,any of several herbs of the genus Taraxacum having long tap roots and deeply notched leaves and bright yellow flowers followed by fluffy seed balls
3554,dandelion_green,the foliage of the dandelion plant
3555,dander,small scales from animal skins or hair or bird feathers that can cause allergic reactions in some people
3556,dandruff,loose scales shed from the scalp; "I could see the dandruff on her shoulders"
3557,dangleberry dangle-berry Gaylussacia_frondosa,huckleberry of the eastern United States with pink flowers and sweet blue fruit
3558,daphne,any of several ornamental shrubs with shiny mostly evergreen leaves and clusters of small bell-shaped flowers
3559,darling_pea poison_bush,either of two Australian plants of the genus Swainsona that are poisonous to sheep
3560,darnel tare bearded_darnel cheat Lolium_temulentum,weedy annual grass often occurs in grainfields and other cultivated land; seeds sometimes considered poisonous
3561,data_mining,data processing using sophisticated data search capabilities and statistical algorithms to discover patterns and correlations in large preexisting databases; a way to discover new meaning in data
3562,data_processing,(computer science) a series of operations on data by a computer in order to retrieve or transform or classify information
3563,date,sweet edible fruit of the date palm with a single long woody seed
3564,date_palm Phoenix_dactylifera,tall tropical feather palm tree native to Syria bearing sweet edible fruit
3565,date_plum Diospyros_lotus,an Asiatic persimmon tree cultivated for its small yellow or purplish-black edible fruit much valued by Afghan tribes
3566,davallia,any fern of the genus Davallia; having scaly creeping rhizomes
3567,day_jessamine Cestrum_diurnum,West Indian evergreen shrub having clusters of funnel-shaped white flowers that are fragrant by day
3568,day_lily daylily,any of numerous perennials having tuberous roots and long narrow bladelike leaves and usually yellow lily-like flowers that bloom for only a day
3569,daylight,light during the daytime
3570,de-iodinase,an enzyme that removes the iodine radical
3571,de-iodination,the removal of iodine atoms from organic compounds
3572,dead_nettle,any of various plants of the genus Lamium having clusters of small usually purplish flowers with two lips
3573,deadwood,a branch or a part of a tree that is dead
3574,dealignment,a process whereby voters are moved toward nonpartisanship thus weakening the structure of political parties
3575,deamination deaminization,removal of the amino radical from an amino acid or other amino compound
3576,death,the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism; "the animal died a painful death"
3577,death_camas zigadene,any of various plants of the genus Zigadenus having glaucous leaves and terminal racemes of mostly white flowers; all are poisonous
3578,debacle,flooding caused by a tumultuous breakup of ice in a river during the spring or summer
3579,decalcification,loss of calcium from bones or teeth
3580,decalescence,phenomenon that occurs when a metal is being heated and there is a sudden slowing in the rate of temperature increase; slowing is caused by a change in the internal crystal structure of the metal
3581,decarboxylase,any of the enzymes that hydrolize the carboxyl group
3582,decarboxylation,the process of removing a carboxyl group from a chemical compound (usually replacing it with hydrogen)
3583,decay,the process of gradually becoming inferior
3584,decay decline,a gradual decrease; as of stored charge or current
3585,decay decomposition,the organic phenomenon of rotting
3586,decay radioactive_decay disintegration,the spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive substance along with the emission of ionizing radiation
3587,decentralization decentalisation,the social process in which population and industry moves from urban centers to outlying districts
3588,decidua,the epithelial tissue of the endometrium
3589,deciduous_holly,a holly tree
3590,deciduous_plant,a plant having foliage that is shed annually at the end of the growing season
3591,decline diminution,change toward something smaller or lower
3592,decoction,(pharmacology) the extraction of water-soluble drug substances by boiling
3593,decoction_process decoction_mashing,(brewing) a process in which part of the mash is removed and boiled and then returned
3594,decomposition decomposition_reaction chemical_decomposition_reaction,(chemistry) separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance
3595,decomposition rot rotting putrefaction breakdown,(biology) the process of decay caused by bacterial or fungal action
3596,decompound_leaf,a leaf having divisions that are themselves compound
3597,decrease decrement,a process of becoming smaller or shorter
3598,decumary Decumaria_barbata Decumaria_barbara,woody climber of southeastern United States having white flowers in compound terminal clusters
3599,dedifferentiation,the loss of specialization in form or function
3600,deep,literary term for an ocean; "denizens of the deep"
3601,deep_middle_cerebral_vein,accompanies the middle cerebral artery deep in the Sylvian fissure; empties into the basal vein
3602,deep_temporal_vein,temporal veins that empty into the pterygoid plexus
3603,deepening,a process of becoming deeper and more profound
3604,deer_fern Blechnum_spicant,fern with erect fronds of Europe and western North America; often cultivated for deer browse
3605,deer_grass meadow_beauty,any of several plants of the genus Rhexia usually having pink-purple to magenta flowers; eastern North America
3606,deerberry squaw_huckleberry Vaccinium_stamineum,small branching blueberry common in marshy areas of the eastern United States having greenish or yellowish unpalatable berries reputedly eaten by deer
3607,defecation laxation shitting,the elimination of fecal waste through the anus
3608,defecation_reflex rectal_reflex,normal response to the presence of feces in the rectum
3609,defense_mechanism defense_reaction defence_mechanism defence_reaction defense defence,(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires
3610,deflagration,combustion that propagates through a gas or along the surface of an explosive at a rapid rate driven by the transfer of heat
3611,deflation,(geology) the erosion of soil as a consequence of sand and dust and loose rocks being removed by the wind; "a constant deflation of the desert landscape"
3612,deflation,a contraction of economic activity resulting in a decline of prices
3613,deflationary_spiral,an episode of deflation in which prices and wages decrease at an increasing rate and currency gains in value
3614,defloration,the act of depriving a woman of her virginity (especially by rupturing the hymen through sexual intercourse)
3615,defoliation,the loss of foliage
3616,degaussing,the process of making a (steel) ship's hull nonmagnetic by producing an opposing magnetic field
3617,degeneration devolution,the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality
3618,dehiscence,(biology) release of material by splitting open of an organ or tissue; the natural bursting open at maturity of a fruit or other reproductive body to release seeds or spores or the bursting open of a surgically closed wound
3619,dehydration desiccation drying_up evaporation,the process of extracting moisture
3620,delphinium,any plant of the genus Delphinium having palmately divided leaves and showy spikes of variously colored spurred flowers; some contain extremely poisonous substances
3621,delta_ray,an electron ejected from matter by ionizing radiation
3622,delta_rhythm delta_wave,the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person in deep dreamless sleep; occurs with high voltage and low frequency (1 to 4 hertz)
3623,deltoid deltoid_muscle musculus_deltoideus,a large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and serving to abduct and flex and extend and rotate the arm
3624,deltoid_leaf,a simple leaf shaped like a capital delta
3625,deltoid_tuberosity deltoid_eminence,a bump on the outside of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches
3626,demagnetization demagnetisation,the process of removing magnetization
3627,demand,the ability and desire to purchase goods and services; "the automobile reduced the demand for buggywhips"; "the demand exceeded the supply"
3628,demand-pull_inflation,inflation caused by an increase in demand or in the supply of money
3629,demerara,a light brown raw cane sugar from Guyana
3630,demineralization demineralisation,the removal of minerals and mineral salts from a liquid (especially from water)
3631,denazification de-Nazification,social process of removing Nazis from official positions and giving up any allegiance to Nazism; "denazification was a slow process"
3632,dendrobium,a plant of the genus Dendrobium having stems like cane and usually showy racemose flowers
3633,denial,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that denies painful thoughts
3634,dense-leaved_elodea Elodea_densa Egeria_densa,aquatic plant with deep green foliage useful to oxygenate an aquarium; sometimes placed in genus Egeria
3635,dense_blazing_star Liatris_pycnostachya,perennial of southeastern and central United States having very dense spikes of purple flowers; often cultivated for cut flowers
3636,dent,an appreciable consequence (especially a lessening); "it made a dent in my bank account"
3637,dent_corn Zea_mays_indentata,corn whose kernels contain both hard and soft starch and become indented at maturity
3638,dentate_leaf,a leaf having a toothed margin
3639,dentate_nucleus,a large laminar nucleus of grey matter within the white matter of each cerebral hemisphere
3640,denticle,small pointed ridge on the exoskeleton of an arthropod
3641,denticulate_leaf,a leaf having a finely toothed margin; minutely dentate
3642,dentine dentin,bone (calcified tissue) surrounding the pulp cavity of a tooth
3643,deodar deodar_cedar Himalayan_cedar Cedrus_deodara,tall East Indian cedar having spreading branches with nodding tips; highly valued for its appearance as well as its timber
3644,deossification,the loss of the mineral content of bone tissue
3645,deoxyribose,a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids
3646,depolarization depolarisation,a loss of polarity or polarization
3647,deposit sedimentation alluviation,the phenomenon of sediment or gravel accumulating
3648,deposition deposit,the natural process of laying down a deposit of something
3649,depressor depressor_muscle,any skeletal muscle that draws a body part down
3650,depressor depressor_nerve,any nerve whose activity tends to reduce the activity or tone of the body part it serves
3651,derivation,(descriptive linguistics) the process whereby new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation; "`singer' from `sing' or `undo' from `do' are examples of derivations"
3652,dermatomycosis dermatophytosis,fungal infection of the skin (especially of moist parts covered by clothing)
3653,derris,any of various usually woody vines of the genus Derris of tropical Asia whose roots yield the insecticide rotenone; several are sources of native fish and arrow poisons
3654,derris_root tuba_root Derris_elliptica,woody vine having bright green leaves and racemes of rose-tinted white flowers; the swollen roots contain rotenone
3655,desalination desalinization desalinisation,the removal of salt (especially from sea water)
3656,descending_aorta,the descending part of the aorta that branches into the thoracic and abdominal aortae
3657,descending_colon,the part of the large intestine that descends from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon
3658,desensitization desensitisation,the process of reducing sensitivity; "the patient was desensitized to the allergen"
3659,desert_four_o'clock Colorado_four_o'clock maravilla Mirabilis_multiflora,wildflower having vibrant deep pink tubular evening-blooming flowers; found in sandy and desert areas from southern California to southern Colorado and into Mexico
3660,desert_holly Atriplex_hymenelytra,handsome low saltbush of arid southwestern United States and Mexico having blue-green prickly-edged leaves often used for Christmas decoration
3661,desert_mariposa_tulip Calochortus_kennedyi,mariposa with clusters of bell-shaped vermilion or orange or yellow flowers atop short stems; southern California to Arizona and Mexico
3662,desert_paintbrush Castilleja_chromosa,most common paintbrush of western United States dry lands; having erect stems ending in dense spikes of bright orange to red flowers
3663,desert_pea Sturt_pea Sturt's_desert_pea Clianthus_formosus Clianthus_speciosus,sprawling shrubby perennial noted for its scarlet black-marked flowers; widely distributed in dry parts of Australia
3664,desert_plant xerophyte xerophytic_plant xerophile xerophilous_plant,plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water; compare hydrophyte and mesophyte
3665,desert_plume prince's-plume Stanleya_pinnata Cleome_pinnata,perennial of southwestern United States having leathery blue-green pinnatifid leaves and thick plumelike spikes of yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Cleome
3666,desert_sand_verbena Abronia_villosa,soft-haired sticky plant with heads of bright pink trumpet-shaped flowers; found in sandy desert soil; after ample rains may carpet miles of desert with pink from the southwestern United States to northern Mexico
3667,desert_selaginella Selaginella_eremophila,prostrate spikemoss; California
3668,desert_sunflower Gerea_canescens,slender hairy plant with few leaves and golden-yellow flower heads; sandy desert areas of southeastern California to southwestern Utah and western Arizona and northwestern Mexico
3669,desert_willow Chilopsis_linearis,evergreen shrubby tree resembling a willow of dry regions of southwestern North America having showy purplish flowers and long seed pods
3670,desertification,the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert; is usually caused by climate change or by destructive use of the land; "the dust storms in Korea are the result of rapid desertification in China"
3671,desideratum,something desired as a necessity; "the desiderata for a vacation are time and money"
3672,desorption,changing from an adsorbed state on a surface to a gaseous or liquid state
3673,desquamation peeling shedding,loss of bits of outer skin by peeling or shedding or coming off in scales
3674,destalinization de-Stalinization destalinisation de-Stalinisation,social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor; "his statue was demolished as part of destalinization"
3675,destructive_distillation,heating a solid substance in a closed container and collecting the volatile products
3676,deterioration decline_in_quality declension worsening,process of changing to an inferior state
3677,detumescence,diminution of swelling; the subsidence of anything swollen
3678,deuteron,the nucleus of deuterium; consists of one proton and one neutron; used as a bombarding particle in accelerators
3679,deutzia,any of various shrubs of the genus Deutzia having usually toothed opposite leaves and shredding bark and white or pink flowers in loose terminal clusters
3680,development developing,processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible; "the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours"
3681,development evolution,a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); "the development of his ideas took many years"; "the evolution of Greek civilization"; "the slow development of her skill as a writer"
3682,devil's_tongue snake_palm umbrella_arum Amorphophallus_rivieri,foul-smelling somewhat fleshy tropical plant of southeastern Asia cultivated for its edible corms or in the greenhouse for its large leaves and showy dark red spathe surrounding a large spadix
3683,devilwood American_olive Osmanthus_americanus,small tree of southern United States having panicles of dull white flowers followed by dark purple fruits
3684,dew,water that has condensed on a cool surface overnight from water vapor in the air; "in the morning the grass was wet with dew"
3685,dewberry,blackberry-like fruits of any of several trailing blackberry bushes
3686,dewberry dewberry_bush running_blackberry,any of several trailing blackberry brambles especially of North America
3687,dewlap,a hanging fold of loose skin on an elderly person's neck
3688,dextrin,any of various polysaccharides obtained by hydrolysis of starch; a tasteless and odorless gummy substance that is used as a thickening agent and in adhesives and in dietary supplements
3689,dextrose dextroglucose grape_sugar,an isomer of glucose that is found in honey and sweet fruits
3690,dhak dak palas Butea_frondosa Butea_monosperma,East Indian tree bearing a profusion of intense vermilion velvet-textured blooms and yielding a yellow dye
3691,dhawa dhava,an Indian tree of the family Combretaceae that is a source of timber and gum
3692,dhobi_itch,fungal infection attacking moist parts of the body
3693,diamagnetism,phenomenon exhibited by materials like copper or bismuth that become magnetized in a magnetic field with a polarity opposite to the magnetic force; unlike iron they are slightly repelled by a magnet
3694,diapedesis,passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue
3695,diapensia,any boreal low-growing evergreen plant of the genus Diapensia
3696,diaphragm midriff,(anatomy) a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities; functions in respiration
3697,diaphysis shaft,the main (mid) section of a long bone
3698,diastolic_pressure,the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the heart refill with blood
3699,diastrophism,the process of deformation that produces continents and ocean basins in the earth's crust
3700,diazonium,the univalent cation R-N:N- (where R is an aromatic hydrocarbon); found in salts that are used in manufacturing azo dyes
3701,dichondra Dichondra_micrantha,a creeping perennial herb with hairy stems and orbicular to reniform leaves and small white to greenish flowers; used as a grass substitute in warm regions
3702,dichroism,pleochroism of a crystal so that it exhibits two different colors when viewed from two different directions
3703,dicot dicotyledon magnoliopsid exogen,flowering plant with two cotyledons; the stem grows by deposit on its outside
3704,dielectric_heating,heating of an insulator by a high-frequency electric field
3705,diencephalon interbrain betweenbrain thalmencephalon,the posterior division of the forebrain; connects the cerebral hemispheres with the mesencephalon
3706,diethylaminoethyl_cellulose DEAE_cellulose,used for chromatography
3707,diffraction,when light passes sharp edges or goes through narrow slits the rays are deflected and produce fringes of light and dark bands
3708,diffuse_nebula gaseous_nebula,a cluster of stars within an intricate cloud of gas and dust
3709,diffusion,(physics) the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration
3710,digestion,the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body
3711,digestion,the process of decomposing organic matter (as in sewage) by bacteria or by chemical action or heat
3712,digestive_gland,any gland having ducts that pour secretions into the digestive tract
3713,digestive_system gastrointestinal_system systema_alimentarium systema_digestorium,the system that makes food absorbable into the body
3714,digit dactyl,a finger or toe in human beings or corresponding body part in other vertebrates
3715,digital_arteries arteria_digitalis,arteries in the hand and foot that supply the fingers and toes
3716,digital_photography,a photographic method that stores the image digitally for later reproduction
3717,digital_vein vena_digitalis,one of the veins serving the fingers or toes
3718,dihybrid_cross,hybridization using two traits with two alleles each
3719,dika_nut,edible oil-rich seed of wild mango
3720,dilapidation ruin,the process of becoming dilapidated
3721,dilator,a muscle or nerve that dilates or widens a body part
3722,dill Anethum_graveolens,aromatic Old World herb having aromatic threadlike foliage and seeds used as seasoning
3723,dillenia,any of several evergreen trees or shrubs of the genus Dillenia grown for their foliage and nodding flowers resembling magnolias which are followed by fruit that is used in curries and jellies and preserves
3724,dimorphism,(biology) the existence of two forms of individual within the same animal species (independent of sex differences)
3725,dimorphism,(chemistry) the property of certain substances that enables them to exist in two distinct crystalline forms
3726,dining,the act of eating dinner
3727,dioon,any cycad of the genus Dioon; handsome palmlike cycads with robust crowns of leaves and rugged trunks
3728,diploic_vein vena_diploica,one of the veins serving the spongy part of the cranial bones
3729,dipole,a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles separated by a small distance
3730,dipole_molecule,a molecule that is a permanent dipole
3731,dipole_moment,the moment of a dipole
3732,dipterocarp,tree of the family Dipterocarpaceae
3733,direct_current DC direct_electric_current,an electric current that flows in one direction steadily
3734,direct_transmission,a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred directly into the body via touching or biting or kissing or sexual intercourse or by droplets entering the eye or nose or mouth
3735,disa,any orchid of the genus Disa; beautiful orchids with dark green leaves and usually hooded flowers; much prized as emblematic flowers in their native regions
3736,disaccharidase,an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharides into monosaccharides
3737,disaccharide,any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
3738,disassortative_mating,mating of individuals having traits more dissimilar than likely in random mating
3739,discharge emission expelling,any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body; "the discharge of pus"
3740,discharge spark arc electric_arc electric_discharge,electrical conduction through a gas in an applied electric field
3741,disinflation,a reduction of prices intended to improve the balance of payments
3742,disk_access,memory access to the computer disk on which information is stored
3743,dispersed_phase dispersed_particles,(of colloids) a substance in the colloidal state
3744,dispersing_phase dispersion_medium dispersing_medium,(of colloids) a substance in which another is colloidally dispersed
3745,displacement,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that transfers affect or reaction from the original object to some more acceptable one
3746,displacement displacement_reaction,(chemistry) a reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound
3747,dissimilation,a linguistic process by which one of two similar sounds in a word becomes less like the other; "the Old French MARBRE became the English MARBLE by dissimilation"
3748,dissociation,(chemistry) the temporary or reversible process in which a molecule or ion is broken down into smaller molecules or ions
3749,dissolution disintegration,separation into component parts
3750,dissolving dissolution,the process of going into solution; "the dissolving of salt in water"
3751,distillation distillment,the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors
3752,distortion,a change (usually undesired) in the waveform of an acoustic or analog electrical signal; the difference between two measurements of a signal (as between the input and output signal); "heavy metal guitar players use vacuum tube amplifiers to produce extreme distortion"
3753,distributary,a branch of a river that flows away from the main stream and does not rejoin it
3754,distributed_data_processing remote-access_data_processing teleprocessing,data processing in which some of the functions are performed in different places and connected by transmission facilities
3755,dita dita_bark devil_tree Alstonia_scholaris,evergreen tree of eastern Asia and Philippines having large leathery leaves and small green-white flowers in compact cymes; bark formerly used medicinally
3756,ditch,any small natural waterway
3757,ditch_reed common_reed carrizo Phragmites_communis,tall North American reed having relative wide leaves and large plumelike panicles; widely distributed in moist areas; used for mats, screens and arrow shafts
3758,dithering,the process of representing intermediate colors by patterns of tiny colored dots that simulate the desired color
3759,dittany_of_crete cretan_dittany crete_dittany hop_marjoram winter_sweet Origanum_dictamnus,dwarf aromatic shrub of Crete
3760,divi-divi,twisted seed pods of the divi-divi tree; source of tannin
3761,divi-divi Caesalpinia_coriaria,small thornless tree or shrub of tropical America whose seed pods are a source of tannin
3762,dock,the solid bony part of the tail of an animal as distinguished from the hair
3763,dock sorrel sour_grass,any of certain coarse weedy plants with long taproots, sometimes used as table greens or in folk medicine
3764,dodder,a leafless annual parasitic vine of the genus Cuscuta having whitish or yellow filamentous stems; obtain nourishment through haustoria
3765,dog's_mercury dog_mercury Mercurialis_perennis,European perennial weedy plant with greenish flowers
3766,dog_fennel Eupatorium_capillifolium,weedy plant of southeastern United States having divided leaves and long clusters of greenish flowers
3767,dog_grass couch_grass quackgrass quack_grass quick_grass witch_grass witchgrass Agropyron_repens,European grass spreading rapidly by creeping rhizomes; naturalized in North America as a weed
3768,dog_laurel dog_hobble switch-ivy Leucothoe_fontanesiana Leucothoe_editorum,fast-growing evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having arching interlaced branches and racemes of white flowers
3769,dog_rose Rosa_canina,prickly wild rose with delicate pink or white scentless flowers; native to Europe
3770,dog_violet heath_violet Viola_canina,Old World leafy-stemmed blue-flowered violet
3771,dogtooth_violet dogtooth dog's-tooth_violet,perennial woodland spring-flowering plant; widely cultivated
3772,dogwood dogwood_tree cornel,a tree of shrub of the genus Cornus often having showy bracts resembling flowers
3773,doldrums,a belt of calms and light winds between the northern and southern trade winds of the Atlantic and Pacific
3774,dolphin_oil,an unsaturated fatty oil obtained from dolphins and used as a fine lubricant
3775,domatium,a part of a plant (e.g., a leaf) that has been modified to provide protection for insects or mites or fungi
3776,dombeya,any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Dombeya grown for their rounded clusters of exquisite often sweet-scented flowers usually hanging beneath the leaves
3777,domestication,adaptation to intimate association with human beings
3778,dominance,the organic phenomenon in which one of a pair of alleles present in a genotype is expressed in the phenotype and the other allele of the pair is not
3779,domino_effect,the consequence of one event setting off a chain of similar events (like a falling domino causing a whole row of upended dominos to fall)
3780,doodia rasp_fern,any fern of the genus Doodia having pinnate fronds with sharply dentate pinnae
3781,dorsal_fin,unpaired median fin on the backs of fishes and some other aquatic vertebrates that help to maintain balance
3782,dorsal_root dorsal_horn posterior_root posterior_horn,one of two roots of a spinal nerve that passes dorsally from the spinal cord and that consists of sensory fibers
3783,dorsal_scapular_vein vena_scapularis_dorsalis,vein that is a tributary of the subclavian vein or external jugular vein and accompanies the descending scapular artery
3784,dorsum,the back of the body of a vertebrate or any analogous surface (as the upper or outer surface of an organ or appendage or part); "the dorsum of the foot"
3785,dotted_gayfeather Liatris_punctata,herb with many stems bearing narrow slender wands of crowded rose-lavender flowers; central United States and Canada to Texas and northern Mexico
3786,double_bond,a covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
3787,double_chin buccula,a fold of fatty tissue under the chin
3788,double_decomposition double_decomposition_reaction metathesis,a chemical reaction between two compounds in which parts of each are interchanged to form two new compounds (AB+CD=AD+CB)
3789,double_refraction birefringence,splitting a ray into two parallel rays polarized perpendicularly
3790,double_replacement_reaction,a chemical reaction between two compounds where the positive ion of one compound is exchanged with the positive ion of another compound
3791,double_take,a delayed reaction indicating surprise
3792,doubling,increase by a factor of two; "doubling with a computer took no time at all"
3793,douglas_fir,tall evergreen timber tree of western North America having resinous wood and short needles
3794,dove's_foot_geranium Geranium_molle,western geranium with small pink flowers; a common weed on lawns and in vacant lots
3795,down down_feather,soft fine feathers
3796,down pile,fine soft dense hair (as the fine short hair of cattle or deer or the wool of sheep or the undercoat of certain dogs)
3797,down_quark,a stable quark with an electric charge of -1/3 and a mass 607 times that of an electron
3798,downdraft,a strong downward air current
3799,downpour cloudburst deluge waterspout torrent pelter soaker,a heavy rain
3800,downy_birch white_birch Betula_pubescens,European birch with dull white to pale brown bark and somewhat drooping hairy branches
3801,downy_brome downy_bromegrass downy_cheat downy_chess cheatgrass drooping_brome Bromus_tectorum,annual or winter annual grass with softly hairy leaves of the Mediterranean
3802,downy_ground_cherry strawberry_tomato Physalis_pubescens,decorative American annual having round fleshy yellow berries enclosed in a bladderlike husk
3803,downy_manzanita woolly_manzanita Arctostaphylos_tomentosa,erect openly branched California shrub whose twigs are woolly when young
3804,downy_wood_mint Blephilia_celiata,a variety of wood mint
3805,downy_yellow_violet Viola_pubescens,violet of eastern North America having softly pubescent leaves and stems and clear yellow flowers with brown-purple veins
3806,doze drowse,a light fitful sleep
3807,draba,any of numerous low-growing cushion-forming plants of the genus Draba having rosette-forming leaves and terminal racemes of small flowers with scapose or leafy stems; fruit is a dehiscent oblong or linear silique
3808,dracaena,an agave that is often cultivated for its decorative foliage
3809,dracontium,any plant of the genus Dracontium; strongly malodorous tropical American plants usually with gigantic leaves
3810,draft draught,a current of air (usually coming into a chimney or room or vehicle)
3811,drag retarding_force,the phenomenon of resistance to motion through a fluid
3812,dragon_arum green_dragon Dracunculus_vulgaris,European arum resembling the cuckoopint
3813,dragon_tree Dracaena_draco,tall tree of the Canary Islands; source of dragon's blood
3814,dragonhead dragon's_head Dracocephalum_parviflorum,American herb having sharply serrate lanceolate leaves and spikes of blue to violet flowers
3815,dreadlock,one of many long thin braids of hair radiating from the scalp; popularized by Rastafarians
3816,drey,the nest of a squirrel
3817,dried_apricot,apricots preserved by drying
3818,dried_fruit,fruit preserved by drying
3819,drift,a large mass of material that is heaped up by the wind or by water currents
3820,drift,a process of linguistic change over a period of time
3821,drift,the gradual departure from an intended course due to external influences (as a ship or plane)
3822,drift impetus impulsion,a force that moves something along
3823,drink,any large deep body of water; "he jumped into the drink and had to be rescued"
3824,drinking imbibing imbibition,the act of consuming liquids
3825,drippings,fat that exudes from meat and drips off while it is being roasted or fried
3826,drizzle mizzle,very light rain; stronger than mist but less than a shower
3827,dropseed drop-seed,a grass of the genus Sporobolus
3828,drumlin,a mound of glacial drift
3829,drupe stone_fruit,fleshy indehiscent fruit with a single seed: e.g. almond; peach; plum; cherry; elderberry; olive; jujube
3830,drupelet,a small part of an aggregate fruit that resembles a drupe
3831,dry_plate dry_plate_process,a former photographic method that used a glass plate coated with a light-sensitive gelatinous emulsion
3832,drying_oil,an oil that hardens in air due to oxidation and is often used as a paint or varnish base
3833,dryland_blueberry dryland_berry Vaccinium_pallidum,low deciduous shrub of the eastern United States bearing dark blue sweet berries
3834,drypis,spiny-leaved perennial herb of southern Europe having terminal clusters of small flowers
3835,dubbin,tallow mixed with oil; used to make leather soft and waterproof
3836,duck_down,down of the duck
3837,duct,a continuous tube formed by a row of elongated cells lacking intervening end walls
3838,duct epithelial_duct canal channel,a bodily passage or tube lined with epithelial cells and conveying a secretion or other substance; "the tear duct was obstructed"; "the alimentary canal"; "poison is released through a channel in the snake's fangs"
3839,ductule ductulus,a very small duct
3840,ductus_arteriosus,a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta; normally closes at birth
3841,dug,an udder or breast or teat
3842,dumb_cane mother-in-law_plant mother-in-law's_tongue Dieffenbachia_sequine,an evergreen plant with large showy dark green leaves; contains a poison that swells the tongue and throat hence the name
3843,dundathu_pine queensland_kauri smooth_bark_kauri Agathis_robusta,Australian timber tree resembling the kauri but having wood much lighter in weight and softer
3844,duodenum,the part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum
3845,dura_mater dura,the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges
3846,durian,huge fruit native to southeastern Asia `smelling like Hell and tasting like Heaven'; seeds are roasted and eaten like nuts
3847,durian durion durian_tree Durio_zibethinus,tree of southeastern Asia having edible oval fruit with a hard spiny rind
3848,durmast Quercus_petraea Quercus_sessiliflora,deciduous European oak valued for its tough elastic wood
3849,durra doura dourah Egyptian_corn Indian_millet Guinea_corn,sorghums of dry regions of Asia and North Africa
3850,durum durum_wheat hard_wheat Triticum_durum Triticum_turgidum macaroni_wheat,wheat with hard dark-colored kernels high in gluten and used for bread and pasta; grown especially in southern Russia, North Africa, and northern central North America
3851,dust_cloud,a cloud of dust suspended in the air
3852,dust_devil,a miniature whirlwind strong enough to whip dust and leaves and litter into the air
3853,dust_storm duster sandstorm sirocco,a windstorm that lifts up clouds of dust or sand; "it was the kind of duster not experienced in years"
3854,dusty_miller Centaurea_cineraria Centaurea_gymnocarpa,a plant having leaves and stems covered with down that resembles dust
3855,dusty_miller Senecio_cineraria Cineraria_maritima,stiff much-branched perennial of the Mediterranean region having very white woolly stems and leaves
3856,dusty_miller beach_wormwood old_woman Artemisia_stelleriana,herb with greyish leaves found along the east coast of North America; used as an ornamental plant
3857,dusty_miller silver-lace silver_lace Tanacetum_ptarmiciflorum Chrysanthemum_ptarmiciflorum,shrubby perennial of the Canary Islands having white flowers and leaves and hairy stems covered with dustlike down; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum
3858,dwarf-white_trillium snow_trillium early_wake-robin,a low perennial white-flowered trillium found in the southeastern United States
3859,dwarf_astilbe Astilbe_chinensis_pumila,mat-forming evergreen Asiatic plant with finely cut leaves and small pink to burgundy flowers; grown as ground cover
3860,dwarf_banana Musa_acuminata,low-growing Asian banana tree cultivated especially in the West Indies for its clusters of edible yellow fruit
3861,dwarf_bilberry dwarf_blueberry Vaccinium_caespitosum,low-growing tufted deciduous shrub of northern and alpine North America having pink to coral-red flowers followed by sweet blue berries
3862,dwarf_buckeye bottlebrush_buckeye,a spreading shrub with pink flowers; found in southeastern United States
3863,dwarf_chinkapin_oak dwarf_chinquapin_oak dwarf_oak Quercus_prinoides,deciduous shrubby tree of northeastern and central United States having a sweet edible nut and often forming dense thickets
3864,dwarf_dandelion Krigia_dandelion Krigia_bulbosa,small yellow-flowered herb resembling dandelions of central and southeastern United States
3865,dwarf_elder danewort Sambucus_ebulus,dwarf herbaceous elder of Europe having pink flowers and a nauseous odor
3866,dwarf_flowering_almond Prunus_glandulosa,small Chinese shrub with smooth unfurrowed dark red fruit grown especially for its red or pink or white flowers
3867,dwarf_golden_chinkapin Chrysolepis_sempervirens,evergreen shrub similar to golden chinkapin; mountains of California
3868,dwarf_grey_willow dwarf_gray_willow sage_willow Salix_tristis,willow shrub of dry places in the eastern United States having long narrow leaves canescent beneath
3869,dwarf_hulsea Hulsea_nana,similar to but smaller than alpine hulsea
3870,dwarf_iris Iris_cristata,low-growing summer-flowering iris of northeastern United States
3871,dwarf_iris vernal_iris Iris_verna,low-growing spring-flowering American iris with bright blue-lilac flowers
3872,dwarf_maple Rocky-mountain_maple Acer_glabrum,small maple of northwestern North America
3873,dwarf_spurge Euphorbia_exigua,European erect or depressed annual weedy spurge adventive in northeastern United States
3874,dwarf_sumac mountain_sumac black_sumac shining_sumac Rhus_copallina,common nonpoisonous shrub of eastern North America with compound leaves and green paniculate flowers followed by red berries
3875,dwarf_tulip Tulipa_armena Tulipa_suaveolens,small early blooming tulip
3876,dwarf_willow Salix_herbacea,widely distributed boreal shrubby willow with partially underground creeping stems and bright green glossy leaves
3877,dyadic_operation,an operation on exactly two operands
3878,dyer's_rocket dyer's_mignonette weld Reseda_luteola,European mignonette cultivated as a source of yellow dye; naturalized in North America
3879,dyer's_weed Solidago_rugosa,eastern North American herb whose yellow flowers are (or were) used in dyeing
3880,dyer's_woad Isatis_tinctoria,European biennial formerly grown for the blue coloring matter yielded by its leaves
3881,dyer's_woodruff Asperula_tinctoria,creeping European perennial having red or pinkish-white flowers and red roots sometimes used as a substitute for madder in dyeing
3882,dynamic_electricity current_electricity,a flow of electric charge
3883,ear,the sense organ for hearing and equilibrium
3884,ear spike capitulum,fruiting spike of a cereal plant especially corn
3885,eardrum tympanum tympanic_membrane myringa,the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound
3886,earleaved_umbrella_tree Magnolia_fraseri,small erect deciduous tree with large leaves in coiled formations at branch tips
3887,earlobe ear_lobe,the fleshy pendulous part of the external human ear
3888,early_coral_root pale_coral_root Corallorhiza_trifida,plant having clumps of nearly leafless pale yellowish to greenish stems bearing similarly colored flowers with white lower lips; northern New Mexico north through South Dakota and Washington to Alaska
3889,early_spider_orchid Ophrys_sphegodes,spring-blooming spider orchid having a flower with yellow or green or pink sepals and a broad brown velvety lip
3890,earthnut Conopodium_denudatum,a common European plant having edible tubers with the flavor of roasted chestnuts
3891,earthquake quake temblor seism,shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plane or from volcanic activity
3892,east_wind easter easterly,a wind from the east
3893,eastern_hemlock Canadian_hemlock spruce_pine Tsuga_canadensis,common forest tree of the eastern United States and Canada; used especially for pulpwood
3894,eating feeding,the act of consuming food
3895,eating_apple dessert_apple,an apple used primarily for eating raw without cooking
3896,ebb ebbing wane,a gradual decline (in size or strength or power or number)
3897,ebony ebony_tree Diospyros_ebenum,tropical tree of southern Asia having hard dark-colored heartwood used in cabinetwork
3898,ebony_spleenwort Scott's_Spleenwort Asplenium_platyneuron,common North American fern with polished black stripes
3899,eburnation,a change that occurs in degenerative joint disease in which bone is converted into a dense smooth substance resembling ivory
3900,ecchymosis,the escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the surrounding tissue to form a purple or black-and-blue spot on the skin
3901,eccrine_gland,a small sweat gland that produces only a fluid; restricted to the human skin
3902,echinocactus barrel_cactus,any cactus of the genus Echinocactus; strongly ribbed and very spiny; southwestern United States to Brazil
3903,economic_growth,steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)
3904,economic_process,any process affecting the production and development and management of material wealth
3905,ectoderm exoderm ectoblast,the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue
3906,edelweiss Leontopodium_alpinum,alpine perennial plant native to Europe having leaves covered with whitish down and small flower heads held in stars of glistening whitish bracts
3907,edible-pod_pea edible-podded_pea Pisum_sativum_macrocarpon,a variety of pea plant producing peas having soft thick edible pods lacking the fibrous inner lining of the common pea
3908,edible_banana Musa_paradisiaca_sapientum,widely cultivated species of banana trees bearing compact hanging clusters of commercially important edible yellow fruit
3909,edible_fat,oily or greasy matter making up the bulk of fatty tissue in animals and in seeds and other plant tissue
3910,edible_fruit,edible reproductive body of a seed plant especially one having sweet flesh
3911,edible_nut,a hard-shelled seed consisting of an edible kernel or meat enclosed in a woody or leathery shell
3912,edible_seed,many are used as seasoning
3913,effacement,shortening of the uterine cervix and thinning of its walls as it is dilated during labor
3914,effector,an organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses
3915,effervescence,the process of bubbling as gas escapes
3916,efflorescence bloom,a powdery deposit on a surface
3917,eggplant aubergine brinjal eggplant_bush garden_egg mad_apple Solanum_melongena,hairy upright herb native to southeastern Asia but widely cultivated for its large glossy edible fruit commonly used as a vegetable
3918,eiderdown,down of the eider duck
3919,ejaculation,the discharge of semen in males
3920,ejaculatory_duct,a part of the seminal duct formed by the duct from the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens; passes through the prostate gland
3921,elastance electrical_elastance,the reciprocal of capacitance
3922,elastase,a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of elastin
3923,elastic_energy elastic_potential_energy,potential energy that is stored when a body is deformed (as in a coiled spring)
3924,elastic_tissue,connective tissue consisting chiefly of elastic fibers found in the dermis of the skin and in the walls of veins and arteries and in some tendons and ligaments
3925,elastin,a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries
3926,elbow,the joint of a mammal or bird that corresponds to the human elbow
3927,elbow elbow_joint human_elbow cubitus cubital_joint articulatio_cubiti,hinge joint between the forearm and upper arm and the corresponding joint in the forelimb of a quadruped
3928,elder elderberry_bush,any of numerous shrubs or small trees of temperate and subtropical northern hemisphere having white flowers and berrylike fruit
3929,elderberry,berrylike fruit of an elder used for e.g. wines and jellies
3930,elecampane Inula_helenium,tall coarse Eurasian herb having daisylike yellow flowers with narrow petals whose rhizomatous roots are used medicinally
3931,electric_dipole electric_doublet,a dipole with equal and opposite electric charges
3932,electric_dipole_moment,the dipole moment in an electric dipole
3933,electric_field,a field of force surrounding a charged particle
3934,electric_potential potential potential_difference potential_drop voltage,the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts
3935,electric_resistance electrical_resistance impedance resistance resistivity ohmic_resistance,a material's opposition to the flow of electric current; measured in ohms
3936,electric_shock electrical_shock shock,a reflex response to the passage of electric current through the body; "subjects received a small electric shock when they made the wrong response"; "electricians get accustomed to occasional shocks"
3937,electrical_conduction,the passage of electricity through a conductor
3938,electrical_disturbance,electrical signals produced by unwanted sources (atmospherics or receiver noise or unwanted transmitters)
3939,electrical_phenomenon,a physical phenomenon involving electricity
3940,electrical_power electric_power wattage,the product of voltage and current
3941,electricity,a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons
3942,electricity electrical_energy power,energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor; "they built a car that runs on electricity"; "The power went oout around midnight"
3943,electrodeposition,the deposition of a substance on an electrode by the action of electricity (especially by electrolysis)
3944,electrolysis,(chemistry) a chemical decomposition reaction produced by passing an electric current through a solution containing ions
3945,electromagnetic_interaction,an interaction between charged elementary particles that is intermediate in strength between the strong and weak interactions; mediated by photons
3946,electromagnetic_radiation electromagnetic_wave nonparticulate_radiation,radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge
3947,electromagnetism,magnetism produced by an electric current; "electromagnetism was discovered when it was observed that a copper wire carrying an electric current can magnetize pieces of iron or steel near it"
3948,electron negatron,an elementary particle with negative charge
3949,electronic_data_processing EDP,automatic data processing by electronic means without the use of tabulating cards or punched tapes
3950,electrophoresis cataphoresis dielectrolysis ionophoresis,the motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field; particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode
3951,electrostatic_charge,the electric charge at rest on the surface of an insulated body (which establishes and adjacent electrostatic field)
3952,electrostatic_field,electric field associated with static electric charges
3953,electrostatic_precipitation,a process that removes suspended dust particles from a gas by applying a high voltage electrostatic charge to the particles and collecting them on charged plates
3954,elegant_Habenaria Habenaria_elegans,slender inland rein orchid similar to coastal rein orchid but with pale greenish-yellow flowers
3955,elegant_brodiaea Brodiaea_elegans,brodiaea having an umbel of violet or blue-violet flowers atop a leafless stalk; northern Oregon to southern California
3956,elementary_particle fundamental_particle,(physics) a particle that is less complex than an atom; regarded as constituents of all matter
3957,elements,violent or severe weather (viewed as caused by the action of the four elements); "they felt the full fury of the elements"
3958,elephant's-foot,any plant of the genus Elephantopus having heads of blue or purple flowers; America
3959,elephant's-foot tortoise_plant Hottentot_bread_vine Hottentot's_bread_vine Dioscorea_elephantipes,South African vine having a massive rootstock covered with deeply fissured bark
3960,elephant_tree Bursera_microphylla,small tree or shrub of the southwestern United States having a spicy odor and odd-pinnate leaves and small clusters of white flowers
3961,elf_cup,apothecium of a fungus of the family Pezizaceae
3962,elimination evacuation excretion excreting voiding,the bodily process of discharging waste matter
3963,elimination_reaction,a chemical reaction in which a molecule decomposes to two different molecules
3964,elision,omission of a sound between two words (usually a vowel and the end of one word or the beginning of the next)
3965,ellipsis eclipsis,omission or suppression of parts of words or sentences
3966,elliptic_leaf,a simple leaf shaped like an ellipse
3967,elm elm_tree,any of various trees of the genus Ulmus: important timber or shade trees
3968,elsholtzia,any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Elsholtzia having blue or purple flowers in one-sided spikes
3969,elution,the process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent to remove adsorbed material from an adsorbent (as in washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions); used to obtain uranium ions
3970,elves,an acronym for emissions of light and very low frequency perturbations due to electromagnetic pulse sources; extremely bright extremely short (less than a msec) electrical flashes forming a huge ring (up to 400 km diameter) in the ionosphere
3971,emarginate_leaf,a leaf having a notch at the apex
3972,embalmment,preservation (of a dead body) by treating with balsams and drugs and other chemicals
3973,ember coal,a hot fragment of wood or coal that is left from a fire and is glowing or smoldering
3974,embryonic_tissue,tissue in an embryo
3975,emergent_evolution,the appearance of entirely new properties at certain critical stages in the course of evolution
3976,emissary_vein vena_emissaria,one of several connecting veins in the scalp and head that drain blood from sinuses in the dura mater to veins outside the skull
3977,emission,the release of electrons from parent atoms
3978,emmer starch_wheat two-grain_spelt Triticum_dicoccum,hard red wheat grown especially in Russia and Germany; in United States as stock feed
3979,emperor,red table grape of California
3980,encapsulation,the process of enclosing (as in a capsule)
3981,encephalartos,any of numerous cycads of the genus Encephalartos having stout cylindrical trunks and a terminal crown of long often spiny pinnate leaves
3982,enchanter's_nightshade,any of several erect perennial rhizomatous herbs of the genus Circaea having white flowers that open at dawn; northern hemisphere
3983,encolure,the mane of a horse
3984,end-plate endplate motor_end_plate,the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle
3985,end_organ,a specialized structure at the peripheral end of some motor or sensory nerve fibers
3986,endive witloof Cichorium_endivia,widely cultivated herb with leaves valued as salad green; either curly serrated leaves or broad flat ones that are usually blanched
3987,endocardium,the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves
3988,endocranium,membrane lining the inside of the skull
3989,endocrine_gland endocrine ductless_gland,any of the glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
3990,endocrine_system,the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity
3991,endoderm entoderm endoblast entoblast hypoblast,the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
3992,endoergic_reaction,a nuclear reaction occurring with absorption of energy
3993,endogeny,a geological phenomenon below the surface of the earth
3994,endometrium,(pregnancy) the mucous membrane that lines the uterus; thickens under hormonal control and (if pregnancy does not occur) is shed in menstruation; if pregnancy occurs it is shed along with the placenta at parturition
3995,endoneurium,delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve
3996,endonuclease,a nuclease that cleaves nucleic acids at interior bonds and so produces fragments of various sizes
3997,endoskeleton,the internal skeleton; bony and cartilaginous structure (especially of vertebrates)
3998,endosperm,nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants
3999,endospore,a small asexual spore that develops inside the cell of some bacteria and algae
4000,endosteum,vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones
4001,endothelium,an epithelium of mesoblastic origin; a thin layer of flattened cells that lines the inside of some body cavities
4002,endothermic_reaction,a chemical reaction accompanied by the absorption of heat
4003,energid protoplast,a biological unit consisting of a nucleus and the body of cytoplasm with which it interacts
4004,energy,any source of usable power; "the DOE is responsible for maintaining the energy policy"
4005,energy free_energy,(physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs; "energy can take a wide variety of forms"
4006,energy_level energy_state,a definite stable energy that a physical system can have; used especially of the state of electrons in atoms or molecules; "according to quantum theory only certain energy levels are possible"
4007,engelmannia,common erect hairy perennial of plains and prairies of southern and central United States having flowers that resemble sunflowers
4008,engorgement,eating ravenously or voraciously to satiation
4009,ensiform_leaf,a sword-shaped leaf; as of iris
4010,enterokinase,enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin
4011,enterolith,a calculus occurring in the intestines
4012,enteron,the alimentary canal (especially of an embryo or a coelenterate)
4013,entire_leaf,a leaf having a smooth margin without notches or indentations
4014,entity,that which is perceived or known or inferred to have its own distinct existence (living or nonliving)
4015,entomion,the craniometric point at the tip of the angular part of the parietal bone that articulates with the temporal bone
4016,enuresis urinary_incontinence,inability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination
4017,envelope,a natural covering (as by a fluid); "the spacecraft detected an envelope of gas around the comet"
4018,enzyme,any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
4019,epacris,any heathlike evergreen shrub of the genus Epacris grown for their showy and crowded spikes of small bell-shaped or tubular flowers
4020,ependyma,thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord canal
4021,ephedra joint_fir,jointed and nearly leafless desert shrub having reduced scalelike leaves and reddish fleshy seeds
4022,epicalyx false_calyx calycle calyculus,a group of bracts simulating a calyx as in a carnation or hibiscus
4023,epicanthus epicanthic_fold,a vertical fold of skin over the nasal canthus; typical for many east Asian peoples; sometimes occurs in Down's syndrome
4024,epicardia,the short part of the esophagus extending downward from the diaphragm to the stomach
4025,epicardium visceral_pericardium,the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium
4026,epicarp exocarp,outermost layer of the pericarp of fruits as the skin of a peach or grape
4027,epicondyle,a projection on a bone above a condyle serving for the attachment of muscles and ligaments
4028,epicranium,the muscle and aponeurosis and skin covering the cranium
4029,epidendron,any of various orchids of the genus Epidendrum
4030,epididymis,a convoluted tubule in each testis; carries sperm to vas deferens
4031,epigastric_artery arteria_epigastrica,one of three arteries supplying the anterior walls of the abdomen
4032,epigastric_vein,veins serving the anterior walls of the abdomen
4033,epigastrium,the region lying on or over the stomach (just below the sternum)
4034,epigenesis,a geological change in the mineral content of rock after the rock has formed
4035,epiglottis,a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing
4036,epilation,loss of hair; the result of removing hair
4037,epiphenomenon,a secondary phenomenon that is a by-product of another phenomenon
4038,epiphyllum orchid_cactus,any cactus of the genus Epiphyllum having flattened jointed irregularly branching stems and showy tubular flowers
4039,epiphysis,the end of a long bone; initially separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage that eventually ossifies so the parts become fused
4040,episcleral_veins venae_episclerales,small veins in the sclera near the corneal margin; empty into the anterior ciliary veins
4041,epithelium epithelial_tissue,membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body
4042,eponymy,the derivation of a general name from that of a famous person
4043,erect_bugle blue_bugle Ajuga_genevensis,upright rhizomatous perennial with bright blue flowers; southern Europe
4044,erectile_organ,an organ containing erectile tissue
4045,erectile_tissue,vascular tissue capable of filling with blood and becoming rigid
4046,ergotropism,an affinity for work
4047,erica true_heath,any plant of the genus Erica
4048,eriogonum,any plant of the genus Eriogonum with small clustered flowers
4049,erogenous_zone,any area of the body especially sensitive to sexual stimulation
4050,erose_leaf,a leaf having a jagged margin as though gnawed
4051,erosion,a gradual decline of something; "after the accounting scandal there was an erosion of confidence in the auditors"
4052,erosion eroding eating_away wearing wearing_away,(geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)
4053,eryngo eringo,any plant of the genus Eryngium
4054,erythropoiesis,the process of producing red blood cells by the stem cells in the bone marrow
4055,erythropoietin,a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells
4056,esophageal_smear,alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the esophagus
4057,esophageal_veins oesophageal_veins venae_esophageae,small veins from the esophagus emptying into the brachiocephalic vein or the azygos veins
4058,esophagus oesophagus gorge gullet,the passage between the pharynx and the stomach
4059,essential_oil volatile_oil,an oil having the odor or flavor of the plant from which it comes; used in perfume and flavorings
4060,establishment ecesis,(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat
4061,estuary,the wide part of a river where it nears the sea; fresh and salt water mix
4062,ethmoid ethmoid_bone,one of the eight bones of the cranium; a small bone filled with air spaces that forms part of the eye sockets and the nasal cavity
4063,ethmoid_sinus ethmoidal_sinus sinus_ethmoidales,a sinus of the meatuses of the nasal cavity (behind the bridge of the nose)
4064,ethmoidal_artery arteria_ethmoidalis,a branch of the ophthalmic artery supplying structures in and around the nasal capsule
4065,ethmoidal_vein vena_ethmoidalis,veins that drain the ethmoidal sinuses and empty into the superior ophthalmic vein
4066,ethyl ethyl_group ethyl_radical,the univalent hydrocarbon radical C2H5 derived from ethane by the removal of one hydrogen atom
4067,ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid EDTA,a complex molecule used medically to chelate metal ions in cases of lead or heavy metal poisoning
4068,eucalyptus eucalypt eucalyptus_tree,a tree of the genus Eucalyptus
4069,eucalyptus_oil,an essential oil obtained from the leaves of eucalypts
4070,eupnea eupnoea,normal relaxed breathing
4071,eusporangium,a sporangium that arises from a group of epidermal cells
4072,eutrophication,excessive nutrients in a lake or other body of water, usually caused by runoff of nutrients (animal waste, fertilizers, sewage) from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life; the decomposition of the plants depletes the supply of oxygen, leading to the death of animal life; "he argued that the controlling factor in eutrophication is not nitrate but phosphate"
4073,even-pinnate_leaf abruptly-pinnate_leaf,a pinnate leaf with a pair of leaflets at the apex
4074,evening-snow Linanthus_dichotomus,small California annual with white flowers
4075,evening_primrose,any of several plants of the family Onagraceae
4076,evening_star Hesperus Vesper,a planet (usually Venus) seen at sunset in the western sky
4077,event,a phenomenon located at a single point in space-time; the fundamental observational entity in relativity theory
4078,evergreen evergreen_plant,a plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year
4079,evergreen_bittersweet Euonymus_fortunei_radicans Euonymus_radicans_vegetus,broad and bushy Asiatic twining shrub with pinkish fruit; many subspecies or varieties
4080,evergreen_blueberry Vaccinium_myrsinites,shrub of the eastern United States having shining evergreen leaves and bluish-black fruit
4081,evergreen_huckleberry Vaccinium_ovatum,stiff bushy evergreen shrub of western North America having sour black berries and glossy green foliage used in floral arrangements
4082,evergreen_thorn Crataegus_oxyacantha,evergreen hawthorn of southeastern Europe
4083,everlasting everlasting_flower,any of various plants of various genera of the family Compositae having flowers that can be dried without loss of form or color
4084,everlasting_pea,any of several perennial vines of the genus Lathyrus
4085,evoked_potential,the electrical response of the central nervous system produced by an external stimulus; "he measured evoked potentials with an electroencephalogram"
4086,evolution organic_evolution phylogeny phylogenesis,(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
4087,exchange,chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another
4088,excrescence,(pathology) an abnormal outgrowth or enlargement of some part of the body
4089,excretory_organ urinary_organ,an organ that separates waste substances from the blood and discharges them
4090,execution instruction_execution,(computer science) the process of carrying out an instruction by a computer
4091,exfoliation,the peeling off in flakes or scales of bark or dead skin; "exfoliation is increased by sunburn"
4092,exhalation expiration breathing_out,the act of expelling air from the lungs
4093,exhibitionism immodesty,the perverse act of exposing and attracting attention to your own genitals
4094,exocrine_gland exocrine duct_gland,a gland that secretes externally through a duct
4095,exoergic_reaction,a nuclear reaction accompanied by the evolution of energy
4096,exonuclease,a nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time (serially) beginning at one of a nucleic acid
4097,exoskeleton,the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs
4098,exothermic_reaction,a chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat
4099,expectoration,the process of coughing up and spitting out
4100,explorer's_gentian Gentiana_calycosa,tufted sometimes sprawling perennial with blue flowers spotted with green; western North America
4101,exponential_decay exponential_return,a decrease that follows an exponential function
4102,expression,(genetics) the process of expressing a gene
4103,extensor_muscle extensor,a skeletal muscle whose contraction extends or stretches a body part
4104,external_body_part,any body part visible externally
4105,external_carotid_artery external_carotid,the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the face and tongue and external parts of the head
4106,external_ear outer_ear,the part of the ear visible externally
4107,external_gill,occurs in some mollusks and in tadpoles and other immature amphibians
4108,external_iliac_artery,the outer branch of the common iliac artery on either side of the body; becomes the femoral artery
4109,external_iliac_vein,a continuation of the femoral vein; unites with the internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein
4110,external_jugular_vein,formed by the junction of the posterior auricular and the retromandibular veins; empties into the subclavian vein
4111,external_nasal_vein vena_nasalis_externa,one of the veins that drain the external nose and empty into the angular or facial vein
4112,external_oblique_muscle musculus_obliquus_externus_abdominis abdominal_external_oblique_muscle oblique,a diagonally arranged abdominal muscle on either side of the torso
4113,external_organ,an organ that is situated on or near the surface of the body
4114,exteroceptor,any receptor that responds to stimuli outside the body
4115,extinction,the reduction of the intensity of radiation as a consequence of absorption and radiation
4116,extraction,the process of obtaining something from a mixture or compound by chemical or physical or mechanical means
4117,extramarital_sex free_love,sexual intercourse between individuals who are not married to one another
4118,extraterrestrial_object estraterrestrial_body,a natural object existing outside the earth and outside the earth's atmosphere
4119,extravasation,the process of exuding or passing out of a vessel into surrounding tissues; said of blood or lymph or urine
4120,extremity,that part of a limb that is farthest from the torso
4121,extremity appendage member,an external body part that projects from the body; "it is important to keep the extremities warm"
4122,exuviae,cast-off skins or coverings of various organisms during ecdysis
4123,eye oculus optic,the organ of sight
4124,eye_socket orbit cranial_orbit orbital_cavity,the bony cavity in the skull containing the eyeball
4125,eyeball orb,the ball-shaped capsule containing the vertebrate eye
4126,eyebrow brow supercilium,the arch of hair above each eye
4127,eyelash lash cilium,any of the short curved hairs that grow from the edges of the eyelids
4128,eyelid lid palpebra,either of two folds of skin that can be moved to cover or open the eye; "his lids would stay open no longer"
4129,face,the part of an animal corresponding to the human face
4130,face human_face,the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear; "he washed his face"; "I wish I had seen the look on his face when he got the news"
4131,facial facial_nerve nervus_facialis seventh_cranial_nerve,cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles
4132,facial_artery arteria_facialis external_maxillary_artery,an artery that originates in the external carotid and gives off branches that supply the neck and face
4133,facial_hair,hair on the face (especially on the face of a man)
4134,facial_muscle,any of the skeletal muscles of the face
4135,facial_vein vena_facialis,any of several veins draining the face
4136,facilitation,(neurophysiology) phenomenon that occurs when two or more neural impulses that alone are not enough to trigger a response in a neuron combine to trigger an action potential
4137,fair_weather sunshine temperateness,moderate weather; suitable for outdoor activities
4138,fairy_cup Mitella_diphylla,miterwort of northeastern North America usually with two opposite leaves on erect flowering stems that terminate in erect racemes of white flowers
4139,falciform_ligament,a ligament that attaches part of the liver to the diaphragm and the abdominal wall
4140,fall-blooming_hydrangea Hydrangea_paniculata,deciduous shrub or small tree with pyramidal flower clusters
4141,fall_dandelion arnica_bud Leontodon_autumnalis,fall-blooming European herb with a yellow flower; naturalized in the United States
4142,falls,the petals or sepals of a flower that bend downward (especially the outer perianth of an iris)
4143,false_alumroot fringe_cups Tellima_grandiflora,plant growing in clumps with mostly basal leaves and cream-colored or pale pink fringed flowers in several long racemes; Alaska to coastal central California and east to Idaho
4144,false_asphodel,a plant of the genus Tofieldia having linear chiefly basal leaves and small spicate flowers
4145,false_azalea fool's_huckleberry Menziesia_ferruginea,straggling shrub of northwestern North America having foliage with a bluish tinge and umbels of small bell-shaped flowers
4146,false_bracken Culcita_dubia,resembles Pteridium aquilinum; of Queensland, Australia
4147,false_buckthorn chittamwood chittimwood shittimwood black_haw Bumelia_lanuginosa,deciduous tree of southeastern United States and Mexico
4148,false_bugbane Trautvetteria_carolinensis,tall perennial of the eastern United States having large basal leaves and white summer flowers
4149,false_chamomile,any of various autumn-flowering perennials having white or pink to purple flowers that resemble asters; wild in moist soils from New Jersey to Florida and Texas
4150,false_dragonhead false_dragon_head obedient_plant Physostegia_virginiana,North American plant having a spike of two-lipped pink or white flowers
4151,false_foxglove Aureolaria_pedicularia Gerardia_pedicularia,multi-stemmed North American annual having solitary axillary dark golden-yellow flowers resembling those of the foxglove; sometimes placed in genus Gerardia
4152,false_foxglove Aureolaria_virginica Gerardia_virginica,sparsely branched North American perennial with terminal racemes of bright yellow flowers resembling those of the foxglove; sometimes placed in genus Gerardia
4153,false_goatsbeard Astilbe_biternata,North American astilbe with panicles of creamy white flowers
4154,false_gromwell,any of several North American perennial herbs with hairy foliage and small yellowish or greenish flowers
4155,false_heather golden_heather Hudsonia_ericoides,North American decumbent evergreen heathlike plant with yellow flowers
4156,false_indigo bastard_indigo Amorpha_californica,an erect to spreading hairy shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having racemes of red to indigo flowers
4157,false_indigo bastard_indigo Amorpha_fruticosa,dense shrub of moist riverbanks and flood plains of the eastern United States having attractive fragrant foliage and dense racemes of dark purple flowers
4158,false_lily_of_the_valley Maianthemum_bifolium,small white-flowered plant of western Europe to Japan
4159,false_lily_of_the_valley Maianthemum_canadense,small two-leaved herb of the northern United States and parts of Canada having racemes of small fragrant white flowers
4160,false_lupine golden_pea yellow_pea Thermopsis_macrophylla,western United States bushy herb having yellow pea-like flowers
4161,false_mallow,an American plant of the genus Malvastrum
4162,false_miterwort false_mitrewort Tiarella_unifoliata,plant with tiny white flowers hanging in loose clusters on leafy stems; moist woods from Alaska to central California and east to Montana
4163,false_nettle bog_hemp,any of several flowering weeds of the genus Boehmeria lacking stinging hairs
4164,false_rue_anemone false_rue Isopyrum_biternatum,slender erect perennial of eastern North America having tuberous roots and pink-tinged white flowers; resembles meadow rue
4165,false_sago fern_palm Cycas_circinalis,southeastern Indian cycad with palmlike foliage
4166,false_tamarisk German_tamarisk Myricaria_germanica,Eurasian shrub resembling the tamarisk
4167,false_vocal_cord false_vocal_fold superior_vocal_cord ventricular_fold vestibular_fold,either of the upper two vocal cords that are not involved in vocalization
4168,false_wintergreen Pyrola_americana Pyrola_rotundifolia_americana,evergreen of eastern North America with leathery leaves and numerous white flowers
4169,fan_palm,palm having palmate or fan-shaped leaves
4170,fang,an appendage of insects that is capable of injecting venom; usually evolved from the legs
4171,fang,canine tooth of a carnivorous animal; used to seize and tear its prey
4172,fang,hollow or grooved tooth of a venomous snake; used to inject its poison
4173,farkleberry sparkleberry Vaccinium_arboreum,shrub or small tree of eastern United States having black inedible berries
4174,farrow farrowing,the production of a litter of pigs
4175,fart farting flatus wind breaking_wind,a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus
4176,fascia facia,a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs etc
4177,fat,a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides); "pizza has too much fat"
4178,fat_metabolism,a metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body
4179,fata_morgana,a mirage in the Strait of Messina (attributed to the Arthurian sorcerer Morgan le Fay)
4180,fauces,the passage between the back of the mouth and the pharynx
4181,favus,a contagious fungal infection of the scalp; occurs mainly in Africa and the Middle East
4182,fawn_lily Erythronium_californicum,California dogtooth violet with creamy white flowers sometimes yellow-tinged
4183,feasting banqueting,eating an elaborate meal (often accompanied by entertainment)
4184,feather plume plumage,the light horny waterproof structure forming the external covering of birds
4185,feather_ball Mammillaria_plumosa,a low tuberculate cactus with white feathery spines; northeastern Mexico
4186,feather_palm,palm having pinnate or featherlike leaves
4187,feather_reed_grass feathertop Calamagrostis_acutiflora,a variety of reed grass
4188,feathertop feathertop_grass Pennistum_villosum,northeastern tropical African plant having feathery panicles
4189,feature lineament,the characteristic parts of a person's face: eyes and nose and mouth and chin; "an expression of pleasure crossed his features"; "his lineaments were very regular"
4190,feedback,the process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order to regulate its further output
4191,feeder tributary confluent affluent,a branch that flows into the main stream
4192,feel,manual stimulation of the genital area for sexual pleasure; "the girls hated it when he tried to sneak a feel"
4193,feijoa feijoa_bush,South American shrub having edible greenish plumlike fruit
4194,feijoa pineapple_guava,dark-green kiwi-sized tropical fruit with white flesh; used chiefly for jellies and preserves
4195,fellatio fellation,oral stimulation of the penis
4196,felt_fern tongue_fern Pyrrosia_lingua Cyclophorus_lingua,east Asian fern having fronds shaped like tongues; sometimes placed in genus Cyclophorus
4197,felwort gentianella_amarella,gentian of Europe and China having creamy white flowers with fringed corollas
4198,female_body,the body of a female human being
4199,female_chest bust,the chest of a woman
4200,female_genitalia female_genitals female_genital_organ fanny,external female sex organs; "in England `fanny' is vulgar slang for female genitals"
4201,female_internal_reproductive_organ,the reproductive organs of a woman
4202,female_reproductive_system,the reproductive system of females
4203,feminization feminisation,the process of becoming feminized; the development of female characteristics (loss of facial hair or breast enlargement) in a male because of hormonal disorders or castration
4204,femoral_artery arteria_femoralis,the chief artery of the thigh; a continuation of the external iliac artery
4205,femoral_nerve nervus_femoralis anterior_crural_nerve,one of a pair of nerves that originate from lumbar nerves and supply the muscles and skin of the anterior part of the thigh
4206,femoral_vein vena_femoralis,a vein that accompanies the femoral artery in the same sheath; a continuation of the popliteal vein; becomes the external iliac vein
4207,femur thighbone femoris,the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton; extends from the pelvis to the knee
4208,fen_orchid fen_orchis Liparis_loeselii,small terrestrial orchid of eastern North America and Europe having two nearly basal leaves and dull yellow-green racemose flowers
4209,fenestra,a small opening covered with membrane (especially one in the bone between the middle and inner ear)
4210,fenestra_ovalis fenestra_vestibuli oval_window fenestra_of_the_vestibule,fenestra that has the base of the stapes attached to it
4211,fenestra_rotunda fenestra_cochleae round_window fenestra_of_the_cochlea,fenestra leading into the cochlea
4212,fennel,any of several aromatic herbs having edible seeds and leaves and stems
4213,fennel_flower Nigella_hispanica,nigella of Spain and southern France
4214,fenugreek Greek_clover Trigonella_foenumgraecum,annual herb or southern Europe and eastern Asia having off-white flowers and aromatic seeds used medicinally and in curry
4215,fermion,any particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics and is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle
4216,fern,any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by spores
4217,fern_ally,pteridophytes of other classes than Filicopsida
4218,fern_seed,the asexual spore of ferns that resembles dust; once thought to be seeds and to make the possessor invisible
4219,ferrimagnetism,a phenomenon in ferrites where there can be incomplete cancellation of antiferromagnetic arranged spins giving a net magnetic moment
4220,ferritin,a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen; it is one of the chief forms in which iron is stored in the body
4221,ferromagnetism,phenomenon exhibited by materials like iron (nickel or cobalt) that become magnetized in a magnetic field and retain their magnetism when the field is removed
4222,fertilization_membrane,the membrane that forms around a fertilized ovum and prevents penetration by additional spermatozoon
4223,fescue fescue_grass meadow_fescue Festuca_elatior,grass with wide flat leaves cultivated in Europe and America for permanent pasture and hay and for lawns
4224,festering suppuration maturation,(medicine) the formation of morbific matter in an abscess or a vesicle and the discharge of pus
4225,fetal_circulation foetal_circulation,the system of blood vessels and structures through which blood moves in a fetus
4226,fetal_membrane,any membrane that functions for the protection or nourishment or respiration or excretion of a developing fetus
4227,feterita federita Sorghum_vulgare_caudatum,a Sudanese sorghum having exceptionally large soft white grains
4228,fetid_bugbane foetid_bugbane Cimicifuga_foetida,bugbane of Siberia and eastern Asia having ill-smelling green-white flowers
4229,fetishism fetichism,sexual arousal or gratification resulting from handling a fetish (or a specific part of the body other than the sexual organs)
4230,fetlock,projection behind and above a horse's hoof
4231,fetlock fetlock_joint,the joint between the cannon bone and the pastern
4232,fetterbush fetter_bush shiny_lyonia Lyonia_lucida,showy evergreen shrub of southeastern United States with shiny leaves and angled branches and clusters of pink to reddish flowers that resemble an umbel
4233,fetterbush mountain_fetterbush mountain_andromeda Pieris_floribunda,ornamental evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having small white bell-shaped flowers
4234,fever_tree,any of several trees having leaves or bark used to allay fever or thought to indicate regions free of fever
4235,fever_tree Acacia_xanthophloea,African tree supposed to mark healthful regions
4236,fever_tree Georgia_bark bitter-bark Pinckneya_pubens,ornamental shrub or small tree of swampy areas in southwestern United States having large pink or white sepals and yielding Georgia bark for treating fever
4237,feverfew Tanacetum_parthenium Chrysanthemum_parthenium,bushy aromatic European perennial herb having clusters of buttonlike white-rayed flower heads; valued traditionally for medicinal uses; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum
4238,feverroot horse_gentian tinker's_root wild_coffee Triostium_perfoliatum,coarse weedy American perennial herb with large usually perfoliate leaves and purple or dull red flowers
4239,few-flowered_leek Allium_paradoxum,leek producing bulbils instead of flowers; Russia and Iran
4240,fiber_bundle fibre_bundle fascicle fasciculus,a bundle of fibers (especially nerve fibers)
4241,fibrin,a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets
4242,fibrinase factor_XIII,in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot
4243,fibrinogen factor_I,a protein present in blood plasma; converts to fibrin when blood clots
4244,fibrinolysis,a normal ongoing process that dissolves fibrin and results in the removal of small blood clots; "drugs causing fibrinolysis have been utilized therapeutically"
4245,fibrocartilage,cartilage that is largely composed of fibers like those in ordinary connective tissue
4246,fibrous-rooted_begonia,any of numerous begonias having fibrous rather than tuberous or rhizomatous roots
4247,fibrous_tissue,tissue consisting of or containing fibers in both animals and plants
4248,fibula calf_bone,the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle
4249,fiddleneck Phacelia_tanacetifolia,hairy annual of California to Mexico with crowded cymes of small blue to lilac or mauve flowers
4250,field field_of_force force_field,the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it
4251,field_bindweed wild_morning-glory Convolvulus_arvensis,weakly climbing European perennial with white or pink flowers; naturalized in North America and an invasive weed
4252,field_brome Bromus_arvensis,annual grass of Europe and temperate Asia
4253,field_chickweed field_mouse-ear Cerastium_arvense,densely tufted perennial chickweed of north temperate zone
4254,field_corn,corn grown primarily for animal feed or market grain
4255,field_emission,the emission of electrons that are stripped from parent atoms by a high electric field
4256,field_mustard wild_mustard charlock chadlock Brassica_kaber Sinapis_arvensis,weedy Eurasian plant often a pest in grain fields
4257,field_pansy heartsease Viola_arvensis,common Old World viola with creamy often violet-tinged flowers
4258,field_pea,seed of the field pea plant
4259,field_pea field-pea_plant Austrian_winter_pea Pisum_sativum_arvense Pisum_arvense,variety of pea plant native to the Mediterranean region and North Africa and widely grown especially for forage
4260,field_pennycress French_weed fanweed penny_grass stinkweed mithridate_mustard Thlaspi_arvense,foetid Eurasian weed having round flat pods; naturalized throughout North America
4261,field_pussytoes,a variety of pussytoes
4262,field_scabious Scabiosa_arvensis,perennial having bluish-lilac flowers; introduced in the eastern United States
4263,field_speedwell Veronica_agrestis,European plant with minute axillary blue flowers on long stalks; widely naturalized in America
4264,field_thistle Cirsium_discolor,stout North American thistle with purplish-pink flower heads
4265,field_wormwood Artemisia_campestris,European wormwood similar to common wormwood in its properties
4266,fiesta_flower Pholistoma_auritum Nemophila_aurita,straggling California annual herb with deep purple or violet flowers; sometimes placed in genus Nemophila
4267,fig,fleshy sweet pear-shaped yellowish or purple multiple fruit eaten fresh or preserved or dried
4268,fig common_fig common_fig_tree Ficus_carica,Mediterranean tree widely cultivated for its edible fruit
4269,fig_leaf,a leaf from a fig tree
4270,fig_marigold pebble_plant,any of several South African plants of the genus Mesembryanthemum cultivated for showy pink or white flowers
4271,fig_tree,any moraceous tree of the tropical genus Ficus; produces a closed pear-shaped receptacle that becomes fleshy and edible when mature
4272,figwort,any of numerous tall coarse woodland plants of the genus Scrophularia
4273,filaggrin,the main protein of the keratohyalin granules; "the specific target of the immune response in rheumatoid arthritis is filaggrin"
4274,filament,the stalk of a stamen
4275,filament filum,a threadlike structure (as a chainlike series of cells)
4276,filing,a fragment rubbed off by the use of a file
4277,filling,flow into something (as a container)
4278,filmy_fern film_fern,any fern of the genus Hymenophyllum growing in tropical humid regions and having translucent leaves
4279,filtration,the process whereby fluids pass through a filter or a filtering medium
4280,fimbria,thin projections forming a fringe (especially around the ovarian end of the Fallopian tube)
4281,fin,organ of locomotion and balance in fishes and some other aquatic animals
4282,fine_spray,precipitation in very small drops
4283,finger,any of the terminal members of the hand (sometimes excepting the thumb); "her fingers were long and thin"
4284,finger_grass,any grass of the genus Chloris; occurs in short grassland especially on waste ground or poor soils
4285,finger_millet ragi ragee African_millet coracan corakan kurakkan Eleusine_coracana,East Indian cereal grass whose seed yield a somewhat bitter flour, a staple in the Orient
4286,finger_wave,a wave made with the fingers
4287,fingernail,the nail at the end of a finger
4288,fir fir_tree true_fir,any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies; chiefly of upland areas
4289,fir_clubmoss mountain_clubmoss little_clubmoss Lycopodium_selago,of northern Europe and America; resembling a miniature fir
4290,fir_cone,the seed-producing cone of a fir tree
4291,fire flame flaming,the process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often) smoke; "fire was one of our ancestors' first discoveries"
4292,fire-on-the-mountain painted_leaf Mexican_fire_plant Euphorbia_cyathophora,poinsettia of United States and eastern Mexico; often confused with Euphorbia heterophylla
4293,fire_pink Silene_virginica,perennial herb of eastern North America, having red flowers with narrow notched petals
4294,firelight,the light of a fire (especially in a fireplace)
4295,firestorm,a storm in which violent winds are drawn into the column of hot air rising over a severely bombed area
4296,fireweed Erechtites_hieracifolia,an American weedy plant with small white or greenish flowers
4297,fireweed giant_willowherb rosebay_willowherb wickup Epilobium_angustifolium,tall North American perennial with creeping rootstocks and narrow leaves and spikes of pinkish-purple flowers occurring in great abundance in burned-over areas or recent clearings; an important honey plant
4298,firth,a long narrow estuary (especially in Scotland)
4299,fish-liver_oil fish_oil,a fatty oil obtained from the livers of various fish
4300,fish_geranium bedding_geranium zonal_pelargonium Pelargonium_hortorum,an upright geranium having scalloped leaves with a broad color zone inside the margin and white or pink or red flowers
4301,fish_scale,scale of the kind that covers the bodies of fish
4302,fishbone,a bone of a fish
4303,fishpole_bamboo gosan-chiku hotei-chiku Phyllostachys_aurea,small bamboo of southeastern China having slender culms flexuous when young
4304,fishpond,a freshwater pond with fish
4305,fishtail_palm,attractive East Indian palm having distinctive bipinnate foliage
4306,fission,reproduction of some unicellular organisms by division of the cell into two more or less equal parts
4307,fission nuclear_fission,a nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
4308,fissiparity,reproduction of some multicellular organisms by division, as in the case of some starfish
4309,fissure,(anatomy) a long narrow slit or groove that divides an organ into lobes
4310,fissure_of_Rolando Rolando's_fissure central_sulcus sulcus_centralis,a brain fissure extending upward on the lateral surface of both hemispheres; separates the frontal and parietal lobes
4311,fissure_of_Sylvius Sylvian_fissure lateral_cerebral_sulcus sulcus_lateralis_cerebri,the deepest and most prominent of the cortical fissures; separates the frontal lobes and temporal lobes in both hemispheres
4312,fist clenched_fist,a hand with the fingers clenched in the palm (as for hitting)
4313,fistula sinus,an abnormal passage leading from a suppurating cavity to the body surface
4314,five-point_bishop's_cap Mitella_pentandra,small plant with leaves in a basal cluster and tiny greenish flowers in slender racemes; northwestern North America to California and Colorado
4315,five-spot Nemophila_maculata,California annual having white flowers with a deep purple blotch on each petal
4316,fixation fixing,(histology) the preservation and hardening of a tissue sample to retain as nearly as possible the same relations they had in the living body
4317,fixed-cycle_operation,an operation that is completed in a specified number of regularly timed execution cycles
4318,fixed_oil fatty_oil,nonvolatile animal or plant oil
4319,fixed_star,any star in the Ptolemaic theory of planetary motion
4320,fjord fiord,a long narrow inlet of the sea between steep cliffs; common in Norway
4321,flab,loose or flaccid body fat
4322,flag,a conspicuously marked or shaped tail
4323,flagellum,a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa)
4324,flame_cell,organ of excretion in flatworms
4325,flame_flower flame-flower flameflower Talinum_aurantiacum,plant with fleshy roots and erect stems with narrow succulent leaves and one reddish-orange flower in each upper leaf axil; southwestern United States; Indians once cooked the fleshy roots
4326,flame_pea,any of several small shrubs or twining vines having entire or lobed leaves and racemes of yellow to orange-red flowers; Australia
4327,flame_tokay,purplish-red table grape
4328,flame_tree broad-leaved_bottletree Brachychiton_australis,north Australian tree having white flowers and broad leaves
4329,flame_tree flame_durrajong Brachychiton_acerifolius Sterculia_acerifolia,south Australian tree having panicles of brilliant scarlet flowers
4330,flank,the side between ribs and hipbone
4331,flannelbush flannel_bush California_beauty,any of several handsome evergreen shrubs of California and northern Mexico having downy lobed leaves and showy yellow flowers
4332,flap,a movable piece of tissue partly connected to the body
4333,flare,a sudden burst of flame
4334,flare,am unwanted reflection in an optical system (or the fogging of an image that is caused by such a reflection)
4335,flare_star,a red dwarf star in which luminosity can change several magnitudes in a few minutes
4336,flash_flood flashflood,a sudden local flood of great volume and short duration
4337,flashover,an unintended electric discharge (as over or around an insulator)
4338,flat-topped_white_aster,a variety of aster
4339,flat_pea Platylobium_formosum,evergreen shrub having almost heart-shaped foliage and bright yellow pea-like flowers followed by flat pods with flat wings; Australia and Tasmania
4340,flat_pea narrow-leaved_everlasting_pea Lathyrus_sylvestris,European perennial with mottled flowers of purple and pink; sometimes cultivated for fodder or as green manure
4341,flatfoot splayfoot pes_planus,a foot afflicted with a fallen arch; abnormally flattened and spread out
4342,flax,plant of the genus Linum that is cultivated for its seeds and for the fibers of its stem
4343,fleabane,any of several North American plants of the genus Erigeron having daisylike flowers; formerly believed to repel fleas
4344,fleabane feabane_mullet Pulicaria_dysenterica,hairy perennial Eurasian herb with yellow daisylike flowers reputed to destroy or drive away fleas
4345,fleawort psyllium Spanish_psyllium Plantago_psyllium,plantain of Mediterranean regions whose seeds swell and become gelatinous when moist and are used as a mild laxative
4346,flesh,the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle tissue and fat
4347,flexor_muscle flexor,a skeletal muscle whose contraction bends a joint
4348,flight_feather pinion quill quill_feather,any of the larger wing or tail feathers of a bird
4349,flint_corn flint_maize Yankee_corn Zea_mays_indurata,corn having kernels with a hard outer layer enclosing the soft endosperm
4350,flipper,the flat broad limb of aquatic animals specialized for swimming
4351,floating-moss Salvinia_rotundifolia Salvinia_auriculata,free-floating aquatic ferns
4352,floating-point_operation flop,an arithmetic operation performed on floating-point numbers; "this computer can perform a million flops per second"
4353,floating_fern Ceratopteris_thalictroides,pantropical aquatic fern
4354,floating_fern water_sprite Ceratopteris_pteridioides,aquatic fern of tropical America often used in aquariums
4355,flocculation,the process of flocculating; forming woolly cloudlike aggregations
4356,flood inundation deluge alluvion,the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land; "plains fertilized by annual inundations"
4357,flooded_gum,any of several Australian gum trees growing on moist or alluvial soil
4358,floodhead,a wall of water rushing ahead of the flood; "we were lucky to be safe when the floodheads hit"
4359,floor_wax,a preparation containing wax and used to polish and preserve the finish of floors
4360,floral_leaf,a modified leaf that is part of a flower
4361,florest's_cineraria Pericallis_hybrida,herb derived from Pericallis cruenta and widely cultivated in a variety of profusely flowering forms with florets from white to pink to red or purple or violet or blue
4362,floret floweret,a diminutive flower (especially one that is part of a composite flower)
4363,florida_selaginella Selaginella_eatonii,occurs widely in Florida
4364,florist's_chrysanthemum florists'_chrysanthemum mum Dendranthema_grandifloruom Chrysanthemum_morifolium,of China
4365,flotation floatation,the phenomenon of floating (remaining on the surface of a liquid without sinking)
4366,flow,any uninterrupted stream or discharge
4367,flowage,a body of water that has been created by deliberately flooding an area; "many campsites were located near the flowage"
4368,flowage,gradual internal motion or deformation of a solid body (as by heat); "rock fracture and rock flowage are different types of geological deformation"
4369,flower,a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms
4370,flower bloom blossom,reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts
4371,flower-of-an-hour flowers-of-an-hour bladder_ketmia black-eyed_Susan Hibiscus_trionum,annual weedy herb with ephemeral yellow purple-eyed flowers; Old World tropics; naturalized as a weed in North America
4372,flower_bud,a bud from which only a flower or flowers develop
4373,flower_cluster,an inflorescence consisting of a cluster of flowers
4374,flower_head,a shortened compact cluster of flowers so arranged that the whole gives the effect of a single flower as in clover or members of the family Compositae
4375,flowering_almond Prunus_triloba,deciduous Chinese shrub or small tree with often trilobed leaves grown for its pink-white flowers
4376,flowering_almond oriental_bush_cherry Prunus_japonica,woody oriental plant with smooth unfurrowed red fruit grown especially for its white or pale pink blossoms
4377,flowering_ash Fraxinus_cuspidata,shrubby ash of southwestern United States having fragrant white flowers
4378,flowering_ash Fraxinus_dipetala,shrubby California ash with showy off-white flowers
4379,flowering_cherry,any of several shrubs or trees of the genus Prunus cultivated for their showy white or pink single or double blossoms
4380,flowering_fern Helminthostachys_zeylanica,Australasian fern with clusters of sporangia on stems of fertile fronds
4381,flowering_fern osmund,any fern of the genus Osmunda: large ferns with creeping rhizomes; naked sporangia are on modified fronds that resemble flower clusters
4382,flowering_quince,Asiatic ornamental shrub with spiny branches and pink or red blossoms
4383,flowering_raspberry purple-flowering_raspberry Rubus_odoratus thimbleberry,shrubby raspberry of eastern North America having showy rose to purplish flowers and red or orange thimble-shaped fruit
4384,flowering_shrub,shrub noted primarily for its flowers
4385,flowering_tobacco Jasmine_tobacco Nicotiana_alata,South American ornamental perennial having nocturnally fragrant greenish-white flowers
4386,flowering_wintergreen gaywings bird-on-the-wing fringed_polygala Polygala_paucifolia,common trailing perennial milkwort of eastern North America having leaves like wintergreen and usually rosy-purple flowers with winged sepals
4387,fluke,either of the two lobes of the tail of a cetacean
4388,fluorescence,light emitted during absorption of radiation of some other (invisible) wavelength
4389,flurry snow_flurry,a light brief snowfall and gust of wind (or something resembling that); "he had to close the window against the flurries"; "there was a flurry of chicken feathers"
4390,fly_orchid,any of several dwarf creeping orchids with small bizarre insect-like hairy flowers on slender stalks
4391,fly_orchid Ophrys_insectifera Ophrys_muscifera,European orchid whose flowers resemble flies
4392,fly_poison Amianthum_muscaetoxicum Amianthum_muscitoxicum,all parts of plant are highly toxic; bulb pounded and used as a fly poison; sometimes placed in subfamily Melanthiaceae
4393,foamflower coolwart false_miterwort false_mitrewort Tiarella_cordifolia,stoloniferous white-flowered spring-blooming woodland plant
4394,focalization focalisation,the confinement of an infection to a limited area
4395,fog,droplets of water vapor suspended in the air near the ground
4396,fog fogginess murk murkiness,an atmosphere in which visibility is reduced because of a cloud of some substance
4397,fogbank,a large mass of fog on the sea (as seen from a distance)
4398,fohn foehn,a warm dry wind that blows down the northern slopes of the Alps
4399,fold folding,a geological process that causes a bend in a stratum of rock
4400,fold plica,a folded part (as in skin or muscle)
4401,foliation,(geology) the arrangement of leaflike layers in a rock
4402,foliation leafing,(botany) the process of forming leaves
4403,follicle,any small spherical group of cells containing a cavity
4404,fontanelle fontanel soft_spot,any membranous gap between the bones of the cranium in an infant or fetus
4405,food_chain,(ecology) a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member
4406,food_pyramid,(ecology) a hierarchy of food chains with the principal predator at the top; each level preys on the level below
4407,food_web food_cycle,(ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains
4408,foot human_foot pes,the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint; "his bare feet projected from his trousers"; "armored from head to foot"
4409,foot invertebrate_foot,any of various organs of locomotion or attachment in invertebrates
4410,footsteps-of-spring Sanicula_arctopoides,sanicle of northwestern United States and British Columbia having yellow flowers
4411,force,(physics) the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity; "force equals mass times acceleration"
4412,ford crossing,a shallow area in a stream that can be forded
4413,forearm,the part of the superior limb between the elbow and the wrist
4414,forebrain prosencephalon,the anterior portion of the brain; the part of the brain that develops from the anterior part of the neural tube
4415,forefoot,a front foot of a quadruped
4416,foreground_processing foregrounding,the execution of a program that preempts the use of the processing system
4417,foreleg,the forelimb of a quadruped
4418,forelimb,the front limb (or the homologous structure in other animals, such as a flipper or wing)
4419,forelock,a lock of hair growing (or falling) over the forehead
4420,forelock foretop,a lock of a horse's mane that grows forward between the ears
4421,forepaw,front paw; analogous to the human hand
4422,foreplay arousal stimulation,mutual sexual fondling prior to sexual intercourse
4423,foreshock,a tremor preceding an earthquake
4424,forest_red_gum Eucalypt_tereticornis,tall tree of Queensland and New South Wales and Victoria
4425,forestiera,any plant of the genus Forestiera
4426,forewing fore-wing fore_wing,either of the anterior pair of wings on an insect that has four wings
4427,forget-me-not mouse_ear Myosotis_scorpiodes,small perennial herb having bright blue or white flowers
4428,forked_lightning chain_lightning,a form of lightning that moves rapidly in a zigzag path with one end divided (fork-like)
4429,formation,natural process that causes something to form; "the formation of gas in the intestine"; "the formation of crystals"; "the formation of pseudopods"
4430,fornication,voluntary sexual intercourse between persons not married to each other
4431,fornix,generally any arch shaped structure (but often it refers to the arched roof of an anatomical space)
4432,fornix trigonum_cerebrale,an arched bundle of white fibers at the base of the brain by which the hippocampus of each hemisphere projects to the contralateral hippocampus and to the thalamus and mamillary bodies
4433,forsythia,any of various early blooming oleaceous shrubs of the genus Forsythia; native to eastern Asia and southern Europe but widely cultivated for their branches of bright yellow bell-shaped flowers
4434,foryml,(chemistry) the negative univalent acyl radical CHO that occurs in aldehydes
4435,fossilization fossilisation,the process of fossilizing a plant or animal that existed in some earlier age; the process of being turned to stone
4436,fossorial_foot,foot adapted for digging as in moles
4437,fothergilla witch_alder,any of several deciduous low-growing shrubs of the genus Fothergilla having showy brushlike spikes of white flowers in spring and fiery red and orange autumn color; grows from Alabama to the Allegheny Mountains
4438,fountain_grass Pennisetum_ruppelii Pennisetum_setaceum,tall perennial ornamental grass with long nodding flower plumes of tropical Africa and Asia
4439,four_o'clock,any of several plants of the genus Mirabilis having flowers that open in late afternoon
4440,fourth_ventricle,an irregular ventricle between the third ventricle and the central canal of the spinal cord
4441,fovea fovea_centralis,area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute
4442,fox_grape,purplish-black wild grape of the eastern United States with tough skins that slip easily from the flesh; cultivated in many varieties
4443,fox_grape Vitis_labrusca,native grape of northeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties e.g. Concord grapes
4444,foxglove digitalis,any of several plants of the genus Digitalis
4445,foxtail foxtail_grass,grasses of the genera Alopecurus and Setaria having dense silky or bristly brushlike flowering spikes
4446,foxtail_grass Lycopodium_alopecuroides,ground pine thickly covered with bristly leaves; widely distributed in barren sandy or peaty moist coastal regions of eastern and southeastern United States
4447,foxtail_millet Italian_millet Hungarian_grass Setaria_italica,coarse drought-resistant annual grass grown for grain, hay, and forage in Europe and Asia and chiefly for forage and hay in United States
4448,foxtail_orchid,any of various orchids of the genus Rhyncostylis having pink- to purple-marked white flowers in a dense cylindrical raceme
4449,fractional_distillation,fractionation of a liquid by distillation
4450,fractionation fractional_process,a process that uses heat to separate a substance into its components
4451,fragment,a piece broken off or cut off of something else; "a fragment of rock"
4452,fragmentation,(computer science) the condition of a file that is broken up and stored in many different locations on a magnetic disk; "fragmentation slows system performance because it takes extra time to locate and assemble the parts of the fragmented file"
4453,fragrant_agrimony Agrimonia_procera,fragrant European perennial herb found at woodland margins on moist soils
4454,fragrant_cliff_fern fragrant_shield_fern fragrant_wood_fern Dryopteris_fragrans,fern or northern Eurasia and North America having fragrant fronds
4455,fragrant_orchid Gymnadenia_conopsea,European orchid having dense spikes of fragrant pink or lilac or red flowers with conspicuous spurs
4456,fragrant_sumac lemon_sumac Rhus_aromatica,sweet-scented sumac of eastern America having ternate leaves and yellowish-green flowers in spikes resembling catkins followed by red hairy fruits
4457,frangipani frangipanni,any of various tropical American deciduous shrubs or trees of the genus Plumeria having milky sap and showy fragrant funnel-shaped variously colored flowers
4458,fraxinella dittany burning_bush gas_plant Dictamnus_alba,Eurasian perennial herb with white flowers that emit flammable vapor in hot weather
4459,free_central_placentation,where ovules develop on a central column in a compound ovary lacking septa or with septa at base only
4460,free_electron,electron that is not attached to an atom or ion or molecule but is free to move under the influence of an electric field
4461,freesia,any of several plants of the genus Freesia valued for their one-sided clusters of usually fragrant yellow or white or pink tubular flowers
4462,freestone,fruit (especially peach) whose flesh does not adhere to the pit
4463,freeze freezing,the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid
4464,freeze frost,weather cold enough to cause freezing
4465,freeze-drying lyophilization lyophilisation,a method of drying food or blood plasma or pharmaceuticals or tissue without destroying their physical structure; material is frozen and then warmed in a vacuum so that the ice sublimes
4466,fresh_breeze,wind moving 19-24 knots; 5 on the Beaufort scale
4467,fresh_gale,wind moving 39-46 knots; 8 on the Beaufort scale
4468,freshener,anything that freshens
4469,friar's-cowl Arisarum_vulgare,tuberous perennial having a cowl-shaped maroon or violet-black spathe; Mediterranean; Canaries; Azores
4470,friar's_lantern ignis_fatuus jack-o'-lantern will-o'-the-wisp,a pale light sometimes seen at night over marshy ground
4471,friction rubbing,the resistance encountered when one body is moved in contact with another
4472,friendship_plant panamica panamiga Pilea_involucrata,low stingless nettle of Central and South America having velvety brownish-green toothed leaves and clusters of small green flowers
4473,frill,(paleontology) a bony plate that curves upward behind the skull of many ceratopsian dinosaurs
4474,frill ruff,an external body part consisting of feathers or hair about the neck of a bird or other animal
4475,fringe interference_fringe,one of the light or dark bands produced by the interference and diffraction of light
4476,fringe_bush Chionanthus_virginicus,small bushy tree of southeastern United States having profuse clusters of white flowers
4477,fringe_tree,any of various small decorative flowering trees or shrubs of the genus Chionanthus
4478,fringed_gentian,any of various herbs of the genus Gentianopsis having the margins of the corolla lobes fringed; sometimes included in genus Gentiana
4479,fringed_grass_of_Parnassus Parnassia_fimbriata,bog plant with broadly heart-shaped basal leaves and cream-colored or white saucer-shaped flowers with fringed petals; west of Rocky Mountains from Alaska to New Mexico
4480,fringed_loosestrife Lysimachia_ciliatum,of North America
4481,fringed_orchis fringed_orchid,any of several summer-flowering American orchids distinguished by a fringed or lacerated lip
4482,fringed_pink Dianthus_supurbus,Eurasian perennial pink having fragrant lilac or rose flowers with deeply fringed margins
4483,fringed_poppy_mallow Callirhoe_digitata,perennial poppy mallow of United States southern plains states having rose-red or rose-purple flowers
4484,fringepod lacepod,annual herb having pinnatifid basal leaves and slender racemes of small white flowers followed by one-seeded winged silicles
4485,fritillary checkered_lily,any liliaceous plant of the genus Fritillaria having nodding variously colored flowers
4486,frog's_lettuce,very similar to Potamogeton; of western Africa, Asia, and Europe
4487,frog_orchid,any of several green orchids of the genus Habenaria
4488,frog_orchid Coeloglossum_viride,orchid having hooded long-bracted green to yellow-green flowers suffused with purple
4489,frond,compound leaf of a fern or palm or cycad
4490,front,(meteorology) the atmospheric phenomenon created at the boundary between two different air masses
4491,front_tooth anterior,a tooth situated at the front of the mouth; "his malocclusion was caused by malposed anteriors"
4492,frontal_bone os_frontale forehead,the large cranial bone forming the front part of the cranium: includes the upper part of the orbits
4493,frontal_gyrus,any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
4494,frontal_lobe frontal_cortex,that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead
4495,frontal_sinus,one of a pair of cavities in the frontal bone
4496,frontal_suture sutura_frontalis,the suture between two halves of the frontal bone (usually obliterated by the age of 6)
4497,frost icing,the formation of frost or ice on a surface
4498,frost_heave frost_heaving,upthrust of ground or pavement caused by the freezing of moist soil
4499,frostweed frost-weed frostwort Helianthemum_canadense Crocanthemum_canadense,perennial of the eastern United States having early solitary yellow flowers followed by late petalless flowers; so-called because ice crystals form on it during first frosts
4500,frottage,masturbation by rubbing against another person (as in a crowd)
4501,fructification,organs of fruiting (especially the reproductive parts of ferns and mosses)
4502,fructification,the bearing of fruit
4503,fructose fruit_sugar levulose laevulose,a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits
4504,fruit,the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant
4505,fruit_tree,tree bearing edible fruit
4506,fruiting_body,an organ specialized for producing spores
4507,fruitlet,a diminutive fruit, especially one that is part of a multiple fruit
4508,fuchsia,any of various tropical shrubs widely cultivated for their showy drooping purplish or reddish or white flowers; Central and South America and New Zealand and Tahiti
4509,fuck fucking screw screwing ass nooky nookie piece_of_ass piece_of_tail roll_in_the_hay shag shtup,slang for sexual intercourse
4510,fuel_oil heating_oil,a petroleum product used for fuel
4511,fug,(British informal) an airless smoky smelly atmosphere
4512,fuji fuji_cherry Prunus_incisa,shrubby Japanese cherry tree having pale pink blossoms
4513,fuller's_teasel Dipsacus_sativus,similar to the common teasel and similarly used; widespread in Europe and North Africa and western Asia; naturalized in United States
4514,fumitory fumewort fumeroot Fumaria_officinalis,delicate European herb with greyish leaves and spikes of purplish flowers; formerly used medicinally
4515,fundus,(anatomy) the base of a hollow organ or that part of the organ farthest from its opening; "the uterine fundus"; "the fundus of the stomach"
4516,fungal_infection mycosis,an inflammatory condition caused by a fungus
4517,funicle funiculus,the stalk of a plant ovule or seed
4518,funiculus,any of several body structure resembling a cord
4519,funny_bone crazy_bone,a point on the elbow where the ulnar nerve passes near the surface; a sharp tingling sensation results when the nerve is knocked against the bone; "the funny bone is not humerus"
4520,fur,dense coat of fine silky hairs on mammals (e.g., cat or seal or weasel)
4521,furcula,a forked bone formed by the fusion of the clavicles of most birds
4522,fusel_oil,a mixture of amyl alcohols and propanol and butanol formed from distillation of fermented liquors
4523,fusion,the merging of adjacent sounds or syllables or words
4524,fusion nuclear_fusion nuclear_fusion_reaction,a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
4525,fuzz,the first beard of an adolescent boy
4526,gaillardia,any plant of western America of the genus Gaillardia having hairy leaves and long-stalked flowers in hot vibrant colors from golden yellow and copper to rich burgundy
4527,galactose brain_sugar,a simple sugar found in lactose
4528,galactosis,the secretion of milk
4529,galangal Alpinia_galanga,southeastern Asian perennial with aromatic roots
4530,galax galaxy wandflower beetleweed coltsfoot Galax_urceolata,tufted evergreen perennial herb having spikes of tiny white flowers and glossy green round to heart-shaped leaves that become coppery to maroon or purplish in fall
4531,galbulus,the seed-producing cone of a cypress tree
4532,gale,a strong wind moving 45-90 knots; force 7 to 10 on Beaufort scale
4533,galea,an organ shaped like a helmet; usually a vaulted and enlarged petal as in Aconitum
4534,gall,abnormal swelling of plant tissue caused by insects or microorganisms or injury
4535,gallbladder gall_bladder,a muscular sac attached to the liver that stores bile (secreted by the liver) until it is needed for digestion
4536,gallstone bilestone,a calculus formed in the gall bladder or its ducts
4537,galvanic_skin_response GSR psychogalvanic_response electrodermal_response electrical_skin_response Fere_phenomenon Tarchanoff_phenomenon,a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body
4538,galvanism,electricity produced by chemical action
4539,galvanization galvanisation,stimulation with a galvanic current
4540,gamboge_tree Garcinia_hanburyi Garcinia_cambogia Garcinia_gummi-gutta,low spreading tree of Indonesia yielding an orange to brown gum resin (gamboge) used as a pigment when powdered
4541,gametangium,cell or organ in which gametes develop
4542,gametoecium,gametangia and surrounding bracts
4543,gametogenesis,the development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis
4544,gametophore,a modified branch bearing gametangia as in the thalloid liverworts
4545,gamma_globulin human_gamma_globulin,a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
4546,gamma_radiation gamma_ray,electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay and having an extremely short wavelength
4547,ganglion,an encapsulated neural structure consisting of a collection of cell bodies or neurons
4548,garambulla,small berrylike fruit
4549,garambulla garambulla_cactus Myrtillocactus_geometrizans,arborescent cactus of western Mexico bearing a small oblong edible berrylike fruit
4550,garden_angelica archangel Angelica_Archangelica,a biennial cultivated herb; its stems are candied and eaten and its roots are used medicinally
4551,garden_forget-me-not Myosotis_sylvatica,small biennial to perennial herb of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia having blue, purple or white flowers
4552,garden_huckleberry wonderberry sunberry Solanum_nigrum_guineese Solanum_melanocerasum Solanum_burbankii,improved garden variety of black nightshade having small edible orange or black berries
4553,garden_lettuce common_lettuce Lactuca_sativa,annual or perennial garden plant having succulent leaves used in salads; widely grown
4554,garden_nasturtium Indian_cress Tropaeolum_majus,strong-growing annual climber having large flowers of all shades of orange from orange-red to yellowish orange and seeds that are pickled and used like capers
4555,garden_orache mountain_spinach Atriplex_hortensis,Asiatic plant resembling spinach often used as a potherb; naturalized in Europe and North America
4556,garden_pea,the flattened to cylindric inflated multi-seeded fruit of the common pea plant
4557,garden_pea garden_pea_plant common_pea Pisum_sativum,plant producing peas usually eaten fresh rather than dried
4558,garden_strawberry cultivated_strawberry Fragaria_ananassa,widely cultivated
4559,gardenia,any of various shrubs and small trees of the genus Gardenia having large fragrant white or yellow flowers
4560,garland_flower Daphne_cneorum,widely cultivated low evergreen shrub with dense clusters of fragrant pink to deep rose flowers
4561,garlic Allium_sativum,bulbous herb of southern Europe widely naturalized; bulb breaks up into separate strong-flavored cloves
4562,garlic_chive Chinese_chive Oriental_garlic Allium_tuberosum,a plant of eastern Asia; larger than Allium schoenoprasum
4563,garlic_mustard hedge_garlic sauce-alone jack-by-the-hedge Alliaria_officinalis,European herb that smells like garlic
4564,gas gaseous_state,the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container
4565,gas_oil,an oil formed through distillation of petroleum of intermediate boiling range and viscosity
4566,gas_pressure,the pressure exerted by a gas
4567,gasification,the process of changing into gas; "coal gas is produced by the gasification of coal"
4568,gaskin,lower part of a horse's thigh between the hock and the stifle
4569,gaslight,light yielded by the combustion of illuminating gas
4570,gasp pant,a short labored intake of breath with the mouth open; "she gave a gasp and fainted"
4571,gassing,the process of interacting with gas
4572,gastric_artery arteria_gastrica,the arteries that supply the walls of the stomach
4573,gastric_digestion,the process of breaking down proteins by the action of the gastric juice in the stomach
4574,gastric_smear,alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the stomach
4575,gastric_vein vena_gastrica,one of several veins draining the stomach walls
4576,gastrocnemius gastrocnemius_muscle,the muscle in the back part of the leg that forms the greater part of the calf; responsible for the plantar flexion of the foot
4577,gastroomental_vein gastroepiploic_vein vena_gastroomentalis,one of two veins serving the great curvature of the stomach
4578,gastrulation,the process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of cells
4579,gauge_boson,a particle that mediates the interaction of two elementary particles
4580,gazania,any plant of the genus Gazania valued for their showy daisy flowers
4581,gean mazzard mazzard_cherry,wild or seedling sweet cherry used as stock for grafting
4582,gebang_palm Corypha_utan Corypha_gebanga,large-leaved palm of Malay to Philippines and northern Australia; leaves used for thatching or plaiting into containers
4583,geebung,any of numerous shrubs and small trees having hard narrow leaves and long-lasting yellow or white flowers followed by small edible but insipid fruits
4584,gelatin gelatine,a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin
4585,gemma,small asexual reproductive structure in e.g. liverworts and mosses that detaches from the parent and develops into a new individual
4586,gene_expression,conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
4587,generation multiplication propagation,the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production
4588,genicular_vein vena_genus,veins that drain blood from structures around the knee; empty into the popliteal vein
4589,geniculate_body,one of four small oval masses that protrude slightly from the underside of the thalamus and function as synaptic centers on the way to the cerebral cortex
4590,genip Spanish_lime,round one-inch Caribbean fruit with green leathery skin and sweet juicy translucent pulp; eaten like grapes
4591,genipa,any tree of the genus Genipa bearing yellow flowers and edible fruit with a thick rind
4592,genipap genipap_fruit,a succulent orange-sized tropical fruit with a thick rind
4593,genipap_fruit jagua marmalade_box Genipa_Americana,tree of the West Indies and northern South America bearing succulent edible orange-sized fruit
4594,genitalia genital_organ genitals private_parts privates crotch,external sex organ
4595,genlisea,rootless carnivorous swamp plants having at the base of the stem a rosette of foliage and leaves consisting of slender tubes swollen in the middle to form traps; each tube passes into two long spirally twisted arms with stiff hairs
4596,gentian,any of various plants of the family Gentianaceae especially the genera Gentiana and Gentianella and Gentianopsis
4597,gentianella Gentiana_acaulis,low-growing alpine plant cultivated for its dark glossy green leaves in basal rosettes and showy solitary bell-shaped blue flowers
4598,gentle_breeze,wind moving 8-12 knots; 3 on the Beaufort scale
4599,geocentric_parallax diurnal_parallax,the parallax of a celestial body using two points on the surface of the earth as the earth rotates
4600,geode,(mineralogy) a hollow rock or nodule with the cavity usually lined with crystals
4601,geological_phenomenon,a natural phenomenon involving the structure or composition of the earth
4602,geological_process geologic_process,(geology) a natural process whereby geological features are modified
4603,geophyte,a perennial plant that propagates by underground bulbs or tubers or corms
4604,geothermal_energy,energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth
4605,geotropism,an orienting response to gravity
4606,geranium,any of numerous plants of the family Geraniaceae
4607,gerardia,any plant of the genus Gerardia
4608,germ,a small apparently simple structure (as a fertilized egg) from which new tissue can develop into a complete organism
4609,germ_layer,(embryology) any of the 3 layers of cells differentiated in embryos following gastrulation
4610,germ_tube,(botany) a slender tubular outgrowth from a spore in germination
4611,germander,any of various plants of the genus Teucrium
4612,germander_speedwell bird's_eye Veronica_chamaedrys,Old World plant with axillary racemes of blue-and-white flowers
4613,germination sprouting,the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow
4614,gesneria,any plant of the genus Gesneria
4615,gesneriad,any of numerous tropical or subtropical small shrubs or treelets or epiphytic vines of the family Gesneriaceae: African violet; Cape primroses; gloxinia
4616,giant_bamboo kyo-chiku Dendrocalamus_giganteus,immense tropical southeast Asian bamboo with tough hollow culms that resemble tree trunks
4617,giant_buttercup Laccopetalum_giganteum,spectacular perennial native of wet montane grasslands of Peru; formerly included in genus Ranunculus
4618,giant_cane cane_reed Arundinaria_gigantea,tall grass of southern United States growing in thickets
4619,giant_chinkapin golden_chinkapin Chrysolepis_chrysophylla Castanea_chrysophylla Castanopsis_chrysophylla,small ornamental evergreen tree of Pacific Coast whose glossy yellow-green leaves are yellow beneath; bears edible nuts
4620,giant_coreopsis Coreopsis_gigantea,large treelike shrub having feathery leaves and clusters of large yellow flower heads; coastal southern California
4621,giant_foxtail,two species of coarse annual foxtails that are naturalized weeds in United States
4622,giant_hyssop,any of a number of aromatic plants of the genus Agastache
4623,giant_red_paintbrush Castilleja_miniata,wildflower of western North America having ragged clusters of crimson or scarlet flowers
4624,giant_reed Arundo_donax,large rhizomatous perennial grasses found by riversides and in ditches having jointed stems and large grey-white feathery panicles
4625,giant_ryegrass Elymus_condensatus Leymus_condensatus,stout perennial grass of western North America
4626,giant_scrambling_fern Diplopterygium_longissimum,large scrambling fern forming large patches to 18 feet high; Pacific region and China
4627,giant_star giant,a very bright star of large diameter and low density (relative to the Sun)
4628,giant_star_grass Cynodon_plectostachyum,perennial grass having stems 3 to 4 feet high; used especially in Africa and India for pasture and hay
4629,giant_sunflower tall_sunflower Indian_potato Helianthus_giganteus,very tall American perennial of central and the eastern United States to Canada having edible tuberous roots
4630,giant_taro Alocasia_macrorrhiza,large evergreen with extremely large erect or spreading leaves; cultivated widely in tropics for its edible rhizome and shoots; used in wet warm regions as a stately ornamental
4631,giant_timber_bamboo madake ku-chiku Phyllostachys_bambusoides,large bamboo having thick-walled culms; native of China and perhaps Japan; widely grown elsewhere
4632,gidgee stinking_wattle Acacia_cambegei,scrubby Australian acacia having extremely foul-smelling blossoms
4633,gill branchia,respiratory organ of aquatic animals that breathe oxygen dissolved in water
4634,gill lamella,any of the radiating leaflike spore-producing structures on the underside of the cap of a mushroom or similar fungus
4635,gill_arch branchial_arch gill_bar,one of the bony or cartilaginous arches on each side of the pharynx that support the gills of fishes and aquatic amphibians
4636,gill_slit branchial_cleft gill_cleft,one of a series of slit openings in the pharynxes of fishes and aquatic amphibians through which water passes
4637,ginger,perennial plants having thick branching aromatic rhizomes and leafy reedlike stems
4638,gingiva gum,the tissue (covered by mucous membrane) of the jaws that surrounds the bases of the teeth
4639,ginkgo gingko maidenhair_tree Ginkgo_biloba,deciduous dioecious Chinese tree having fan-shaped leaves and fleshy yellow seeds; exists almost exclusively in cultivation especially as an ornamental street tree
4640,ginseng,aromatic root of ginseng plants
4641,ginseng nin-sin Panax_ginseng Panax_schinseng Panax_pseudoginseng,Chinese herb with palmately compound leaves and small greenish flowers and forked aromatic roots believed to have medicinal powers
4642,gipsywort gypsywort Lycopus_europaeus,hairy Eurasian herb with two-lipped white flowers
4643,girdle,an encircling or ringlike structure
4644,gizzard ventriculus gastric_mill,thick-walled muscular pouch below the crop in many birds and reptiles for grinding food
4645,glabella mesophyron,a smooth prominence of the frontal bone between and above the eyebrows; the most forward projecting point of the forehead in the midline at the level of the supraorbital ridges
4646,glacial_boulder,a boulder that has been carried by a glacier to a place far distant from its place of origin
4647,glaciation,the process of covering the earth with glaciers or masses of ice
4648,glacier_lily snow_lily Erythronium_grandiflorum,dogtooth violet of western North America having bright yellow flowers
4649,glade_mallow Napaea_dioica,tall coarse American herb having palmate leaves and numerous small white dioecious flowers; found wild in most alluvial soils of eastern and central United States
4650,gladiolus corpus_sternum,the large central part of the breastbone
4651,gladiolus gladiola glad sword_lily,any of numerous plants of the genus Gladiolus native chiefly to tropical and South Africa having sword-shaped leaves and one-sided spikes of brightly colored funnel-shaped flowers; widely cultivated
4652,gland secretory_organ secretor secreter,any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream
4653,glans,a small rounded structure; especially that at the end of the penis or clitoris
4654,glans_clitoridis,small mass of erectile tissue at the end of the body of the clitoris
4655,glans_penis,the conical mass of erectile tissue that forms the head of the penis
4656,glasswort samphire Salicornia_europaea,fleshy maritime plant having fleshy stems with rudimentary scalelike leaves and small spikes of minute flowers; formerly used in making glass
4657,gleba,fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of e.g. a puffball or stinkhorn
4658,glenoid_fossa glenoid_cavity,the concavity in the head of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint
4659,glenoid_fossa mandibular_fossa,a deep concavity in the temporal bone at the root of the zygomatic arch that receives the condyle of the mandible
4660,gliding_joint articulatio_plana,a freely moving joint in which the articulations allow only gliding motions
4661,gliricidia,any of several small deciduous trees valued for their dark wood and dense racemes of nectar-rich pink flowers grown in great profusion on arching branches; roots and bark and leaves and seeds are poisonous
4662,global_warming,an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)
4663,globalization globalisation,growth to a global or worldwide scale; "the globalization of the communication industry"
4664,globe_amaranth bachelor's_button Gomphrena_globosa,tropical American herb having rose to red or purple flowers that can be dried without losing color
4665,globe_lily fairy_lantern,any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having egg-shaped flowers
4666,globe_mallow false_mallow,genus of coarse herbs and subshrubs of arid North and South America having pink or scarlet flowers and globose fruits
4667,globe_thistle,any of various plants of the genus Echinops having prickly leaves and dense globose heads of bluish flowers
4668,globeflower globe_flower,any of several plants of the genus Trollius having globose yellow flowers
4669,globin hematohiston haematohiston,a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells
4670,globulin,a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed
4671,glochidium glochid,a barbed spine or bristle (often tufted on cacti)
4672,glomerule,a compacted or sessile cyme
4673,glomerulus,a small intertwined group of capillaries in the malpighian body; it filters the blood during urine formation
4674,glory_pea clianthus,any of various shrubs or vines of the genus Clianthus having compound leaves and pea-like red flowers in drooping racemes
4675,glossopharyngeal_nerve nervus_glossopharyngeus ninth_cranial_nerve,sensory nerve to the pharynx and back of the tongue; motor fibers innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx; includes parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion
4676,glottis,the vocal apparatus of the larynx; the true vocal folds and the space between them where the voice tone is generated
4677,glow,a steady even light without flames
4678,glucosamine,an amino derivative of glucose that is a component of many polysaccharides
4679,glucose,a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy
4680,glume,small dry membranous bract found in inflorescences of Gramineae and Cyperaceae
4681,gluon,a gauge boson that mediates strong interaction among quarks
4682,glutamic_oxalacetic_transaminase glutamic_oxaloacetic_transaminase,an enzyme involved in transamination
4683,glutathione_peroxidase,an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals
4684,gluteal_artery arteria_glutes,branches of the internal iliac artery that supply the hip joint and gluteal region
4685,gluteal_vein vena_gluteus,veins draining the gluteal muscles on either side of the body
4686,glutelin,a simple protein found in the seeds of cereals
4687,gluten,a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough
4688,gluteus gluteus_muscle gluteal_muscle glute,any one of three large skeletal muscles that form the buttock and move the thigh
4689,gluteus_maximus,the outermost of the three gluteal muscles
4690,gluteus_medius,the middle of the three gluteal muscles
4691,gluteus_minimus,the innermost of the three gluteal muscles
4692,glyceride acylglycerol,an ester of glycerol and fatty acids that occurs naturally as fats and fatty oils; "fresh fats contain glycerides of fatty acids and very little free acid"
4693,glyceryl,a trivalent radical derived from glycerol by removing the three hydroxyl radicals
4694,glycogen animal_starch,one form in which body fuel is stored; stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body
4695,glycogenesis,the formation in animals of glycogen from glucose
4696,glycolysis,a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and releases energy for the body in the form of ATP
4697,glycoprotein,a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component
4698,gnathion,the most inferior point of the mandible in the midline
4699,gnetum Gnetum_gnemon,small tropical tree with tiered branches and divaricate branchlets having broad glossy dark green leaves; exploited for its edible young leaves and seeds that provide a fine flour
4700,goat's_rue goat_rue Galega_officinalis,tall bushy European perennial grown for its pinnate foliage and slender spikes of blue flowers; sometimes used medicinally
4701,goat_grass Aegilops_triuncalis,European grass naturalized as a weed in North America; sharp-pointed seeds cause injury when eaten by livestock
4702,goat_willow florist's_willow pussy_willow Salix_caprea,much-branched Old World willow having large catkins and relatively large broad leaves
4703,goatee,a small chin beard trimmed to a point; named for its resemblance to a goat's beard
4704,goatsfoot goat's_foot Oxalis_caprina,short-stemmed South African plant with bluish flowers
4705,gold_fern Pityrogramma_chrysophylla,fern of West Indies and South America having fronds with bright golden-yellow undersides
4706,gold_of_pleasure Camelina_sativa,annual European false flax having small white flowers; cultivated since Neolithic times as a source of fiber and for its oil-rich seeds; widely naturalized in North America
4707,golden-beard_penstemon Penstemon_barbatus,plant of southwestern United States having long open clusters of scarlet flowers with yellow hairs on lower lip
4708,golden_aster,any of several shrubby herbs or subshrubs of the genus Chrysopsis having bright golden-yellow flower heads that resemble asters; throughout much of United States and into Canada
4709,golden_barrel_cactus Echinocactus_grusonii,large cactus of east central Mexico having golden to pale yellow flowers and spines
4710,golden_calla,any of several callas of the genus Zantedeschia having yellow spathes
4711,golden_clematis Clematis_tangutica,Chinese clematis with serrate leaves and large yellow flowers
4712,golden_cup Mexican_tulip_poppy Hunnemania_fumariifolia,native of Mexican highlands grown for its glossy clear yellow flowers and blue-grey finely dissected foliage
4713,golden_fern Pityrogramma_calomelanos_aureoflava,tropical American fern having fronds with light golden undersides
4714,golden_fern leather_fern Acrostichum_aureum,stout tropical swamp fern (especially tropical America) having large fronds with golden yellow sporangia covering the undersides
4715,golden_fig Florida_strangler_fig strangler_fig wild_fig Ficus_aurea,a strangler tree native to southern Florida and West Indies; begins as an epiphyte eventually developing many thick aerial roots and covering enormous areas
4716,golden_glow double_gold hortensia Rudbeckia_laciniata_hortensia,very tall branching herb with showy much-doubled yellow flower heads
4717,golden_groundsel golden_ragwort Packera_aurea Senecio_aureus,weedy herb of the eastern United States to Texas having golden-yellow flowers; sometimes becomes invasive; sometimes placed in genus Senecio
4718,golden_larch Pseudolarix_amabilis,Chinese deciduous conifer resembling a larch with golden yellow leaves
4719,golden_polypody serpent_fern rabbit's-foot_fern Phlebodium_aureum Polypodium_aureum,tropical American fern with brown scaly rhizomes cultivated for its large deeply lobed deep bluish-green fronds; sometimes placed in genus Polypodium
4720,golden_pothos pothos ivy_arum Epipremnum_aureum Scindapsus_aureus,evergreen liana widely cultivated for its variegated foliage
4721,golden_shower_tree drumstick_tree purging_cassia pudding_pipe_tree canafistola canafistula Cassia_fistula,deciduous or semi-evergreen tree having scented sepia to yellow flowers in drooping racemes and pods whose pulp is used medicinally; tropical Asia and Central and South America and Australia
4722,golden_star golden_stars Bloomeria_crocea,California plant having grasslike leaves and showy orange flowers
4723,golden_thistle,any of several spiny Mediterranean herbs of the genus Scolymus having yellow flower heads
4724,golden_wattle Acacia_pycnantha,shrubby Australian tree having clusters of fragrant golden yellow flowers; widely cultivated as an ornamental
4725,golden_willow Salix_alba_vitellina Salix_vitellina,European willow having greyish leaves and yellow-orange twigs used in basketry
4726,golden_yarrow Eriophyllum_lanatum,greyish woolly leafy perennial with branched stems ending in leafless stalks bearing golden-yellow flower heads; dry areas western North America
4727,goldenbush,a plant of the genus Haplopappus
4728,goldenbush,any of various much-branched yellow-flowered shrubs of the genus Chrysothamnus; western North America
4729,goldenrod,any of numerous chiefly summer-blooming and fall-blooming North American plants especially of the genus Solidago
4730,goldenseal golden_seal yellow_root turmeric_root Hydrastis_Canadensis,perennial herb of northeastern United States having a thick knotted yellow rootstock and large rounded leaves
4731,goldfields Lasthenia_chrysostoma,small slender woolly annual with very narrow opposite leaves and branches bearing solitary golden-yellow flower heads; southwestern Oregon to Baja California and Arizona; often cultivated
4732,goldilocks goldilocks_aster Aster_linosyris Linosyris_vulgaris,early-flowering perennial of southern and southeastern Europe with flower heads resembling those of goldenrod
4733,goldthread golden_thread Coptis_groenlandica Coptis_trifolia_groenlandica,low-growing perennial of North America woodlands having trifoliate leaves and yellow rootstock and white flowers
4734,gonad sex_gland,a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced
4735,goncalo_alves Astronium_fraxinifolium,tall tropical American timber tree especially abundant in eastern Brazil; yields hard strong durable zebrawood with straight grain and dark strips on a pinkish to yellowish ground; widely used for veneer and furniture and heavy construction
4736,gondang_wax fig_wax,a hard cream-colored wax obtained from a Javanese fig tree
4737,gonion,the craniometric point on either side at the apex of the lower jaw
4738,good-king-henry allgood fat_hen wild_spinach Chenopodium_bonus-henricus,European plant naturalized in North America; often collected from the wild as a potherb
4739,good_luck fluke good_fortune,a stroke of luck
4740,good_weather,weather suitable for outdoor activities
4741,goose_down,down of the goose
4742,goose_grass Texas_millet Panicum_Texanum,annual weedy grass used for hay
4743,goose_grease,grease derived from geese
4744,gooseberry,currant-like berry used primarily in jams and jellies
4745,gooseberry gooseberry_bush Ribes_uva-crispa Ribes_grossularia,spiny Eurasian shrub having greenish purple-tinged flowers and ovoid yellow-green or red-purple berries
4746,goosefoot,any of various weeds of the genus Chenopodium having small greenish flowers
4747,gooseneck_loosestrife Lysimachia_clethroides_Duby,a variety of the loosestrife herb
4748,gorse furze whin Irish_gorse Ulex_europaeus,very spiny and dense evergreen shrub with fragrant golden-yellow flowers; common throughout western Europe
4749,gourd,any of numerous inedible fruits with hard rinds
4750,gourd gourd_vine,any vine of the family Cucurbitaceae that bears fruits with hard rinds
4751,governor's_plum governor_plum Madagascar_plum ramontchi batoko_palm Flacourtia_indica,small shrubby tree of Madagascar cultivated in tropical regions as a hedge plant and for its deep red acid fruits resembling small plums
4752,gowen_cypress Cupressus_goveniana,small sometimes shrubby tree native to California; often used as an ornamental; in some classification systems includes the pygmy cypress and the Santa Cruz cypress
4753,graft transplant,(surgery) tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to a recipient; in some cases the patient can be both donor and recipient
4754,grain,a cereal grass; "wheat is a grain that is grown in Kansas"
4755,grain caryopsis,dry seed-like fruit produced by the cereal grasses: e.g. wheat, barley, Indian corn
4756,grain_sorghum,any of several sorghums cultivated primarily for grain
4757,grains_of_paradise Guinea_grains Guinea_pepper melagueta_pepper Aframomum_melegueta,West African plant bearing pungent peppery seeds
4758,grama grama_grass gramma gramma_grass,pasture grass of plains of South America and western North America
4759,gramineous_plant graminaceous_plant,cosmopolitan herbaceous or woody plants with hollow jointed stems and long narrow leaves
4760,granadilla,the egg-shaped edible fruit of tropical American vines related to passionflowers
4761,granadilla giant_granadilla Passiflora_quadrangularis,tropical American passionflower yielding the large granadilla fruit
4762,granadilla purple_granadillo Passiflora_edulis,Brazilian passionflower cultivated for its deep purple fruit
4763,granadilla sweet_granadilla Passiflora_ligularis,considered best for fruit
4764,granadilla_tree granadillo Brya_ebenus,West Indian tree yielding a fine grade of green ebony
4765,granny's_bonnets Aquilegia_vulgaris,common European columbine having variously colored (white or blue to purple or red) short-spurred flowers; naturalized in United States
4766,granulation granulation_tissue,new connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process
4767,grape,any of various juicy fruit of the genus Vitis with green or purple skins; grow in clusters
4768,grape grapevine grape_vine,any of numerous woody vines of genus Vitis bearing clusters of edible berries
4769,grape-leaf_begonia maple-leaf_begonia Begonia_dregei,tuberous or semi-tuberous South African begonia having shallowly lobed ovate leaves and small white flowers
4770,grape_fern,a fern of the genus Botrychium having a fertile frond bearing small grapelike clusters of spore cases
4771,grape_hyacinth,any of various early flowering spring hyacinths native to Eurasia having dense spikes of rounded blue flowers resembling bunches of small grapes
4772,grapefruit,large yellow fruit with somewhat acid juicy pulp; usual serving consists of a half
4773,grapefruit Citrus_paradisi,citrus tree bearing large round edible fruit having a thick yellow rind and juicy somewhat acid pulp
4774,grass,narrow-leaved green herbage: grown as lawns; used as pasture for grazing animals; cut and dried as hay
4775,grass-leaved_golden_aster,a variety of golden aster
4776,grass_fern ribbon_fern Vittaria_lineata,epiphytic fern found in lowland forests of tropical America
4777,grass_pea Indian_pea khesari Lathyrus_sativus,European annual grown for forage; seeds used for food in India and for stock elsewhere
4778,grass_pink Calopogon_pulchellum Calopogon_tuberosum,an orchid
4779,grass_poly hyssop_loosestrife Lythrum_hyssopifolia,annual with small solitary pink flowers; originally of Europe but widely naturalized in moist areas
4780,grass_tree Australian_grass_tree,any of several Australian evergreen perennials having short thick woody stems crowned by a tuft of grasslike foliage and yielding acaroid resins
4781,grass_vetch grass_vetchling Lathyrus_nissolia,annual European vetch with red flowers
4782,grassy_death_camas Zigadenus_venenosus Zigadenus_venenosus_gramineus,plant of western North America to Mexico; poisonous especially to grazing animals
4783,gravelweed Verbesina_helianthoides,perennial herb with yellow flowers; southern and south central United States
4784,gravitational_field,a field of force surrounding a body of finite mass
4785,gravitational_interaction,a weak interaction between particles that results from their mass; mediated by gravitons
4786,graviton,a gauge boson that mediates the (extremely weak) gravitational interactions between particles
4787,gravity gravitation gravitational_attraction gravitational_force,(physics) the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface; "the more remote the body the less the gravity"; "the gravitation between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them"; "gravitation cannot be held responsible for people falling in love"--Albert Einstein
4788,gravity-assist,(spaceflight) a trajectory that passes close to a planetary body in order to gain energy from its gravitational field
4789,graze grazing,the act of grazing
4790,grease lubricating_oil,a thick fatty oil (especially one used to lubricate machinery)
4791,greasewood black_greasewood Sarcobatus_vermiculatus,low hardy much-branched spiny shrub common in alkaline soils of western America
4792,great_Solomon's-seal Polygonatum_biflorum Polygonatum_commutatum,North American perennial herb with smooth foliage and drooping tubular greenish flowers
4793,great_St_John's_wort Hypericum_ascyron Hypericum_pyramidatum,perennial shrub having large star-shaped yellow flowers in narrowly pyramidal cymes
4794,great_burdock greater_burdock cocklebur Arctium_lappa,burdock having heart-shaped leaves found in open woodland, hedgerows and rough grassland of Europe (except extreme N) and Asia Minor; sometimes cultivated for medicinal and culinary use
4795,great_cerebral_vein vena_cerebri_magna,a cerebral vein formed by the two internal cerebral veins and continuing into the sinus rectus
4796,great_knapweed greater_knapweed Centaurea_scabiosa,tall European perennial having purple flower heads
4797,great_lobelia blue_cardinal_flower Lobelia_siphilitica,tall erect and very leafy perennial herb of eastern North America having dense spikes of blue flowers
4798,great_millet kaffir kafir_corn kaffir_corn Sorghum_bicolor,important for human and animal food; growth habit and stem form similar to Indian corn but having sawtooth-edged leaves
4799,great_plains_paintbrush Castilleja_sessiliflora,hairy plant with pinkish flowers; Great Plains to northern Mexico
4800,great_ragweed Ambrosia_trifida,a coarse annual with some leaves deeply and palmately three-cleft or five-cleft
4801,great_yellow_gentian Gentiana_lutea,robust European perennial having clusters of yellow flowers
4802,great_yellowcress Rorippa_amphibia Nasturtium_amphibium,perennial herb found on streams and riversides throughout Europe except extreme north and Mediterranean; sometimes placed in genus Nasturtium
4803,greater_butterfly_orchid Platanthera_chlorantha Habenaria_chlorantha,south European orchid with dark green flowers that are larger and less fragrant than Platanthera bifolia; sometimes placed in genus Habenaria
4804,greater_masterwort Astrantia_major,European herb with aromatic roots and leaves in a basal tuft and showy compound umbels of white to rosy flowers
4805,greater_omentum gastrocolic_omentum caul,part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines
4806,green_adder's_mouth Malaxis-unifolia Malaxis_ophioglossoides,North American orchid having a solitary leaf and flowers with threadlike petals
4807,green_alder Alnus_veridis,shrub of mountainous areas of Europe
4808,green_alder Alnus_veridis_crispa Alnus_crispa,North American shrub with light green leaves and winged nuts
4809,green_ash Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_subintegerrima,a variety of red ash having glossy branchlets and lower leaf surfaces
4810,green_bean,a common bean plant cultivated for its slender green edible pods
4811,green_bristlegrass green_foxtail rough_bristlegrass bottle-grass bottle_grass Setaria_viridis,European foxtail naturalized in North America; often a troublesome weed
4812,green_douglas_fir douglas_spruce douglas_pine douglas_hemlock Oregon_fir Oregon_pine Pseudotsuga_menziesii,lofty douglas fir of northwestern North America having short needles and egg-shaped cones
4813,green_dragon Arisaema_dracontium,early spring-flowering plant of eastern North America resembling the related jack-in-the-pulpit but having digitate leaves, slender greenish yellow spathe and elongated spadix
4814,green_gentian Frasera_speciosa Swertia_speciosa,tall herb with panicles of white flowers flushed with green; northwestern United States; sometimes placed in genus Swertia
4815,green_gland,one of a pair of glands (believed to have excretory functions) in some crustaceans near the base of the large antennae
4816,green_olive,olives picked green and pickled in brine; infrequently stuffed with e.g. pimento
4817,green_spleenwort Asplenium_viride,a small fern with slim green fronds; widely distributed in cool parts of northern hemisphere
4818,greenery verdure,green foliage
4819,greengage greengage_plum,sweet green or greenish-yellow variety of plum
4820,greenhouse_effect greenhouse_warming,warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere; caused by atmospheric gases that allow sunshine to pass through but absorb heat that is radiated back from the warmed surface of the earth
4821,grevillea,any shrub or tree of the genus Grevillea
4822,grey_alder gray_alder Alnus_incana,native to Europe but introduced in America
4823,grey_birch gray_birch American_grey_birch American_gray_birch Betula_populifolia,medium-sized birch of eastern North America having white or pale grey bark and valueless wood; occurs often as a second-growth forest tree
4824,grey_goldenrod gray_goldenrod Solidago_nemoralis,a dyer's weed of Canada and the eastern United States having yellow flowers sometimes used in dyeing
4825,grey_matter gray_matter grey_substance gray_substance substantia_grisea,greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons
4826,grey_polypody gray_polypody resurrection_fern Polypodium_polypodioides,fern growing on rocks or tree trunks and having fronds greyish and scurfy below; Americas and South Africa
4827,grey_poplar gray_poplar Populus_canescens,large rapidly growing poplar with faintly lobed dentate leaves grey on the lower surface; native to Europe but introduced and naturalized elsewhere
4828,grey_willow gray_willow Salix_cinerea,Eurasian shrubby willow with whitish tomentose twigs
4829,grinding abrasion attrition detrition,the wearing down of rock particles by friction due to water or wind or ice
4830,grip traction adhesive_friction,the friction between a body and the surface on which it moves (as between an automobile tire and the road)
4831,groin inguen,the crease at the junction of the inner part of the thigh with the trunk together with the adjacent region and often including the external genitals
4832,gromwell Lithospermum_officinale,European perennial branching plant; occurs in hedgerows and at the edge of woodlands
4833,groove vallecula,(anatomy) any furrow or channel on a bodily structure or part
4834,ground_cedar staghorn_moss Lycopodium_complanatum,a variety of club moss
4835,ground_cherry husk_tomato,any of numerous cosmopolitan annual or perennial herbs of the genus Physalis bearing edible fleshy berries enclosed in a bladderlike husk; some cultivated for their flowers
4836,ground_effect,apparent increase in aerodynamic lift experienced by an aircraft flying close to the ground
4837,ground_fir princess_pine tree_clubmoss Lycopodium_obscurum,a variety of club moss
4838,ground_ivy alehoof field_balm gill-over-the-ground runaway_robin Glechoma_hederaceae Nepeta_hederaceae,trailing European aromatic plant of the mint family having rounded leaves and small purplish flowers often grown in hanging baskets; naturalized in North America; sometimes placed in genus Nepeta
4839,ground_pine Christmas_green,any of several club mosses having long creeping stems and erect branches
4840,ground_pine yellow_bugle Ajuga_chamaepitys,low-growing annual with yellow flowers dotted red; faintly aromatic of pine resin; Europe, British Isles and North Africa
4841,ground_pink fringed_pink moss_pink Linanthus_dianthiflorus,low wiry-stemmed branching herb or southern California having fringed pink flowers
4842,ground_rose Rosa_spithamaea,low-growing bristly shrub of southern Oregon and California with creeping rootstocks and usually corymbose flowers
4843,ground_wave,a radio wave propagated on or near the earth's surface
4844,groundnut groundnut_vine Indian_potato potato_bean wild_bean Apios_americana Apios_tuberosa,a North American vine with fragrant blossoms and edible tubers; important food crop of Native Americans
4845,groundnut potato_bean wild_bean,nutlike tuber; important food of Native Americans
4846,groundsel Senecio_vulgaris,Eurasian weed with heads of small yellow flowers
4847,groundsel_tree groundsel_bush consumption_weed cotton-seed_tree Baccharis_halimifolia,a shrub of salt marshes of eastern and south central North America and West Indies; fruit is surrounded with white plumelike hairy tufts
4848,group radical chemical_group,(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule
4849,grouseberry grouse-berry grouse_whortleberry Vaccinium_scoparium,shrub of northwestern North America bearing red berries
4850,growth,a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"
4851,growth growing maturation development ontogeny ontogenesis,(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children"
4852,growth_factor,a protein that is involved in cell differentiation and growth
4853,grugru gri-gri grugru_palm macamba Acrocomia_aculeata,tropical American feather palm having a swollen spiny trunk and edible nuts
4854,grugru_nut,nut of Brazilian or West Indian palms
4855,guama Inga_laurina,tropical tree of Central America and West Indies and Puerto Rico having spikes of white flowers; used as shade for coffee plantations
4856,guar cluster_bean Cyamopsis_tetragonolobus Cyamopsis_psoraloides,drought-tolerant herb grown for forage and for its seed which yield a gum used as a thickening agent or sizing material
4857,guard_hair,coarse hairs that form the outer fur and protect the underfur of certain mammals
4858,guava,tropical fruit having yellow skin and pink pulp; eaten fresh or used for e.g. jellies
4859,guava strawberry_guava yellow_cattley_guava Psidium_littorale,small tropical shrubby tree bearing small yellowish fruit
4860,guava true_guava guava_bush Psidium_guajava,small tropical American shrubby tree; widely cultivated in warm regions for its sweet globular yellow fruit
4861,guayule Parthenium_argentatum,much-branched subshrub with silvery leaves and small white flowers of Texas and northern Mexico; cultivated as a source of rubber
4862,guelder_rose European_cranberrybush European_cranberry_bush crampbark cranberry_tree Viburnum_opulus,deciduous thicket-forming Old World shrub with clusters of white flowers and small bright red berries
4863,guinea_gold_vine guinea_flower,any of several Australasian evergreen vines widely cultivated in warm regions for their large bright yellow single flowers
4864,gulf,an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land; larger than a bay
4865,gulp draft draught swig,a large and hurried swallow; "he finished it at a single gulp"
4866,gulp gulping,a spasmodic reflex of the throat made as if in swallowing
4867,gulping swilling guzzling,the drinking of large mouthfuls rapidly
4868,gum_tree gum,any of various trees of the genera Eucalyptus or Liquidambar or Nyssa that are sources of gum
4869,gumbo-limbo Bursera_simaruba,tropical American tree yielding a reddish resin used in cements and varnishes
4870,gumweed gum_plant tarweed rosinweed,any of various western American plants of the genus Grindelia having resinous leaves and stems formerly used medicinally; often poisonous to livestock
4871,gun_smoke,smoke created by the firing of guns
4872,gust blast blow,a strong current of air; "the tree was bent almost double by the gust"
4873,gut,a narrow channel or strait
4874,gutta-percha_tree,one of several East Indian trees yielding gutta-percha
4875,gutta-percha_tree Palaquium_gutta,one of several East Indian trees yielding gutta-percha
4876,gymnosperm,plants of the class Gymnospermae having seeds not enclosed in an ovary
4877,gymnospermous_tree,any tree of the division Gymnospermophyta
4878,gymnospermous_yellowwood,any of various gymnospermous trees having yellow wood
4879,gynobase,the enlarged receptacle in which the pistil is borne
4880,gynoecium,a female gametoecium
4881,gynogenesis,female parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only maternal chromosomes due to the failure of the sperm to fuse with the egg nucleus
4882,gynophore,the stalk of a pistil that raises it above the receptacle
4883,gynostegium,the crown of the stamen in plants of the genus Asclepias
4884,gyrus convolution,a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain
4885,habit,the general form or mode of growth (especially of a plant or crystal); "a shrub of spreading habit"
4886,hackberry nettle_tree,any of various trees of the genus Celtis having inconspicuous flowers and small berrylike fruits
4887,hackle,long slender feather on the necks of e.g. turkeys and pheasants
4888,hadron,any elementary particle that interacts strongly with other particles
4889,hagberry,small cherry much liked by birds
4890,hagberry_tree European_bird_cherry common_bird_cherry Prunus_padus,small European cherry tree closely resembling the American chokecherry
4891,hail,precipitation of ice pellets when there are strong rising air currents
4892,hailstorm,a storm during which hail falls
4893,hair,a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss; "he combed his hair"; "each hair consists of layers of dead keratinized cells"
4894,hair,a filamentous projection or process on an organism
4895,hair fuzz tomentum,filamentous hairlike growth on a plant; "peach fuzz"
4896,hair pilus,any of the cylindrical filaments characteristically growing from the epidermis of a mammal; "there is a hair in my soup"
4897,hair_follicle,a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair; small muscles and sebaceous glands are associated with them
4898,hairball hair_ball trichobezoar,a compact mass of hair that forms in the alimentary canal (especially in the stomach of animals as a result of licking fur)
4899,haircut,the style in which hair has been cut
4900,hairdo hairstyle hair_style coiffure coif,the arrangement of the hair (especially a woman's hair)
4901,hairy_darling_pea Swainsona_greyana Swainsona_grandiflora,shrubby perennial of southern Australia having downy or woolly stems and undersides of leaves and racemes of red to pink flowers
4902,hairy_golden_aster prairie_golden_aster Heterotheca_villosa Chrysopsis_villosa,hairy perennial with yellow flower heads in branched clusters; found almost everywhere in dry places from Canada to west central and western United States; sometimes placed in genus Chrysopsis
4903,hairy_honeysuckle Lonicera_hirsuta,twining deciduous shrub with hairy leaves and spikes of yellow-orange flowers; northeastern America
4904,hairy_spurge Euphorbia_hirsuta,much-branched hirsute weed native to northeastern North America
4905,hairy_vetch hairy_tare Vicia_villosa,European vetch much cultivated as forage and cover crops
4906,hairy_willowherb codlins-and-cream Epilobium_hirsutum,plant of Europe and Asia having purplish-red flowers and hairy stems and leaves; introduced into North America
4907,hairy_wood_mint Blephilia_hirsuta,a variety of wood mint
4908,half-light,a greyish light (as at dawn or dusk or in dim interiors)
4909,half-moon lunula lunule,the crescent-shaped area at the base of the human fingernail
4910,halibut-liver_oil,a fatty oil from halibut livers that is used as a source of vitamin A
4911,halo,a circle of light around the sun or moon
4912,halogeton Halogeton_glomeratus,a coarse annual herb introduced into North America from Siberia; dangerous to sheep and cattle on western rangelands because of its high oxalate content
4913,halophyte,plant growing naturally in very salty soil
4914,halter haltere balancer,either of the rudimentary hind wings of dipterous insects; used for maintaining equilibrium during flight
4915,hamate hamate_bone unciform_bone os_hamatum,the wrist bone in line with the 4th and 5th fingers
4916,hamelia,any of several flowering tropical or subtropical shrubs of the genus Hamelia
4917,hammertoe,a deformed toe which is bent in a clawlike arch
4918,hamstring hamstring_tendon,one of the tendons at the back of the knee
4919,hand,terminal part of the forelimb in certain vertebrates (e.g. apes or kangaroos); "the kangaroo's forearms seem undeveloped but the powerful five-fingered hands are skilled at feinting and clouting"- Springfield (Mass.) Union
4920,hand manus mitt paw,the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb; "he had the hands of a surgeon"; "he extended his mitt"
4921,hand_fern Doryopteris_pedata,tropical American fern with coarsely lobed to palmatifid fronds
4922,hangnail agnail,a loose narrow strip of skin near the base of a fingernail; tearing it produces a painful sore that is easily infected
4923,hank_panky,illicit sexual intercourse
4924,haptoglobin,a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds)
4925,hard_beech Nothofagus_truncata,tall New Zealand tree yielding very hard wood
4926,hard_fern,any of several ferns of the genus Blechnum
4927,hardening solidifying solidification set curing,the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization; "the hardening of concrete"; "he tested the set of the glue"
4928,hardinggrass Harding_grass toowomba_canary_grass Phalaris_aquatica Phalaris_tuberosa,perennial grass of Australia and South Africa; introduced in North America as forage grass
4929,hardtack,a mountain mahogany
4930,hare's-foot_bristle_fern Trichomanes_boschianum,a variety of bristle fern
4931,hare's-foot_fern,either of two ferns of the genus Davallia having a soft grey hairy rootstock
4932,harebell bluebell Campanula_rotundifolia,perennial of northern hemisphere with slender stems and bell-shaped blue flowers
4933,haricot,a French variety of green bean plant bearing light-colored beans
4934,harmattan,a dusty wind from the Sahara that blows toward the western coast of Africa during the winter
4935,harpulla Harpullia_cupanioides,fast-growing tree of India and East Indies yielding a wood used especially for building
4936,harpullia,any of various tree of the genus Harpullia
4937,hart's-tongue hart's-tongue_fern Asplenium_scolopendrium Phyllitis_scolopendrium,Eurasian fern with simple lanceolate fronds
4938,hart's-tongue hart's-tongue_fern Olfersia_cervina Polybotrya_cervina Polybotria_cervina,tropical American terrestrial fern with leathery lanceolate fronds; sometimes placed in genus Polybotrya
4939,harvest,the consequence of an effort or activity; "they gathered a harvest of examples"; "a harvest of love"
4940,harvest-lice Agrimonia_eupatoria,erect perennial Old World herb of dry grassy habitats
4941,hastate_leaf,a leaf shaped like a spearhead with flaring pointed lobes at the base
4942,hatch hatching,the production of young from an egg
4943,haulm halm,stems of beans and peas and potatoes and grasses collectively as used for thatching and bedding
4944,haunch,the hip and buttock and upper thigh in human beings
4945,haunch,the loin and leg of a quadruped
4946,haustorium,a root-like attachment in parasitic plants that penetrates and obtains food from the host
4947,haw,the nictitating membrane of a horse
4948,hawk's-beard hawk's-beards,any of various plants of the genus Crepis having loose heads of yellow flowers on top of a long branched leafy stem; northern hemisphere
4949,hawk_nose,a nose curved downward like the beak of a hawk
4950,hawkbit,any of various common wildflowers of the genus Leontodon; of temperate Eurasia to Mediterranean regions
4951,hawkweed,any of numerous often hairy plants of the genus Hieracium having yellow or orange flowers that resemble the dandelion
4952,hawkweed,any of various plants of the genus Pilosella
4953,hawthorn haw,a spring-flowering shrub or small tree of the genus Crataegus
4954,hay-scented hay-scented_fern scented_fern boulder_fern Dennstaedtia_punctilobula,fern of eastern North America with pale green fronds and an aroma like hay
4955,haze,atmospheric moisture or dust or smoke that causes reduced visibility
4956,hazel hazel_tree Pomaderris_apetala,Australian tree grown especially for ornament and its fine-grained wood and bearing edible nuts
4957,hazelnut filbert cobnut cob,nut of any of several trees of the genus Corylus
4958,hazelnut hazel hazelnut_tree,any of several shrubs or small trees of the genus Corylus bearing edible nuts enclosed in a leafy husk
4959,head,that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
4960,head,the pressure exerted by a fluid; "a head of steam"
4961,head,the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint; "the head of the humerus"
4962,head caput,the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains; "he stuck his head out the window"
4963,head_cabbage head_cabbage_plant Brassica_oleracea_capitata,any of various cultivated cabbage plants having a short thick stalk and large compact head of edible usually green leaves
4964,head_lettuce Lactuca_sativa_capitata,distinguished by leaves arranged in a dense rosette that develop into a compact ball
4965,head_sea,a sea in which the waves are running directly against the course of the ship
4966,headful,a covering over the surface of your head; "a headful of tight curls"; "a headful of lice"
4967,headstream,a stream that forms the source of a river
4968,headwind,wind blowing opposite to the path of a ship or aircraft
4969,healing,the natural process by which the body repairs itself
4970,heart pump ticker,the hollow muscular organ located behind the sternum and between the lungs; its rhythmic contractions move the blood through the body; "he stood still, his heart thumping wildly"
4971,heart-leaved_aster Aster_cordifolius,perennial wood aster of eastern North America
4972,heart_cherry oxheart oxheart_cherry,any of several cultivated sweet cherries having sweet juicy heart-shaped fruits
4973,heart_cherry oxheart oxheart_cherry,large heart-shaped sweet cherry with soft flesh
4974,heart_valve cardiac_valve,a valve to control one-way flow of blood
4975,heartleaf heart-leaf Asarum_shuttleworthii,wild ginger having persistent heart-shaped pungent leaves; West Virginia to Alabama
4976,heartleaf heart-leaf Asarum_virginicum,evergreen low-growing perennial having mottled green and silvery-grey heart-shaped pungent leaves; Virginia to South Carolina
4977,heartleaf_arnica Arnica_cordifolia,wildflower with heart-shaped leaves and broad yellow flower heads; of alpine areas west of the Rockies from Alaska to southern California
4978,heartleaf_manzanita Arctostaphylos_andersonii,erect California shrub having leaves with heart-shaped lobes at the base
4979,heartseed Cardiospermum_grandiflorum,herbaceous vine of tropical America and Africa
4980,heat heat_energy,a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature
4981,heat_dissipation,dissipation of heat
4982,heat_of_condensation,heat liberated by a unit mass of gas at its boiling point as it condenses into a liquid; "the heat of condensation is equal to the heat of vaporization"
4983,heat_of_dissociation,the heat required for a fluid substance to break up into simpler constituents
4984,heat_of_formation,the heat evolved or absorbed during the formation of one mole of a substance from its component elements
4985,heat_of_fusion,heat absorbed by a unit mass of a solid at its melting point in order to convert the solid into a liquid at the same temperature; "the heat of fusion is equal to the heat of solidification"
4986,heat_of_solidification,heat liberated by a unit mass of liquid at its freezing point when it solidifies
4987,heat_of_solution,the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of a substance is dissolved in a large volume of a solvent
4988,heat_of_sublimation,heat absorbed by a unit mass of material when it changes from a solid to a gaseous state
4989,heat_of_vaporization heat_of_vaporisation,heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas at the same temperature
4990,heat_ray,a ray that produces a thermal effect
4991,heat_sink,a metal conductor specially designed to conduct (and radiate) heat
4992,heat_wave,a wave of unusually hot weather
4993,heath,a low evergreen shrub of the family Ericaceae; has small bell-shaped pink or purple flowers
4994,heath_aster Aster_arenosus,common North American perennial with heathlike foliage and small white flower heads
4995,heath_aster Aster_ericoides,common much-branched North American perennial with heathlike foliage and small starry white flowers
4996,heath_pea earth-nut_pea earthnut_pea tuberous_vetch Lathyrus_tuberosus,European herb bearing small tubers used for food and in Scotland to flavor whiskey
4997,heather ling Scots_heather broom Calluna_vulgaris,common Old World heath represented by many varieties; low evergreen grown widely in the northern hemisphere
4998,heating warming,the process of becoming warmer; a rising temperature
4999,hedge_bindweed wild_morning-glory Calystegia_sepium Convolvulus_sepium,common Eurasian and American wild climber with pink flowers; sometimes placed in genus Convolvulus
5000,hedge_maple field_maple Acer_campestre,shrubby Eurasian maple often used as a hedge
5001,hedge_mustard Sisymbrium_officinale,stiffly branching Old World annual with pale yellow flowers; widely naturalized in North America; formerly used medicinally
5002,hedge_nettle Stachys_palustris,perennial herb with an odorless rhizome widespread in moist places in northern hemisphere
5003,hedge_nettle dead_nettle Stachys_sylvatica,foul-smelling perennial Eurasiatic herb with a green creeping rhizome
5004,hedge_thorn natal_plum Carissa_bispinosa,South African shrub having forked spines and plumlike fruit; frequently used as hedging
5005,hedge_violet wood_violet Viola_sylvatica Viola_reichenbachiana,common European violet that grows in woods and hedgerows
5006,hedgehog_cactus,cactus of the genus Echinocactus having stout sharp spines
5007,hedgehog_cereus,cactus of the genus Echinocereus
5008,heel,the back part of the human foot
5009,heelbone calcaneus os_tarsi_fibulare,the largest tarsal bone; forms the human heel
5010,hegari,Sudanese sorghums having white seeds; one variety grown in southwestern United States
5011,helianthemum sunrose sun_rose,any plant of the genus Helianthemum; vigorous plants of stony alpine meadows and dry scrub regions
5012,heliocentric_parallax annual_parallax,the parallax of a celestial body using two points in the earth's orbit around the sun as the baseline
5013,heliophila,any of various South African herbs and subshrubs cultivated for long showy racemes of bright blue flowers with white eyes
5014,heliopsis oxeye,any North American shrubby perennial herb of the genus Heliopsis having large yellow daisylike flowers
5015,heliotropism,an orienting response to the sun
5016,hellebore false_hellebore,perennial herbs of the lily family having thick toxic rhizomes
5017,helleborine,any of several orchids of the genus Cephalanthera
5018,helleborine,any of various orchids of the genus Epipactis
5019,helmet_orchid greenhood,any of numerous orchids of the genus Pterostylis having leaves in a basal rosette and green flowers often striped purple or brown or red with the dorsal sepal incurved to form a hood
5020,helmetflower helmet_orchid,any of several orchids of the genus Coryanthes having racemes of a few musky-scented waxy flowers with a helmet-shaped lip process
5021,hemagglutination haemagglutination,agglutination of red blood cells
5022,hemal_arch haemal_arch,a structure arising ventrally from a vertebral centrum and enclosing the caudal blood vessels
5023,hematemesis haematemesis,vomiting blood
5024,hematochezia haematochezia,passage of stools containing blood (as from diverticulosis or colon cancer or peptic ulcer)
5025,hematopoiesis haematopoiesis hemopoiesis haemopoiesis hemogenesis haemogenesis hematogenesis haematogenesis sanguification,the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow)
5026,hemimetamorphosis hemimetabolism hemimetaboly,incomplete or partial metamorphosis in insects
5027,hemisphere cerebral_hemisphere,either half of the cerebrum
5028,hemizygos_vein hemizygous_vein vena_hemizygos,a continuation of the left ascending lumbar vein; crosses the midline at the 8th vertebra and empties into the azygos vein
5029,hemlock hemlock_tree,an evergreen tree
5030,hemoglobin haemoglobin Hb,a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues; "fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals"
5031,hemolysis haemolysis hematolysis haematolysis,lysis of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin
5032,hemoprotein haemoprotein,a conjugated protein linked to a compound of iron and porphyrin
5033,hemorrhoidal_vein rectal_vein vena_rectalis,any of several veins draining the walls of the anal canal and rectum
5034,hemp_agrimony Eupatorium_cannabinum,coarse European herb with palmately divided leaves and clusters of small reddish-purple flower heads
5035,hemp_nettle dead_nettle Galeopsis_tetrahit,coarse bristly Eurasian plant with white or reddish flowers and foliage resembling that of a nettle; common as a weed in United States
5036,henbane black_henbane stinking_nightshade Hyoscyamus_niger,poisonous fetid Old World herb having sticky hairy leaves and yellow-brown flowers; yields hyoscyamine and scopolamine
5037,henbit Lamium_amplexicaule,Eurasian plant having toothed leaves and small two-lipped white or purplish-red flowers
5038,heparin Lipo-Hepin Liquaemin,a polysaccharide produced in basophils (especially in the lung and liver) and that inhibits the activity of thrombin in coagulation of the blood; it (trade names Lipo-Hepin and Liquaemin) is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis and in heart surgery
5039,hepatic_artery arteria_hepatica,arteries that supply the liver
5040,hepatic_duct,the duct that drains bile from the liver
5041,hepatic_lobe,any of the five lobes forming the liver
5042,hepatic_vein vena_hepatica,a vein that drains the liver; empties into the vena cava
5043,hepatica liverleaf,any of several plants of the genus Hepatica having three-lobed leaves and white or pinkish flowers in early spring; of moist and mossy subalpine woodland areas of north temperate regions
5044,herb herbaceous_plant,a plant lacking a permanent woody stem; many are flowering garden plants or potherbs; some having medicinal properties; some are pests
5045,herb_Paris Paris_quadrifolia,European herb with yellow-green flowers resembling and closely related to the trilliums; reputed to be poisonous
5046,herb_bennet cloveroot clover-root wood_avens Geum_urbanum,hairy Eurasian plant with small yellow flowers and an astringent root formerly used medicinally
5047,herb_mercury herbs_mercury boys-and-girls Mercurialis_annua,Eurafrican annual naturalized in America as a weed; formerly dried for use as a purgative, diuretic or antisyphilitic
5048,herb_robert herbs_robert herb_roberts Geranium_robertianum,a sticky low herb with small reddish-purple flowers; widespread in the northern hemisphere
5049,herba_impia Filago_germanica,(literally an undutiful herb) a variety of cotton rose
5050,herbage pasturage,succulent herbaceous vegetation of pasture land
5051,heredity,the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next
5052,heterocercal_fin,a tail fin with unequal lobes in which the vertebral column turns upward into the larger lobe as in sharks
5053,heterocyclic_ring heterocycle,a ring of atoms of more than one kind; especially a ring of carbon atoms containing at least one atom that is not carbon
5054,heterodactyl_foot,a bird's foot having the first and second toes of each foot directed backward and the third and fourth forward
5055,heterograft xenograft,tissue from an animal of one species used as a temporary graft (as in cases of severe burns) on an individual of another species
5056,heterometabolism heterometaboly,development of insects with incomplete metamorphosis in which no pupal stage precedes maturity
5057,heterophil_antibody heterophile_antibody Forssman_antibody,an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis
5058,heterosexuality heterosexualism straightness,a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the opposite sex
5059,heterospory,the development of both microspores and megaspores
5060,hexose,a monosaccharide that contains six carbon atoms per molecule
5061,hiba_arborvitae Thujopsis_dolobrata,slow-growing medium-large Japanese evergreen used as an ornamental
5062,hibiscus,any plant of the genus Hibiscus
5063,hiccup hiccough singultus,(usually plural) the state of having reflex spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by a rapid closure of the glottis producing an audible sound; sometimes a symptom of indigestion; "how do you cure the hiccups?"
5064,hiccup_nut hiccough_nut Combretum_bracteosum,ornamental African shrub or climber with red flowers
5065,hickory hickory_tree,American hardwood tree bearing edible nuts
5066,hickory_nut,small hard-shelled nut of North American hickory trees especially the shagbark hickories
5067,hide pelt skin,body covering of a living animal
5068,high,an air mass of higher than normal pressure; "the east coast benefits from a Bermuda high"
5069,high-bush_blueberry tall_bilberry swamp_blueberry Vaccinium_corymbosum,high-growing deciduous shrub of eastern North America bearing edible blueish to blackish berries with a distinct bloom; source of most cultivated blueberries
5070,high-density_lipoprotein HDL alpha-lipoprotein,a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
5071,high_beam,the beam of a car's headlights that provides distant illumination
5072,high_sea international_waters,the open seas of the world outside the territorial waters of any nation
5073,high_wind,a very strong wind; "rain and high winds covered the region"
5074,hilus hilum,(anatomy) a depression or fissure where vessels or nerves or ducts enter a bodily organ; "the hilus of the kidney"
5075,hind_leg,the back limb of a quadruped
5076,hind_limb hindlimb,a posterior appendage such as a leg or the homologous structure in other animals
5077,hindbrain rhombencephalon,the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem
5078,hindfoot,a rear foot of a quadruped
5079,hindgut,the caudal part of the alimentary canal in vertebrate embryos
5080,hindquarters croup croupe rump,the part of an animal that corresponds to the human buttocks
5081,hinge_joint ginglymus ginglymoid_joint,a freely moving joint in which the bones are so articulated as to allow extensive movement in one plane
5082,hip,either side of the body below the waist and above the thigh
5083,hip hip_joint coxa articulatio_coxae,the ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum
5084,hip rose_hip rosehip,the fruit of a rose plant
5085,hip_socket,the socket part of the ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the innominate bone
5086,hipbone innominate_bone,large flaring bone forming one half of the pelvis; made up of the ilium and ischium and pubis
5087,hippeastrum Hippeastrum_puniceum,amaryllis of tropical America often cultivated as a houseplant for its showy white to red flowers
5088,hippocampus,a complex neural structure (shaped like a sea horse) consisting of grey matter and located on the floor of each lateral ventricle; intimately involved in motivation and emotion as part of the limbic system; has a central role in the formation of memories
5089,histaminase,enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine
5090,histocompatibility,condition in which the cells of one tissue can survive in the presence of cells of another tissue; "a successful graft or transplant requires a high degree of histocompatibility"
5091,histone,a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids
5092,hoary_alison hoary_alyssum Berteroa_incana,tall European annual with downy grey-green foliage and dense heads of small white flowers followed by hairy pods; naturalized in North America; sometimes a troublesome weed
5093,hoary_golden_bush Hazardia_cana,western American shrubs having white felted foliage and yellow flowers that become red-purple
5094,hoary_pea,a plant of the genus Tephrosia having pinnate leaves and white or purplish flowers and flat hairy pods
5095,hoary_plantain Plantago_media,widely distributed Old World perennial naturalized in North America having finely hairy leaves and inconspicuous white fragrant flowers
5096,hoary_plantain Plantago_virginica,North American annual or biennial with long soft hairs on the leaves
5097,hoary_puccoon Indian_paint Lithospermum_canescens,perennial North American plant with greyish hairy foliage yielding a red or yellow pigment
5098,hoary_willow sage_willow Salix_candida,North American shrub with whitish canescent leaves
5099,hock hock-joint,tarsal joint of the hind leg of hoofed mammals; corresponds to the human ankle
5100,hog_peanut wild_peanut Amphicarpaea_bracteata Amphicarpa_bracteata,vine widely distributed in eastern North America producing racemes of purple to maroon flowers and abundant (usually subterranean) edible one-seeded pods resembling peanuts
5101,hog_plum wild_plum,fruit of the wild plum of southern United States
5102,hog_plum yellow_mombin,yellow oval tropical fruit
5103,hog_plum yellow_mombin yellow_mombin_tree Spondias_mombin,tropical American tree having edible yellow fruit
5104,holly,any tree or shrub of the genus Ilex having red berries and shiny evergreen leaves with prickly edges
5105,holly-leaved_cherry holly-leaf_cherry evergreen_cherry islay Prunus_ilicifolia,California evergreen wild plum with spiny leathery leaves and white flowers
5106,holly_fern,any of various ferns of the genus Polystichum having fronds with texture and gloss like holly
5107,holly_fern Cyrtomium_aculeatum Polystichum_aculeatum,tropical Old World fern having glossy fronds suggestive of holly; sometimes placed in genus Polystichum
5108,hollyhock,any of various tall plants of the genus Alcea; native to the Middle East but widely naturalized and cultivated for its very large variously colored flowers
5109,holm_oak holm_tree holly-leaved_oak evergreen_oak Quercus_ilex,evergreen oak of southern Europe having leaves somewhat resembling those of holly; yields a hard wood
5110,holometabolism holometaboly,complete metamorphosis in insects
5111,homocercal_fin,symmetrical tail fin extending beyond the end of the vertebral column as in most bony fishes
5112,homograft allograft,tissue or organ transplanted from a donor of the same species but different genetic makeup; recipient's immune system must be suppressed to prevent rejection of the graft
5113,homosexuality homosexualism homoeroticism queerness gayness,a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex
5114,homospory,the development of a single kind of asexual spores
5115,honesty silver_dollar money_plant satin_flower satinpod Lunaria_annua,southeastern European plant cultivated for its fragrant purplish flowers and round flat papery silver-white seedpods that are used for indoor decoration
5116,honey_bell honeybells Hermannia_verticillata Mahernia_verticillata,African shrub having decumbent stems and slender yellow honey-scented flowers either solitary or in pairs
5117,honey_locust Gleditsia_triacanthos,tall usually spiny North American tree having small greenish-white flowers in drooping racemes followed by long twisting seed pods; yields very hard durable reddish-brown wood; introduced to temperate Old World
5118,honey_mesquite Western_honey_mesquite Prosopis_glandulosa,thorny deep-rooted drought-resistant shrub native to southwestern United States and Mexico bearing pods rich in sugar and important as livestock feed; tends to form extensive thickets
5119,honey_plant,a plant that furnishes nectar suitable for making honey
5120,honeydew honeydew_melon,the fruit of a variety of winter melon vine; a large smooth greenish-white melon with pale green flesh
5121,honeyflower honey-flower Protea_mellifera,Australian shrub whose flowers yield honey copiously
5122,honeyflower honey-flower mountain_devil Lambertia_formosa,erect bushy shrub of eastern Australia having terminal clusters of red flowers yielding much nectar
5123,honeypot king_protea Protea_cynaroides,South African shrub whose flowers when open are cup-shaped resembling artichokes
5124,honeysuckle,shrub or vine of the genus Lonicera
5125,honeysuckle Australian_honeysuckle coast_banksia Banksia_integrifolia,shrubby tree with silky foliage and spikes of cylindrical yellow nectarous flowers
5126,hood,(zoology) an expandable part or marking that resembles a hood on the head or neck of an animal
5127,hood cap,a protective covering that is part of a plant
5128,hooded_ladies'_tresses Spiranthes_romanzoffiana,orchid having dense clusters of gently spiraling creamy white flowers with 2 upper petals forming a hood; western North America
5129,hooded_pitcher_plant Sarracenia_minor,yellow-flowered pitcher plant of southeastern United States having trumpet-shaped leaves with the orifice covered with an arched hood
5130,hoof,the foot of an ungulate mammal
5131,hoof,the horny covering of the end of the foot in ungulate mammals
5132,hooks meat_hooks maulers,large strong hand (as of a fighter); "wait till I get my hooks on him"
5133,hoop_pine Moreton_Bay_pine Araucaria_cunninghamii,pine of Australia and New Guinea; yields a valuable light even-textured wood
5134,hop hops,twining perennials having cordate leaves and flowers arranged in conelike spikes; the dried flowers of this plant are used in brewing to add the characteristic bitter taste to beer
5135,hop_clover shamrock lesser_yellow_trefoil Trifolium_dubium,clover native to Ireland with yellowish flowers; often considered the true or original shamrock
5136,hop_hornbeam,any of several trees resembling hornbeams with fruiting clusters resembling hops
5137,horehound,any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Marrubium
5138,horizontal_parallax,the maximum parallax observed when the celestial body is at the horizon
5139,horn,any hard protuberance from the head of an organism that is similar to or suggestive of a horn
5140,horn,one of the bony outgrowths on the heads of certain ungulates
5141,horn_poppy horned_poppy yellow_horned_poppy sea_poppy Glaucium_flavum,yellow-flowered Eurasian glaucous herb naturalized in along sandy shores in eastern North America
5142,hornbeam,any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Carpinus
5143,horned_pondweed Zannichellia_palustris,found in still or slow-moving fresh or brackish water; useful to oxygenate cool water ponds and aquaria
5144,horned_violet tufted_pansy Viola_cornuta,European viola with an unusually long corolla spur
5145,horny_structure unguis,any rigid body structure composed primarily of keratin
5146,horror,something that inspires horror; something horrible; "the painting that others found so beautiful was a horror to him"
5147,horse's_foot,the hoof of a horse
5148,horse_balm horseweed stoneroot stone-root richweed stone_root Collinsonia_canadensis,erect perennial strong-scented with serrate pointed leaves and a loose panicle of yellowish flowers; the eastern United States
5149,horse_cassia Cassia_roxburghii Cassia_marginata,East Indian tree having long pods containing a black cathartic pulp used as a horse medicine
5150,horse_chestnut buckeye Aesculus_hippocastanum,tree having palmate leaves and large clusters of white to red flowers followed by brown shiny inedible seeds
5151,horse_gram horse_grain poor_man's_pulse Macrotyloma_uniflorum Dolichos_biflorus,twining herb of Old World tropics cultivated in India for food and fodder; sometimes placed in genus Dolichos
5152,horse_nettle ball_nettle bull_nettle ball_nightshade Solanum_carolinense,coarse prickly weed having pale yellow flowers and yellow berrylike fruit; common throughout southern and eastern United States
5153,horseback,the back of a horse
5154,horsemint Mentha_longifolia,a coarse Old World wild water mint having long leaves and spikelike clusters of flowers; naturalized in the eastern United States
5155,horsemint Monarda_punctata,tall erect perennial or annual having lanceolate leaves and heads of purple-spotted creamy flowers; many subspecies grown from eastern to southwestern United States and in Mexico
5156,horsepond,a pond for watering horses
5157,horseradish horse_radish red_cole Armoracia_rusticana,coarse Eurasian plant cultivated for its thick white pungent root
5158,horseradish horseradish_root,the root of the horseradish plant; it is grated or ground and used for seasoning
5159,horseradish_peroxidase,an enzyme used in immunohistochemistry to label antigens and their antibodies
5160,horseshoe_vetch Hippocrepis_comosa,European woody perennial with yellow umbellate flowers followed by flattened pods that separate into horseshoe-shaped joints
5161,horsetail,perennial rushlike flowerless herbs with jointed hollow stems and narrow toothlike leaves that spread by creeping rhizomes; tend to become weedy; common in northern hemisphere; some in Africa and South America
5162,horseweed Canadian_fleabane fleabane Conyza_canadensis Erigeron_canadensis,common North American weed with linear leaves and small discoid heads of yellowish flowers; widely naturalized throughout temperate regions; sometimes placed in genus Erigeron
5163,hortensia Hydrangea_macrophylla_hortensis,deciduous shrub bearing roundheaded flower clusters opening green and aging to pink or blue
5164,hot-rock_penstemon Penstemon_deustus,stems in clumps with cream-colored flowers; found from Washington to Wyoming and southward to California and Utah
5165,hot_weather,a period of unusually high temperatures
5166,hound's-tongue Cynoglossum_officinale,biennial shrub of Europe and western Asia having coarse tongue-shaped leaves and dark reddish-purple flowers
5167,hound's-tongue Cynoglossum_virginaticum,perennial shrub of North America having coarse tongue-shaped leaves and pale-blue to purple flowers
5168,hovea purple_pea,any of several attractive evergreen shrubs of Australia grown for their glossy deep green foliage and flowers in rich blues and intense violets
5169,hoya,any plant of the genus Hoya having fleshy leaves and usually nectariferous flowers
5170,hubbard_squash Cucurbita_maxima,any of several winter squash plants producing large greyish-green football-shaped fruit with a rough warty rind
5171,huckleberry,any of several shrubs of the genus Gaylussacia bearing small berries resembling blueberries
5172,huckleberry,any of various dark-fruited as distinguished from blue-fruited blueberries
5173,huckleberry,blue-black berry similar to blueberries and bilberries of the eastern United States
5174,huckleberry_oak Quercus_vaccinifolia,a low spreading or prostrate shrub of southwestern United States with small acorns and leaves resembling those of the huckleberry
5175,huisache cassie mimosa_bush sweet_wattle sweet_acacia scented_wattle flame_tree Acacia_farnesiana,tropical American thorny shrub or small tree; fragrant yellow flowers used in making perfumery
5176,hull,dry outer covering of a fruit or seed or nut
5177,human_body physical_body material_body soma build figure physique anatomy shape bod chassis frame form flesh,alternative names for the body of a human being; "Leonardo studied the human body"; "he has a strong physique"; "the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak"
5178,human_head,the head of a human being
5179,human_process,a process in which human beings are involved
5180,humerus,bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow
5181,humification,the process of the formation of humus from plant remains
5182,humoral_immune_response,an immune response (chiefly against bacterial invasion) that is mediated by B cells
5183,hunk lump,a large piece of something without definite shape; "a hunk of bread"; "a lump of coal"
5184,huntsman's_horn huntsman's_horns yellow_trumpet yellow_pitcher_plant trumpets Sarracenia_flava,pitcher plant of southeastern United States having erect yellow trumpet-shaped pitchers with wide mouths and erect lids
5185,huon_pine Lagarostrobus_franklinii Dacrydium_franklinii,Tasmanian timber tree with yellow aromatic wavy-grained wood used for carving and ship building; sometimes placed in genus Dacrydium
5186,hurricane,a severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds moving at 63-136 knots (12 on the Beaufort scale)
5187,husk,outer membranous covering of some fruits or seeds
5188,hyacinth,any of numerous bulbous perennial herbs
5189,hyacinth_bean bonavist Indian_bean Egyptian_bean Lablab_purpureus Dolichos_lablab,perennial twining vine of Old World tropics having trifoliate leaves and racemes of fragrant purple pea-like flowers followed by maroon pods of edible seeds; grown as an ornamental and as a vegetable on the Indian subcontinent; sometimes placed in genus Dolichos
5190,hyaline_cartilage,translucent cartilage that is common in joints and the respiratory passages; forms most of the fetal skeleton
5191,hyaloid_membrane hyaloid,the transparent membrane enveloping the vitreous humor of the eye and separating it from the retina
5192,hyaluronic_acid,a viscous mucopolysaccharide found in the connective tissue space and the synovial fluid of movable joints and the humors of the eye; a cementing and protective substance
5193,hyaluronidase spreading_factor Hyazyme,an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids
5194,hybrid_petunia Petunia_hybrida,hybrids of Petunia axillaris and Petunia integrifolia: a complex group of petunias having single or double flowers in colors from white to purple
5195,hybrid_tuberous_begonia Begonia_tuberhybrida,any of numerous hybrid begonias having tuberous roots and variously colored flowers
5196,hybridization hybridisation crossbreeding crossing cross interbreeding hybridizing,(genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids
5197,hydnocarpus_oil,oil from seeds of trees of the genus Hydnocarpus especially Hydnocarpus wightiana (Hydnocarpus laurifolia)
5198,hydrangea,any of various deciduous or evergreen shrubs of the genus Hydrangea
5199,hydration,the process of combining with water; usually reversible
5200,hydrazo_group hydrazo_radical,the bivalent group -HNNH- derived from hydrazine
5201,hydrocracking,the process whereby hydrocarbon molecules of petroleum are broken down into kerosene and gasolene by the addition of hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of a catalyst
5202,hydroelectricity,electricity produced by water power
5203,hydrogen_bond,a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond
5204,hydrogen_ion,a positively charged atom of hydrogen; that is to say, a normal hydrogen atomic nucleus
5205,hydrogenation,a chemical process that adds hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated oil; "food producers use hydrogenation to keep fat from becoming rancid"
5206,hydrolysis,a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds; involves the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion from the water
5207,hydrostatic_head,the pressure at a given point in a liquid measured in terms of the vertical height of a column of the liquid needed to produce the same pressure
5208,hydroxide_ion hydroxyl_ion,the anion OH having one oxygen and one hydrogen atom
5209,hydroxyl hydroxyl_group hydroxyl_radical,the monovalent group -OH in such compounds as bases and some acids and alcohols
5210,hydroxymethyl,a methyl with hydroxide replacing the hydrogen atoms
5211,hymen maidenhead virginal_membrane,a fold of tissue that partly covers the entrance to the vagina of a virgin
5212,hymenium,spore-bearing layer of cells in certain fungi containing asci or basidia
5213,hyoid hyoid_bone os_hyoideum,a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue muscles
5214,hypanthium floral_cup calyx_tube,the cuplike or ringlike or tubular structure of a flower which bears the sepals and stamens and calyx (as in Rosaceae)
5215,hyperemesis,severe and excessive vomiting
5216,hyperemesis_gravidarum,hyperemesis during pregnancy; if severe it can result in damage to the brain and liver and kidney
5217,hyperhidrosis hyperidrosis polyhidrosis,excessive and profuse perspiration
5218,hyperon,any baryon that is not a nucleon; unstable particle with mass greater than a neutron
5219,hyperpnea,energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders
5220,hypersecretion,excessive secretion
5221,hypertonicity,(of a solution) the extent to which a solution has a higher osmotic pressure than some other
5222,hyperventilation,an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs; can cause dizziness and tingling of the fingers and toes and chest pain if continued
5223,hypobasidium,special cell constituting the base of the basidium in various fungi especially of the order Tremellales
5224,hypochondrium,the upper region of the abdomen just below the lowest ribs on either side of the epigastrium
5225,hypodermis,layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle in e.g. arthropods
5226,hypogastric_plexus plexus_hypogastricus,a plexus of nerves serving the pelvic viscera
5227,hypogastric_vein internal_iliac_vein,a vein that unites with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein
5228,hypoglossal hypoglossal_nerve nervus_hypoglosus twelfth_cranial_nerve,supplies intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other tongue muscles
5229,hypophyseal_stalk,the funnel-shaped stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
5230,hypopnea,slow or shallow breathing
5231,hypostasis,the accumulation of blood in an organ
5232,hypostasis epistasis,the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene
5233,hypothalamus,a basal part of the diencephalon governing autonomic nervous system
5234,hypotonicity,(of a solution) the extent to which a solution has a lower osmotic pressure than some other
5235,hyssop Hyssopus_officinalis,a European mint with aromatic and pungent leaves used in perfumery and as a seasoning in cookery; often cultivated as a remedy for bruises; yields hyssop oil
5236,hyssop_oil,used chiefly in liqueurs
5237,hysteresis,the lagging of an effect behind its cause; especially the phenomenon in which the magnetic induction of a ferromagnetic material lags behind the changing magnetic field
5238,ibolium_privet ibota_privet Ligustrum_ibolium,fast-growing and tightly branched hybrid of Ligustrum ovalifolium and Ligustrum obtusifolium
5239,ice-cream_bean Inga_edulis,ornamental evergreen tree with masses of white flowers; tropical and subtropical America
5240,ice_fog pogonip,a dense winter fog containing ice particles
5241,ice_plant icicle_plant Mesembryanthemum_crystallinum,Old World annual widely naturalized in warm regions having white flowers and fleshy foliage covered with hairs that resemble ice
5242,ice_storm silver_storm,a storm with freezing rain that leaves everything glazed with ice
5243,idealization idealisation,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that splits something you are ambivalent about into two representations--one good and one bad
5244,idesia Idesia_polycarpa,deciduous roundheaded Asiatic tree widely grown in mild climates as an ornamental for its heart-shaped leaves and fragrant yellow-green flowers followed by hanging clusters of fleshy orange-red berries
5245,ignition,the process of initiating combustion or catching fire
5246,ilama,whitish tropical fruit with a pinkish tinge related to custard apples; grown in the southern United States
5247,ilama ilama_tree Annona_diversifolia,tropical American tree grown in southern United States having a whitish pink-tinged fruit
5248,ilang-ilang,oil distilled from flowers of the ilang-ilang tree; used in perfumery
5249,ilang-ilang ylang-ylang Cananga_odorata,evergreen Asian tree with aromatic greenish-yellow flowers yielding a volatile oil; widely grown in the tropics as an ornamental
5250,ileal_artery intestinal_artery arteria_ileum,branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies the ileum
5251,ileocecal_valve,valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine; prevents material from flowing back from the large to the small intestine
5252,ileocolic_artery arteria_ileocolica,an artery that originates from the superior mesenteric artery and supplies the terminal part of the ileum and the cecum and the vermiform appendix and the ascending colon
5253,ileocolic_vein vena_ileocolica,a vein that drains the end of the ileum and the appendix and the cecum and the lower part of the ascending colon
5254,ileum,the part of the small intestine between the jejunum and the cecum
5255,iliac_artery arteria_iliaca,one of the large arteries supplying blood to the pelvis and legs
5256,iliac_vein vena_iliaca,one of three veins draining the pelvic area
5257,iliolumbar_artery arteria_iliolumbalis,an artery that originates in the internal iliac artery and supplies the pelvic muscles and bones
5258,iliolumbar_vein vena_iliolumbalis,a branch of the internal iliac vein
5259,ilium,the upper and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone
5260,imbibition,(chemistry) the absorption of a liquid by a solid or gel
5261,immortelle Xeranthemum_annuum,mostly widely cultivated species of everlasting flowers having usually purple flowers; southern Europe to Iran; naturalized elsewhere
5262,immune_response immune_reaction immunologic_response,a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen
5263,immune_system,a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response
5264,immunoelectrophoresis,electrophoresis to separate antigens and antibodies
5265,immunoglobulin Ig immune_serum_globulin immune_gamma_globulin immune_globulin,a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response
5266,immunoglobulin_A IgA,one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
5267,immunoglobulin_D IgD,one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts
5268,immunoglobulin_E IgE,one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes
5269,immunoglobulin_G IgG,one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria
5270,immunoglobulin_M IgM,one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G
5271,impact wallop,a forceful consequence; a strong effect; "the book had an important impact on my thinking"; "the book packs a wallop"
5272,impala_lily mock_azalia desert_rose kudu_lily Adenium_obesum Adenium_multiflorum,South African shrub having a swollen succulent stem and bearing showy pink and white flowers after the leaves fall; popular as an ornamental in tropics
5273,imperforate_anus,a congenital defect of the anus; there is partial or complete obstruction of the anal opening
5274,imperforate_hymen,hymen that is completely closed so that menstrual blood cannot flow out
5275,imperial imperial_beard,a small tufted beard worn by Emperor Napoleon III
5276,imperial_Japanese_morning_glory Ipomoea_imperialis,hybrid from Ipomoea nil
5277,implantation nidation,(embryology) the organic process whereby a fertilized egg becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus of placental mammals
5278,impregnation saturation,the process of totally saturating something with a substance; "the impregnation of wood with preservative"; "the saturation of cotton with ether"
5279,inactivation,the process of rendering inactive; "the gene inactivation system"; "thermal inactivation of serum samples"
5280,inbreeding,the act of mating closely related individuals
5281,incandescence glow,the phenomenon of light emission by a body as its temperature is raised
5282,incense_cedar,any of several attractive trees of southwestern South America and New Zealand and New Caledonia having glossy evergreen leaves and scented wood
5283,incense_cedar red_cedar Calocedrus_decurrens Libocedrus_decurrens,tall tree of the Pacific coast of North America having foliage like cypress and cinnamon-red bark
5284,incense_tree,any of various tropical trees of the family Burseraceae yielding fragrant gums or resins that are burned as incense
5285,incest,sexual intercourse between persons too closely related to marry (as between a parent and a child)
5286,incidence,the striking of a light beam on a surface; "he measured the angle of incidence of the reflected light"
5287,incisor,a tooth for cutting or gnawing; located in the front of the mouth in both jaws
5288,inclusion_body cellular_inclusion inclusion,any small intracellular body found within another (characteristic of certain diseases); "an inclusion in the cytoplasm of the cell"
5289,incompetent_cervix,(obstetrics) uterine cervix that becomes dilated before term and without labor often resulting in miscarriage or premature birth
5290,incontinence incontinency,involuntary urination or defecation
5291,increase increment growth,a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population"
5292,incrustation encrustation,the formation of a crust
5293,incus anvil,the ossicle between the malleus and the stapes
5294,index index_finger forefinger,the finger next to the thumb
5295,indigo indigo_plant Indigofera_tinctoria,deciduous subshrub of southeastern Asia having pinnate leaves and clusters of red or purple flowers; a source of indigo dye
5296,indigo_broom horsefly_weed rattle_weed Baptisia_tinctoria,much-branched erect herb with bright yellow flowers; distributed from Massachusetts to Florida
5297,indirect_transmission,a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred to the person by a fomite of vector
5298,induction inductance,an electrical phenomenon whereby an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in a closed circuit by a change in the flow of current
5299,induction_heating,the heating of a conducting material caused by an electric current induced in it
5300,indumentum indument,a covering of fine hairs (or sometimes scales) as on a leaf or insect
5301,indusium,a membrane enclosing and protecting the developing spores especially that covering the sori of a fern
5302,industrial_process,a systematic series of mechanical or chemical operations that produce or manufacture something
5303,indweller,activation by an inner spirit or force or principle; "the Holy Spirit is the indweller of the church and its members"
5304,inertia,(physics) the tendency of a body to maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force
5305,inessential nonessential,anything that is not essential; "they discarded all their inessentials"
5306,infection,(medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease
5307,infection,(phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound
5308,inferior_alveolar_artery arteria_alveolaris_inferior,the alveolar artery that goes through the mandibular canal to supply the lower teeth
5309,inferior_cerebellar_artery,the inferior branch of the cerebellar artery
5310,inferior_cerebral_vein venae_cerebrum_inferior,veins that drain the undersurface of the cerebral hemispheres and empty into the cavernous and transverse sinuses
5311,inferior_colliculus,an essential auditory center in the midbrain
5312,inferior_epigastric_vein vena_epigastrica_inferior,empties into the external iliac vein
5313,inferior_labial_artery arteria_labialis_inferior,an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the lower lip
5314,inferior_labial_vein vena_labialis_inferior,a tributary of the facial vein that drains the lower lip
5315,inferior_mesenteric_artery,arises near the lower end of the aorta and supplies the large intestine
5316,inferior_ophthalmic_vein,a vein that drains a venous network in the floor and medial wall of the eye socket
5317,inferior_planet,any of the planets whose orbit lies inside the earth's orbit
5318,inferior_pulmonary_vein vena_pulmanalis_inferior,either of two pulmonary veins (left and right) returning blood from the inferior lobes of the lungs
5319,inferior_rectus_muscle inferior_rectus rectus_inferior,the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball down and medially
5320,inferior_thalamostriate_vein striate_vein,tributaries to the basal vein
5321,inferior_thyroid_vein,any of several veins on each side that drain the thyroid gland and empty into the innominate vein
5322,inferior_vena_cava postcava,receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart; formed from the union of the two iliac veins
5323,inflation rising_prices,a general and progressive increase in prices; "in inflation everything gets more valuable except money"
5324,inflationary_spiral,an episode of inflation in which prices and wages increase at an increasing rate and currency rapidly loses value
5325,infliximab Remicade,a monoclonal antibody (trade name Remicade) used to treat Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis; administered by infusion; use and dosage must be determined by a physician
5326,inflorescence,the flowering part of a plant or arrangement of flowers on a stalk
5327,inflow influx,the process of flowing in
5328,influence,the effect of one thing (or person) on another; "the influence of mechanical action"
5329,infraorbital_artery arteria_infraorbitalis,an artery that originates from the maxillary artery and supplies structures below the orbit (from lower eyelid to upper lip)
5330,infrared infrared_light infrared_radiation infrared_emission,electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves
5331,infrared_ray,a ray of infrared radiation; produces a thermal effect (as from an infrared lamp)
5332,infructescence,the fruiting stage of the inflorescence
5333,infundibulum,any of various funnel-shaped parts of the body (but especially the hypophyseal stalk)
5334,infusion,the process of extracting certain active properties (as a drug from a plant) by steeping or soaking (usually in water)
5335,inga,any tree or shrub of the genus Inga having pinnate leaves and showy usually white flowers; cultivated as ornamentals
5336,ingrown_hair,a hair that does not emerge from the follicle but remains embedded in the skin (usually causing inflammation)
5337,ingrown_toenail onyxis,toenail having its free tip or edges embedded in the surrounding flesh
5338,inguinal_canal canalis_inguinalis,oblique passage through the lower abdominal wall; in males it is the passage through which the testes descend into the scrotum and it contains the spermatic cord; in females it transmits the round ligament of the uterus
5339,inhalation inspiration aspiration intake breathing_in,the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing
5340,inhibition,(physiology) the process whereby nerves can retard or prevent the functioning of an organ or part; "the inhibition of the heart by the vagus nerve"
5341,inion,the craniometric point that is the most prominent point at the back of the head (at the occipital protuberance)
5342,inkberry gallberry gall-berry evergreen_winterberry Ilex_glabra,evergreen holly of eastern North America with oblong leathery leaves and small black berries
5343,inlet recess,an arm off of a larger body of water (often between rocky headlands)
5344,inner_ear internal_ear labyrinth,a complex system of interconnecting cavities; concerned with hearing and equilibrium
5345,innominate_artery,a large artery arising from the arch of the aorta and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery; supplies the right side of the neck and head and the right shoulder and arm
5346,inpouring inpour inrush,an inflow; "an inpouring of spiritual comfort"
5347,insemination,the introduction of semen into the genital tract of a female
5348,insolation,incident solar radiation
5349,inspissation,the process of thickening by dehydration
5350,instep,the arch of the foot
5351,insufflation,(medicine) blowing air or medicated powder into the lungs (or into some other body cavity)
5352,insufflation,an act of blowing or breathing on or into something
5353,integrated_data_processing IDP,automatic data processing in which data acquisition and other stages or processing are integrated into a coherent system
5354,integument,an outer protective covering such as the skin of an animal or a cuticle or seed coat or rind or shell
5355,integumentary_system,the skin and its appendages
5356,intellectualization intellectualisation,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that uses reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflict
5357,interaction fundamental_interaction,(physics) the transfer of energy between elementary particles or between an elementary particle and a field or between fields; mediated by gauge bosons
5358,intercapitular_vein vena_intercapitalis,veins connecting the dorsal and palmar veins of the hand or the dorsal and plantar veins of the foot
5359,intercostal intercostal_muscle musculus_intercostalis,muscles between the ribs; they contract during inspiration
5360,intercostal_artery arteria_intercostalis,several arteries and supplying the intercostal spaces of the rib cage
5361,intercostal_vein vena_intercostalis,several veins draining the intercostal spaces of the rib cage
5362,interfacial_tension interfacial_surface_tension,surface tension at the surface separating two non-miscible liquids
5363,interior_live_oak Quercus_wislizenii Quercus_wizlizenii,a small shrubby evergreen tree of western North America similar to the coast live oak but occurring chiefly in foothills of mountain ranges removed from the coast; an important part of the chaparral
5364,interleukin,any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system
5365,intermaxillary_suture sutura_intermaxillaris,the suture between the two maxillae of the upper jawbone
5366,intermediate_temporal_artery arteria_temporalis_intermedia,temporal artery that goes to the middle part of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe
5367,intermediate_vector_boson,a gauge boson that mediates weak interactions between particles
5368,intermediate_wheatgrass Agropyron_intermedium Elymus_hispidus,Asiatic grass introduced into United States rangelands for pasture and fodder
5369,internal_carotid_artery,the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain and eyes and internal parts of the head
5370,internal_cerebral_vein vena_cerebrum_internus,two paired veins passing caudally near the midline and uniting to form the great cerebral vein
5371,internal_combustion,the combustion of fuel inside a cylinder (as in an internal-combustion engine)
5372,internal_iliac_artery hypogastric_artery,the inner branch of the common iliac artery on either side of the body; divides into several branches that supply blood to the pelvic and gluteal areas
5373,internal_jugular_vein,a continuation of the sigmoid sinus of the dura mater; joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein
5374,internal_maxillary_artery,the maxillary artery that supplies deep structure of the face and some of the meninges
5375,internal_organ viscus,a main organ that is situated inside the body
5376,internasal_suture sutura_internasalis,the suture between the two nasal bones
5377,internode,a segment of a stem between two nodes
5378,interoceptor enteroceptor,any receptor that responds to stimuli inside the body
5379,interphalangeal_joint,any of the joints between the phalanges of the fingers or toes
5380,interplanetary_gas,a rarefied flow of gas and charged particles (plasma) that stream from the sun and form the solar wind
5381,interreflection,reciprocal reflection between two reflecting surfaces; "there was interreflection between the two surfaces of the lens"
5382,interrupt,a signal that temporarily stops the execution of a program so that another procedure can be carried out
5383,interrupted_fern Osmunda_clatonia,North American fern having tall erect pinnate fronds and a few sporogenous pinnae at or near the center of the fertile fronds
5384,interstice,a small structural space between tissues or parts of an organ; "the interstices of a network"
5385,interstitial_tissue,tissue between the cells of a structure or part in plant or animal
5386,intervertebral_vein vena_intervertebralis,one of several veins accompanying spinal nerves
5387,intestine bowel gut,the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus
5388,intima,the innermost membrane of an organ (especially the inner lining of an artery or vein or lymphatic vessel)
5389,intraocular_pressure IOP,pressure exerted by the fluids inside the eyeball; regulated by resistance to the outward flow of aqueous humor; "glaucoma can result from increased intraocular pressure"
5390,introitus,entrance or opening to a hollow organ or tube (especially the vaginal opening); "the introitus of the vagina"
5391,intrusion,rock produced by an intrusive process
5392,intrusion,the forcing of molten rock into fissures or between strata of an earlier rock formation
5393,intumescence intumescency swelling,the increase in volume of certain substances when they are heated (often accompanied by release of water)
5394,intussusception,(biology) growth in the surface area of a cell by the deposit of new particles between existing particles in the cell wall
5395,inula,any plant of the genus Inula
5396,inulin,used to manufacture fructose and in assessing kidney function
5397,invagination introversion intussusception infolding,the folding in of an outer layer so as to form a pocket in the surface; "the invagination of the blastula"
5398,inversion,a chemical process in which the direction of optical rotation of a substance is reversed from dextrorotatory to levorotary or vice versa
5399,inversion,the layer of air near the earth is cooler than an overlying layer
5400,inversion sexual_inversion,a term formerly used to mean taking on the gender role of the opposite sex
5401,invert_sugar,a mixture of equal parts of glucose and fructose resulting from the hydrolysis of sucrose; found naturally in fruits; sweeter than glucose
5402,invertase saccharase sucrase,an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose
5403,investment,outer layer or covering of an organ or part or organism
5404,involucre,a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence
5405,involution,reduction in size of an organ or part (as in the return of the uterus to normal size after childbirth)
5406,iodination,the substitution or addition of iodine atoms in organic compounds
5407,iodoprotein iodinated_protein,a protein that contains iodine
5408,ion,a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative); an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons
5409,ion_beam ionic_beam,a beam of ions moving in the same direction at the same speed
5410,ion_exchange,a process in which ions are exchanged between a solution and an insoluble (usually resinous) solid; widely used in industrial processing
5411,ionic_bond electrovalent_bond electrostatic_bond,a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion
5412,ionization ionisation,the process of ionizing; the formation of ions by separating atoms or molecules or radicals or by adding or subtracting electrons from atoms by strong electric fields in a gas
5413,ionizing_radiation,high-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes
5414,ionospheric_wave,a sky wave that is reflected by the ionosphere
5415,iridaceous_plant,any bulbous plant of the family Iridaceae
5416,iris,muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil which in turn controls the amount of light that enters the eye; it forms the colored portion of the eye
5417,iris flag fleur-de-lis sword_lily,plants with sword-shaped leaves and erect stalks bearing bright-colored flowers composed of three petals and three drooping sepals
5418,iron_filing,a fragment of iron rubbed off by the use of a file
5419,iron_tree iron-tree ironwood ironwood_tree,a small slow-growing deciduous tree of northern Iran having a low domed shape
5420,ironweed vernonia,any of various plants of the genus Vernonia of tropical and warm regions of especially North America that take their name from their loose heads of purple to rose flowers that quickly take on a rusty hue
5421,irreversible_process,any process that is not reversible
5422,irruption,a sudden sharp increase in the relative numbers of a population
5423,ischium ischial_bone os_ischii,one of the three sections of the hipbone; situated below the ilium
5424,islands_of_Langerhans isles_of_Langerhans islets_of_Langerhans,cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ; secrete insulin and other hormones
5425,isoagglutination,agglutination of an agglutinogen of one individual by a serum from another individual of the same species
5426,isoagglutinin,an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species
5427,isoantibody alloantibody,an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species
5428,isogamy,(biology) reproduction by the union or fusion of gametes of the same size and structure
5429,isolation,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which memory of an unacceptable act or impulse is separated from the emotion originally associated with it
5430,isomerase,an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form
5431,isthmus band,a cord-like tissue connecting two larger parts of an anatomical structure
5432,iteration loop,(computer science) a single execution of a set of instructions that are to be repeated; "the solution took hundreds of iterations"
5433,iteration looping,(computer science) executing the same set of instructions a given number of times or until a specified result is obtained; "the solution is obtained by iteration"
5434,ivory_nut vegetable_ivory apple_nut,nutlike seed of a South American palm; the hard white shell takes a high polish and is used for e.g. buttons
5435,ivory_palm ivory-nut_palm ivory_plant Phytelephas_macrocarpa,a stemless palm tree of Brazil and Peru bearing ivory nuts
5436,ivory_tree conessi kurchi kurchee Holarrhena_pubescens Holarrhena_antidysenterica,tropical Asian tree with hard white wood and bark formerly used as a remedy for dysentery and diarrhea
5437,ivy common_ivy English_ivy Hedera_helix,Old World vine with lobed evergreen leaves and black berrylike fruits
5438,ivy_geranium ivy-leaved_geranium hanging_geranium Pelargonium_peltatum,a commonly cultivated trailing South American plant with peltate leaves and rosy flowers
5439,jaboticaba,tough-skinned purple grapelike tropical fruit grown in Brazil
5440,jaboticaba jaboticaba_tree Myrciaria_cauliflora,small evergreen tropical tree native to Brazil and West Indies but introduced into southern United States; grown in Brazil for its edible tough-skinned purple grapelike fruit that grows all along the branches
5441,jack-in-the-pulpit Indian_turnip wake-robin Arisaema_triphyllum Arisaema_atrorubens,common American spring-flowering woodland herb having sheathing leaves and an upright club-shaped spadix with overarching green and purple spathe producing scarlet berries
5442,jack_bean wonder_bean giant_stock_bean Canavalia_ensiformis,annual semi-erect bushy plant of tropical South America bearing long pods with white seeds grown especially for forage
5443,jack_oak northern_pin_oak Quercus_ellipsoidalis,small to medium deciduous oak of east central North America; leaves have sharply pointed lobes
5444,jack_pine Pinus_banksiana,slender medium-sized two-needled pine of eastern North America; with yellow-green needles and scaly grey to red-brown fissured bark
5445,jackfruit jackfruit_tree Artocarpus_heterophyllus,East Indian tree cultivated for its immense edible fruit and seeds
5446,jackfruit jak jack,immense East Indian fruit resembling breadfruit; it contains an edible pulp and nutritious seeds that are commonly roasted
5447,jacking_off jerking_off hand_job wank,slang for masturbation
5448,jade_vine emerald_creeper Strongylodon_macrobotrys,vigorous Philippine evergreen twining liana; grown for spectacular festoons of green flowers that resemble lobster claws
5449,jaggery jagghery jaggary,unrefined brown sugar made from palm sap
5450,japanese_clover japan_clover jap_clover Lespedeza_striata,an annual of tropical Asia naturalized in United States
5451,japonica Camellia_japonica,greenhouse shrub with glossy green leaves and showy fragrant rose-like flowers; cultivated in many varieties
5452,japonica maule's_quince Chaenomeles_japonica,deciduous thorny shrub native to Japan having red blossoms
5453,jasmine,any of several shrubs and vines of the genus Jasminum chiefly native to Asia
5454,jaw,the bones of the skull that frame the mouth and serve to open it; the bones that hold the teeth
5455,jaw,the part of the skull of a vertebrate that frames the mouth and holds the teeth
5456,jejunal_artery intestinal_artery,an artery that is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies the jejunum
5457,jejunum,the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum
5458,jet blue_jet reverse_lightning,atmospheric discharges (lasting 10 msec) bursting from the tops of giant storm clouds in blue cones that widen as they flash upward
5459,jet_propulsion,propulsion by means of the discharge of a jet of fluid toward the rear
5460,jet_stream,a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere; has important effects of the formation of weather fronts
5461,jewel_orchid,any of several delicate Asiatic orchids grown especially for their velvety leaves with metallic white or gold veining
5462,jewels-of-opar Talinum_paniculatum,erect plant with tuberous roots and terminal panicles of red to yellow flowers; southwestern North America to Central America; widely introduced elsewhere
5463,jewelweed lady's_earrings orange_balsam celandine touch-me-not Impatiens_capensis,North American annual plant with usually yellow or orange flowers; grows chiefly on wet rather acid soil
5464,jimdandy jimhickey crackerjack,something excellent of its kind; "the bike was a jimdandy"
5465,jimsonweed jimson_weed Jamestown_weed common_thorn_apple apple_of_Peru Datura_stramonium,intensely poisonous tall coarse annual tropical weed having rank-smelling foliage, large white or violet trumpet-shaped flowers and prickly fruits
5466,jiqui Malpighia_obovata,Cuban timber tree with hard wood very resistant to moisture
5467,joint articulation articulatio,(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion)
5468,jointed_charlock wild_radish wild_rape runch Raphanus_raphanistrum,Eurasian weed having yellow or mauve or white flowers and podlike fruits
5469,jonquil,often used colloquially for any yellow daffodil
5470,jonquil Narcissus_jonquilla,widely cultivated ornamental plant native to southern Europe but naturalized elsewhere having fragrant yellow or white clustered flowers
5471,jordan_almond,variety of large almond from Malaga, Spain; used in confectionery
5472,jowl,a fullness and looseness of the flesh of the lower cheek and jaw (characteristic of aging)
5473,jugale jugal_point,the craniometric point at the union of the frontal and temporal processes of the zygomatic bone
5474,jugular_vein vena_jugularis jugular,veins in the neck that return blood from the head
5475,juice,electric current; "when the wiring was finished they turned on the juice"
5476,jujube Chinese_date Chinese_jujube,dark red plumlike fruit of Old World buckthorn trees
5477,jujube jujube_bush Christ's-thorn Jerusalem_thorn Ziziphus_jujuba,spiny tree having dark red edible fruits
5478,jumby_bead jumbie_bead Ormosia_coarctata,West Indian tree similar to Ormosia monosperma but larger and having smaller leaflets and smaller seeds
5479,jumping_bean jumping_seed Mexican_jumping_bean,seed of Mexican shrubs of the genus Sebastiana containing the larva of a moth whose movements cause the bean to jerk or tumble
5480,jumping_orchid Catasetum_macrocarpum,orchid having both male and female flowers in the same raceme; when a sensitive projection at the base of the column of the male flower is touched the pollen is suddenly ejected
5481,juneberry_holly,a holly shrub
5482,juniper_berry,berrylike fruit of a plant of the genus Juniperus especially the berrylike cone of the common juniper
5483,jupati jupaty jupati_palm Raffia_taedigera,a tall Brazilian feather palm with a terminal crown of very large leathery pinnatisect leaves rising from long strong stems used for structural purposes
5484,juvenescence,the process of growing into a youth
5485,juvenile_body,the body of a young person
5486,kaffir_boom Cape_kafferboom Erythrina_caffra,small semi-evergreen broad-spreading tree of eastern South Africa with orange-scarlet flowers and small coral-red seeds; yields a light soft wood used for fence posts or shingles
5487,kaffir_boom Transvaal_kafferboom Erythrina_lysistemon,small semi-evergreen tree of South Africa having dense clusters of clear scarlet flowers and red seeds
5488,kaffir_bread Encephalartos_caffer,South African cycad; the farinaceous pith of the fruit used as food
5489,kahikatea New_Zealand_Dacryberry New_Zealand_white_pine Dacrycarpus_dacrydioides Podocarpus_dacrydioides,New Zealand evergreen valued for its light easily worked wood
5490,kai_apple,South African fruit smelling and tasting like apricots; used for pickles and preserves
5491,kale kail cole borecole colewort Brassica_oleracea_acephala,a hardy cabbage with coarse curly leaves that do not form a head
5492,kalmia,any plant of the genus Kalmia
5493,kalumpang Java_olives Sterculia_foetida,large tree of Old World tropics having foul-smelling orange-red blossoms followed by red pods enclosing oil-rich seeds sometimes used as food
5494,kangaroo_apple poroporo Solanum_aviculare,Australian annual sometimes cultivated for its racemes of purple flowers and edible yellow egg-shaped fruit
5495,kangaroo_paw kangaroo's_paw kangaroo's-foot kangaroo-foot_plant Australian_sword_lily Anigozanthus_manglesii,sedgelike spring-flowering herb having clustered flowers covered with woolly hairs; Australia
5496,kaoliang,sorghums of China and Manchuria having small white or brown grains (used for food) and dry pithy stalks (used for fodder, fuel and thatching)
5497,kaon kappa-meson k-meson K_particle,an unstable meson produced as the result of a high-energy particle collision
5498,kapok ceiba_tree silk-cotton_tree white_silk-cotton_tree Bombay_ceiba God_tree Ceiba_pentandra,massive tropical tree with deep ridges on its massive trunk and bearing large pods of seeds covered with silky floss; source of the silky kapok fiber
5499,kapuka Griselinia_littoralis,small New Zealand broadleaf evergreen tree often cultivated in warm regions as an ornamental
5500,karyokinesis,organic process consisting of the division of the nucleus of a cell during mitosis or meiosis
5501,karyolysis,disintegration and dissolution of a cell nucleus when a cell dies
5502,katabatic_wind catabatic_wind,a wind caused by the downward motion of cold air
5503,katamorphism,metamorphism that occurs at or near the earth's surface; breaks down complex minerals into simpler ones
5504,katsura_tree Cercidiphyllum_japonicum,rapidly growing deciduous tree of low mountainsides of China and Japan; grown as an ornamental for its dark blue-green candy-scented foliage that becomes yellow to scarlet in autumn
5505,kauri kaury Agathis_australis,tall timber tree of New Zealand having white straight-grained wood
5506,kauri_pine dammar_pine,any of various trees of the genus Agathis; yield dammar resin
5507,kawaka Libocedrus_plumosa,New Zealand timber tree resembling the cypress
5508,keel,the median ridge on the breastbone of birds that fly
5509,keeled_garlic Allium_carinatum,Eurasian bulbous plant
5510,kei_apple kei_apple_bush Dovyalis_caffra,vigorous South African spiny shrub grown for its round yellow juicy edible fruits
5511,kenaf kanaf deccan_hemp bimli bimli_hemp Indian_hemp Bombay_hemp Hibiscus_cannabinus,valuable fiber plant of East Indies now widespread in cultivation
5512,keratin ceratin,a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair, feathers, nails, and hooves
5513,keratinization keratinisation,organic process by which keratin is deposited in cells and the cells become horny (as in nails and hair)
5514,keratomycosis,fungal infection of the cornea
5515,kerion,ringworm infection of the hair follicles of the scalp and beard that usually results in a swelling that is covered with pustules and oozes fluid
5516,kernel,a single whole grain of a cereal; "a kernel of corn"
5517,kernel meat,the inner and usually edible part of a seed or grain or nut or fruit stone; "black walnut kernels are difficult to get out of the shell"
5518,keteleeria,Asiatic conifers resembling firs
5519,ketembilla kitembilla kitambilla,maroon-purple gooseberry-like fruit of India having tart-sweet purple pulp used especially for preserves
5520,ketembilla kitembilla kitambilla ketembilla_tree Ceylon_gooseberry Dovyalis_hebecarpa,a small shrubby spiny tree cultivated for its maroon-purple fruit with sweet purple pulp tasting like gooseberries; Sri Lanka and India
5521,ketohexose,a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group
5522,ketone_group,a group having the characteristic properties of ketones
5523,ketose,any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal
5524,keurboom Virgilia_capensis Virgilia_oroboides,tree with odd-pinnate leaves and racemes of fragrant pink to purple flowers
5525,keurboom Virgilia_divaricata,fast-growing roundheaded tree with fragrant white to deep rose flowers; planted as an ornamental
5526,key_lime,small yellow-green limes of southern Florida
5527,key_palm silvertop_palmetto silver_thatch Thrinax_microcarpa Thrinax_morrisii Thrinax_keyensis,small stocky fan palm of southern Florida and Cuba
5528,khamsin,an oppressively hot southerly wind from the Sahara that blows across Egypt in the spring
5529,kidney,either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine; "urine passes out of the kidney through ureters to the bladder"
5530,kidney_bean frijol frijole,the common bean plant grown for the beans rather than the pods (especially a variety with large red kidney-shaped beans)
5531,kidney_fern Trichomanes_reniforme,large fern of New Zealand having kidney-shaped fronds
5532,kidney_stone urinary_calculus nephrolith renal_calculus,a calculus formed in the kidney
5533,kidney_vetch Anthyllis_vulneraria,perennial Eurasian herb having heads of red or yellow flowers and common in meadows and pastures; formerly used medicinally for kidney disorders
5534,kill,the body of an animal, or bodies of animals, killed by a person or another animal
5535,kinase,an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme
5536,kinesis,a movement that is a response to a stimulus but is not oriented with respect to the source of stimulation
5537,kinetic_energy K.E.,the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion
5538,king's_spear yellow_asphodel Asphodeline_lutea,asphodel with leafy stem and fragrant yellow flowers
5539,king_devil yellow_hawkweed Hieracium_praealtum,European hawkweed introduced into northeastern United States; locally troublesome weeds
5540,kingfisher_daisy Felicia_bergeriana,softly hairy South African herb having flowers with bright blue rays
5541,kingwood kingwood_tree Dalbergia_cearensis,Brazilian tree yielding a handsome cabinet wood
5542,kino Pterocarpus_marsupium,East Indian tree yielding a resin or extract often used medicinally and in e.g. tanning
5543,kitten-tails,a plant of the genus Besseya having fluffy spikes of flowers
5544,kiwi kiwi_fruit Chinese_gooseberry,fuzzy brown egg-shaped fruit with slightly tart green flesh
5545,klammath_weed Hypericum_perforatum,yellow-flowered perennial common in fields and waste places but a weed in rangelands
5546,knapweed,any of various plants of the genus Centaurea having purple thistlelike flowers
5547,knawel knawe Scleranthus_annuus,widely distributed low-growing Eurasian herb having narrow leaves and inconspicuous green flowers
5548,knee knee_joint human_knee articulatio_genus genu,hinge joint in the human leg connecting the tibia and fibula with the femur and protected in front by the patella
5549,knee_jerk knee-jerk_reflex patellar_reflex,a reflex extension of the leg resulting from a sharp tap on the patellar tendon
5550,kniphofia tritoma flame_flower flame-flower flameflower,a plant of the genus Kniphofia having long grasslike leaves and tall scapes of red or yellow drooping flowers
5551,knobcone_pine Pinus_attenuata,medium-sized three-needled pine of the Pacific coast of the United States having a prominent knob on each scale of the cone
5552,knock-on_effect,a secondary or incidental effect
5553,knotgrass Paspalum_distichum,low-growing weedy grass with spikelets along the leaf stems
5554,knuckle knuckle_joint metacarpophalangeal_joint,a joint of a finger when the fist is closed
5555,kohlrabi Brassica_oleracea_gongylodes,plant cultivated for its enlarged fleshy turnip-shaped edible stem
5556,kola kola_nut kola_nut_tree goora_nut Cola_acuminata,tree bearing large brown nuts containing e.g. caffeine; source of cola extract
5557,kola_nut cola_nut,bitter brown seed containing caffein; source of cola extract
5558,konini tree_fuchsia native_fuchsia Fuchsia_excorticata,erect deciduous shrub or tree to 10 feet with maroon flowers; New Zealand
5559,kowhai Sophora_tetraptera,shrub or small tree of New Zealand and Chile having pendulous racemes of tubular golden-yellow flowers; yields a hard strong wood
5560,krigia,any small branched yellow-flowered North American herb of the genus Krigia
5561,krubi titan_arum Amorphophallus_titanum,malodorous tropical plant having a spathe that resembles the corolla of a morning glory and attains a diameter of several feet
5562,kudzu kudzu_vine Pueraria_lobata,fast-growing vine from eastern Asia having tuberous starchy roots and hairy trifoliate leaves and racemes of purple flowers followed by long hairy pods containing many seeds; grown for fodder and forage and root starch; widespread in the southern United States
5563,kumquat,small oval citrus fruit with thin sweet rind and very acid pulp
5564,kumquat cumquat kumquat_tree,any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Fortunella bearing small orange-colored edible fruits with thick sweet-flavored skin and sour pulp
5565,kurrajong currajong Brachychiton_populneus,widely distributed tree of eastern Australia yielding a tough durable fiber and soft light attractively grained wood; foliage is an important emergency food for cattle
5566,labia_majora,the two outer folds of the vulva
5567,labia_minora,the two inner folds of the vulva
5568,labial_artery arteria_labialis,an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the lips of the mouth
5569,labial_vein vena_labialis,a vein draining the lips of the mouth
5570,labial_vein vena_labialis,veins draining the lips of the vulva
5571,labium,a liplike structure that bounds a bodily orifice (especially any of the four labiate folds of a woman's vulva)
5572,labyrinthine_artery artery_of_the_labyrinth internal_auditory_artery,an artery that is a branch of the basilar artery that supplies the labyrinth
5573,labyrinthine_vein internal_auditory_vein,veins that drain the inner ear
5574,lace-flower_vine Alsobia_dianthiflora Episcia_dianthiflora,low-growing creeping perennial of Central America having deeply fringed white flowers; sometimes placed in genus Episcia
5575,lace_fern Cheilanthes_gracillima,small tufted fern of northwestern America
5576,lacebark ribbonwood houhere Hoheria_populnea,small tree or shrub of New Zealand having a profusion of axillary clusters of honey-scented paper-white flowers and whose bark is used for cordage
5577,lacrimal_apparatus,the structures that secrete and drain tears from the eye
5578,lacrimal_artery arteria_lacrimalis,an artery that originates from the ophthalmic artery and supplies the lacrimal gland and rectal eye muscles and the upper eyelid and the forehead
5579,lacrimal_bone,small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts
5580,lacrimal_duct lachrymal_duct tear_duct,any of several small ducts that carry tears from the lacrimal glands
5581,lacrimal_gland lachrymal_gland tear_gland,any of the glands in the eyes that secrete tears
5582,lacrimal_sac tear_sac dacryocyst,either of the two dilated ends of the lacrimal ducts at the nasal ends of the eyes that fill with tears secreted by the lacrimal glands
5583,lacrimal_vein vena_lacrimalis,drains the lacrimal gland; empties into the superior ophthalmic vein
5584,lacrimation lachrymation tearing watering,shedding tears
5585,lactalbumin,albumin occurring in milk
5586,lactase Lactaid,any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose
5587,lactation,the production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands
5588,lacteal,any of the lymphatic vessels that convey chyle from the small intestine to the thoracic duct
5589,lactiferous_duct,ducts of the mammary gland that carry milk to the nipple
5590,lactose milk_sugar,a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule; occurs only in milk; "cow's milk contains about 4.7% lactose"
5591,ladies'_tobacco lady's_tobacco Antennaria_plantaginifolia,North American perennial propagated by means of runners
5592,ladies'_tresses lady's_tresses,an orchid of the genus Spiranthes having slender often twisted spikes of white flowers
5593,lady's-eardrop ladies'-eardrop lady's-eardrops ladies'-eardrops Fuchsia_coccinea,erect or climbing shrub of Brazil with deep pink to red flowers
5594,lady's_slipper lady's-slipper lady-slipper lady_slipper ladies'_slipper slipper_orchid,any of several chiefly American wildflowers having an inflated pouchlike lip; difficult or impossible to cultivate in the garden
5595,lady's_smock cuckooflower cuckoo_flower meadow_cress Cardamine_pratensis,a bitter cress of Europe and America
5596,lady-of-the-night Brunfelsia_americana,West Indian shrub with fragrant showy yellowish-white flowers
5597,lady_fern Athyrium_filix-femina,most widely grown fern of the genus Athyrium for its delicate foliage
5598,lady_palm,any of several small palms of the genus Rhapis; cultivated as houseplants
5599,lady_tulip candlestick_tulip Tulipa_clusiana,Eurasian tulip with small flowers blotched at the base
5600,laelia,any of various spectacular plants of the genus Laelia having showy flowers in many colors
5601,lagoon laguna lagune,a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef of sand or coral
5602,lake,a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land
5603,lamb's-quarters pigweed wild_spinach Chenopodium_album,common weedy European plant introduced into North America; often used as a potherb
5604,lamb_succory dwarf_nipplewort Arnoseris_minima,small European herb with small yellow flowers
5605,lambda,the craniometric point at the junction of the sagittal and lamboid sutures of the skull
5606,lambda_particle lambda_hyperon,an electrically neutral baryon with isotopic spin 1
5607,lamboid_suture sutura_lamboidea,the suture between the occipital and parietal bones
5608,lamella,a thin membrane that is one of the calcified layers that form bones
5609,lamellate_placentation,with ovules on thin extensions of the placentae into a compound ovary
5610,lamina,a thin plate or layer (especially of bone or mineral)
5611,lamina_arcus_vertebrae,lamina of the vertebral arch; the flattened posterior part of the vertebral arch from which the spinous process extends
5612,laminar_flow,nonturbulent streamline flow in parallel layers (laminae)
5613,lamplight,light from a lamp
5614,lanceolate_leaf,a leaf shaped like a lance head; tapering to a point at each end
5615,lanceolate_spleenwort Asplenium_billotii,a spleenwort of western Europe
5616,lancewood lancewood_tree Oxandra_lanceolata,source of most of the lancewood of commerce
5617,landmark,an anatomical structure used as a point of origin in locating other anatomical structures (as in surgery) or as point from which measurements can be taken
5618,language_area language_zone,a large cortical area (in the left hemisphere in most people) containing all the centers associated with language
5619,languor,oppressively still air; "the afternoon was hot, quiet, and heavy with languor"; "Summer shows all the languor of a hot, breezeless day as the dancer lazily brushes her hand over her brow"
5620,lanolin wool_fat wool_grease,a yellow viscous animal oil extracted from wool; a mixture of fatty acids and esters; used in some ointments and cosmetics
5621,lanseh lansa lansat lanset,East Indian tart yellow berrylike fruit
5622,lanseh_tree langsat langset Lansium_domesticum,East Indian tree bearing an edible yellow berry
5623,lantern_jaw,a long thin lower jaw
5624,lanugo,the fine downy hair covering a human fetus; normally shed during the ninth month of gestation
5625,lap,the upper side of the thighs of a seated person; "he picked up the little girl and plopped her down in his lap"
5626,larch larch_tree,any of numerous conifers of the genus Larix all having deciduous needlelike leaves
5627,lard,soft white semisolid fat obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of the hog
5628,lard_oil,oil consisting chiefly of olein that is expressed from lard and used especially as a lubricant, cutting oil or illuminant
5629,large-flowered_calamint Calamintha_grandiflora Clinopodium_grandiflorum Satureja_grandiflora,aromatic herb with large pink flowers; southern and southeastern Europe; Anatolia; northern Iran
5630,large-flowered_fiddleneck Amsinckia_grandiflora,annual of the western United States having large coiled flower spikes; a threatened species
5631,large-leaved_aster Aster_macrophyllus,tufted perennial wood aster of North America; naturalized in Europe
5632,large-leaved_magnolia large-leaved_cucumber_tree great-leaved_macrophylla Magnolia_macrophylla,large deciduous shrub or tree of southeastern United States having huge leaves in dense false whorls and large creamy flowers tinged purple toward the base
5633,large_crabgrass hairy_finger_grass Digitaria_sanguinalis,a European forage grass grown for hay; a naturalized weed in United States
5634,large_intestine,beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; includes the cecum and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture from food residues which are later excreted as feces
5635,large_periwinkle Vinca_major,plant having variegated foliage and used for window boxes
5636,large_white_petunia Petunia_axillaris,annual herb having large nocturnally fragrant white flowers
5637,large_yellow_lady's_slipper Cypripedium_calceolus_pubescens,plant of eastern and central North America having slightly fragrant purple-marked greenish-yellow flowers
5638,largeleaf_holly,a holly tree
5639,larkspur,any of numerous cultivated plants of the genus Delphinium
5640,laryngeal_artery arteria_laryngea,either of two arteries that supply blood to the larynx
5641,laryngeal_vein vena_laryngea,one of two veins draining the larynx
5642,laryngopharynx,the lower part of the pharynx
5643,larynx voice_box,a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech
5644,laser_beam,a beam of light generated by a laser
5645,latanier latanier_palm,fan palms of the southern United States and the Caribbean region
5646,late_purple_aster,a variety of aster
5647,latent_heat heat_of_transformation,heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure
5648,lateral_condyle,a condyle on the outer side of the lower extremity of the femur
5649,lateral_epicondyle,epicondyle near the lateral condyle of the femur
5650,lateral_geniculate_body corpus_geniculatum_laterale lateral_geniculate,a neural structure that serves as a processing station on the way from the retina to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex
5651,lateral_line lateral_line_organ,sense organs of fish and amphibians; believed to detect pressure changes in the water
5652,lateral_ventricle,either of two horseshoe-shaped ventricles one in each cerebral hemisphere; they communicate with the third ventricle via the foramen of Monro
5653,laticifer,a plant duct containing latex
5654,latissimus_dorsi lat,a broad flat muscle on either side of the back
5655,laurel,any of various aromatic trees of the laurel family
5656,laurel-tree red_bay Persea_borbonia,small tree of southern United States having dark red heartwood
5657,laurel_oak pin_oak Quercus_laurifolia,large nearly semi-evergreen oak of southeastern United States; thrives in damp soil
5658,laurel_sumac Malosma_laurina Rhus_laurina,small aromatic evergreen shrub of California having paniculate leaves and whitish berries; in some classifications included in genus Rhus
5659,laurelwood lancewood_tree Calophyllum_candidissimum,tropical American tree; valued for its hard durable wood
5660,lavender,any of various Old World aromatic shrubs or subshrubs with usually mauve or blue flowers; widely cultivated
5661,lavender_cotton Santolina_chamaecyparissus,branching aromatic Mediterranean shrub with woolly stems and leaves and yellow flowers
5662,lawyer_cane Calamus_australis,tall scrambling spiny palm of northeastern Queensland, Australia
5663,lawyerbush lawyer_bush bush_lawyer Rubus_cissoides Rubus_australis,stout-stemmed trailing shrub of New Zealand that scrambles over other growth
5664,layer,thin structure composed of a single thickness of cells
5665,laying egg_laying,the production of eggs (especially in birds)
5666,leach leaching,the process of leaching
5667,lead_tree white_popinac Leucaena_glauca Leucaena_leucocephala,low scrubby tree of tropical and subtropical North America having white flowers tinged with yellow resembling mimosa and long flattened pods
5668,leadplant lead_plant Amorpha_canescens,shrub of sandy woodlands and stream banks of western United States having hoary pinnate flowers and dull-colored racemose flowers; thought to indicate the presence of lead ore
5669,leadwort Plumbago_europaea,a plant of the genus Plumbago with blue flowers
5670,leaf leafage foliage,the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants
5671,leaf_bud,a bud from which leaves (but not flowers) develop
5672,leaf_fat leaf_lard,fat lining the abdomen and kidneys in hogs which is used to make lard
5673,leaf_lettuce Lactuca_sativa_crispa,distinguished by leaves having curled or incised leaves forming a loose rosette that does not develop into a compact head
5674,leaflet,part of a compound leaf
5675,leafy_spurge wolf's_milk Euphorbia_esula,tall European perennial naturalized and troublesome as a weed in eastern North America
5676,leak wetting making_water passing_water,a euphemism for urination; "he had to take a leak"
5677,learned_reaction learned_response,a reaction that has been acquired by learning
5678,leather_fern leatherleaf_fern ten-day_fern Rumohra_adiantiformis Polystichum_adiantiformis,widely distributed fern of tropical southern hemisphere having leathery pinnatifid fronds
5679,leather_flower Clematis_versicolor,woody vine of the southern United States having purple or blue flowers with leathery recurved sepals
5680,leather_flower vase-fine vase_vine Clematis_viorna,scandent subshrub of southeastern United States having large red-purple bell-shaped flowers with leathery recurved sepals
5681,leatherleaf Chamaedaphne_calyculata,north temperate bog shrub with evergreen leathery leaves and small white cylindrical flowers
5682,leatherleaf leathery_polypody coast_polypody Polypodium_scouleri,stiff leathery-leaved fern of western North America having ovate fronds parted to the midrib
5683,leatherleaf_saxifrage Leptarrhena_pyrolifolia,plant with basal leathery elliptic leaves and erect leafless flower stalks each bearing a dense roundish cluster of tiny white flowers; moist places of northwestern North America to Oregon and Idaho
5684,leatherwood moosewood moose-wood wicopy ropebark Dirca_palustris,deciduous shrub of eastern North America having tough flexible branches and pliable bark and small yellow flowers
5685,leathery_grape_fern Botrychium_multifidum,European fern with leathery and sparsely hairy fronds
5686,lecanopteris,any of several bizarre ferns of the genus Lecanopteris having swollen hollow rhizomes that provide homes for symbiotic ants
5687,lechery,unrestrained indulgence in sexual activity
5688,lecithin,a yellow phospholipid essential for the metabolism of fats; found in egg yolk and in many plant and animal cells; used commercially as an emulsifier
5689,lectin,any of several plant glycoproteins that act like specific antibodies but are not antibodies in that they are not evoked by an antigenic stimulus
5690,leek scallion Allium_porrum,plant having a large slender white bulb and flat overlapping dark green leaves; used in cooking; believed derived from the wild Allium ampeloprasum
5691,leeway,(of a ship or plane) sideways drift
5692,left left_hand,the hand that is on the left side of the body; "jab with your left"
5693,left_atrium left_atrium_of_the_heart atrium_sinistrum,the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins
5694,left_coronary_artery,arises from the left aortic sinus; supplies the left side of the heart
5695,left_gastric_artery arteria_gastrica_sinistra,a branch of the celiac artery that supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach and the abdominal part of the esophagus
5696,left_gastric_vein vena_gastrica_sinistra,arises from a union of veins from the gastric cardia; runs in the lesser omentum; empties into the portal vein
5697,left_hemisphere left_brain,the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body
5698,left_ventricle,the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta
5699,leg,a human limb; commonly used to refer to a whole limb but technically only the part of the limb between the knee and ankle
5700,leg,a structure in animals that is similar to a human leg and used for locomotion
5701,leg_bone,a bone of the leg
5702,legume,the fruit or seed of any of various bean or pea plants consisting of a case that splits along both sides when ripe and having the seeds attach to one side of the case
5703,legume leguminous_plant,an erect or climbing bean or pea plant of the family Leguminosae
5704,lemma flowering_glume,the lower and stouter of the two glumes immediately enclosing the floret in most Gramineae
5705,lemniscus fillet,a bundle of sensory nerve fibers going to the thalamus
5706,lemon,yellow oval fruit with juicy acidic flesh
5707,lemon lemon_tree Citrus_limon,a small evergreen tree that originated in Asia but is widely cultivated for its fruit
5708,lemon-scented_gum Eucalyptus_citriodora Eucalyptus_maculata_citriodora,similar to but smaller than the spotted gum and having lemon-scented leaves
5709,lemon_balm garden_balm sweet_balm bee_balm beebalm Melissa_officinalis,bushy perennial Old World mint having small white or yellowish flowers and fragrant lemon-flavored leaves; a garden escapee in northern Europe and North America
5710,lemon_geranium Pelargonium_limoneum,a common garden geranium with lemon-scented foliage
5711,lemon_lily Hemerocallis_lilio-asphodelus Hemerocallis_flava,a day lily with yellow flowers
5712,lemon_mint horsemint Monarda_citriodora,an annual horsemint of central and western United States and northern Mexico
5713,lemongrass lemon_grass,a tropical grass native to India and Sri Lanka
5714,lemongrass lemon_grass lemongrass_oil,an aromatic oil that smells like lemon and is widely used in Asian cooking and in perfumes and medicines
5715,lemonwood lemon-wood lemonwood_tree lemon-wood_tree Psychotria_capensis,South African evergreen having hard tough wood
5716,lens crystalline_lens lens_of_the_eye,biconvex transparent body situated behind the iris in the eye; its role (along with the cornea) is to focus light on the retina
5717,lens_capsule,a tenuous mesoblastic membrane surrounding the lens of the eye
5718,lens_cortex cortex,the tissue that surrounds the lens nucleus
5719,lens_nucleus nucleus,the central structure of the lens that is surrounded by the cortex
5720,lenticular_nucleus lentiform_nucleus,a basal ganglion shaped like a lens and including the outer reddish putamen and the inner pale yellow pallidum
5721,lentil,the fruit or seed of a lentil plant
5722,lentil lentil_plant Lens_culinaris,widely cultivated Eurasian annual herb grown for its edible flattened seeds that are cooked like peas and also ground into meal and for its leafy stalks that are used as fodder
5723,leopard's-bane leopardbane,any of several herbs of the genus Doronicum having alternate often clasping stem leaves cultivated for their long stalks of yellow flower heads
5724,leopard_lily panther_lily Lilium_pardalinum,lily of western United States having orange-red to crimson maroon-spotted flowers
5725,leopard_plant,any of various plants of temperate Eurasia; grown for their yellow flowers and handsome foliage
5726,lepidobotrys,African tree often classified in other families; similar to the Costa Rican caracolito in wood structure as well as in fruit and flowers and leaves and seeds
5727,leptomeninges,the two innermost layers of the meninges; cerebrospinal fluid circulates between these innermost layers
5728,lepton,an elementary particle that participates in weak interactions; has a baryon number of 0
5729,leptosporangium,a sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell; characteristic of the Filicales or of almost all modern ferns
5730,lesbianism sapphism,female homosexuality
5731,lesser_butterfly_orchid Platanthera_bifolia Habenaria_bifolia,south European orchid having fragrant greenish-white flowers; sometimes placed in genus Habenaria
5732,lesser_calamint field_balm Calamintha_nepeta Calamintha_nepeta_glantulosa Satureja_nepeta Satureja_calamintha_glandulosa,low-growing strongly aromatic perennial herb of southern Europe to Great Britain; naturalized in United States
5733,lesser_celandine pilewort Ranunculus_ficaria,perennial herb native to Europe but naturalized elsewhere having heart-shaped leaves and yellow flowers resembling buttercups; its tuberous roots have been used as a poultice to relieve piles
5734,lesser_centaury Centaurium_minus,common European glabrous annual centaury with flowers in dense cymes
5735,lesser_galangal Alpinia_officinarum Alpinia_officinalis,Chinese perennial with pyramidal racemes of white flowers and pungent aromatic roots used medicinally and as flavoring
5736,lesser_knapweed black_knapweed hardheads Centaurea_nigra,a weedy perennial with tough wiry stems and purple flowers; native to Europe but widely naturalized
5737,lesser_omentum,a part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and liver and supporting the hepatic vessels
5738,lesser_twayblade Listera_cordata,orchid having two triangular leaves and a short lax raceme of green to rust-colored flowers with the lip flushed mauve; Europe and Asia and North America and Greenland
5739,lesser_wintergreen Pyrola_minor,the common wintergreen having many-flowered racemes of pink-tinged white flowers; Europe and North America
5740,lettuce,any of various plants of the genus Lactuca
5741,leucothoe,any plant of the genus Leucothoe; grown for their beautiful white flowers; glossy foliage contains a poisonous substance similar to that found in genus Kalmia
5742,levanter,an easterly wind in the western Mediterranean area
5743,levator,a muscle that serves to lift some body part (as the eyelid or lip)
5744,leverage purchase,the mechanical advantage gained by being in a position to use a lever
5745,levitation,the phenomenon of a person or thing rising into the air by apparently supernatural means
5746,lexicalization lexicalisation,the process of making a word to express a concept
5747,liana,a woody climbing usually tropical plant
5748,libration,(astronomy) a real or apparent slow oscillation of a moon or satellite; "the libration of the moon"
5749,licorice liquorice Glycyrrhiza_glabra,deep-rooted coarse-textured plant native to the Mediterranean region having blue flowers and pinnately compound leaves; widely cultivated in Europe for its long thick sweet roots
5750,licorice_fern Polypodium_glycyrrhiza,fern having rootstock of a sweetish flavor
5751,licorice_root,root of licorice used in flavoring e.g. candy and liqueurs and medicines
5752,lienal_artery splenic_artery arteria_lienalis,an artery that originates from the celiac trunk and supplies blood to the spleen
5753,life,the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones; "there is no life on the moon"
5754,life_cycle,a series of stages through which an organism passes between recurrences of a primary stage
5755,life_cycle,the course of developmental changes in an organism from fertilized zygote to maturity when another zygote can be produced
5756,life_force vital_force vitality elan_vital,(biology) a hypothetical force (not physical or chemical) once thought by Henri Bergson to cause the evolution and development of organisms
5757,life_form,the characteristic bodily form of a mature organism
5758,ligament,a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs
5759,light visible_light visible_radiation,(physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation; "the light was filtered through a soft glass window"
5760,light_air,wind moving 1-3 knots; 1 on the Beaufort scale
5761,light_breeze,wind moving 4-7 knots; 2 on the Beaufort scale
5762,light_reaction,the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP
5763,light_reflex pupillary_reflex miosis myosis,reflex contraction of the sphincter muscle of the iris in response to a bright light (or certain drugs) causing the pupil to become smaller
5764,lightning,abrupt electric discharge from cloud to cloud or from cloud to earth accompanied by the emission of light
5765,lightwood Acacia_melanoxylon,tall Australian acacia yielding highly valued black timber
5766,lignosae,a category in some early taxonomies
5767,lignum,woody tissue
5768,lignum_vitae Guaiacum_officinale,small evergreen tree of Caribbean and southern Central America to northern South America; a source of lignum vitae wood, hardest of commercial timbers, and a medicinal resin
5769,ligule,(botany) any appendage to a plant that is shaped like a strap
5770,lilac,any of various plants of the genus Syringa having large panicles of usually fragrant flowers
5771,liliaceous_plant,plant growing from a bulb or corm or rhizome or tuber
5772,lily,any liliaceous plant of the genus Lilium having showy pendulous flowers
5773,lily_of_the_valley May_lily Convallaria_majalis,low-growing perennial plant having usually two large oblong lanceolate leaves and a raceme of small fragrant nodding bell-shaped flowers followed by scarlet berries
5774,lily_pad,floating leaves of a water lily
5775,lilyturf lily_turf Liriope_muscari,Asiatic perennial tufted herb with grasslike evergreen foliage and clusters of dark mauve grapelike flowers; grown as ground cover
5776,lima_bean lima_bean_plant Phaseolus_limensis,bush or tall-growing bean plant having large flat edible seeds
5777,liman,a long narrow lagoon near the mouth of a river
5778,limb,one of the jointed appendages of an animal used for locomotion or grasping: arm; leg; wing; flipper
5779,limb tree_branch,any of the main branches arising from the trunk or a bough of a tree
5780,limber_pine Pinus_flexilis,western North American pine with long needles and very flexible limbs and dark-grey furrowed bark
5781,limbic_system visceral_brain limbic_brain,a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior
5782,limbus,a border or edge of any of various body parts distinguished by color or structure
5783,lime,the green acidic fruit of any of various lime trees
5784,lime lime_tree Citrus_aurantifolia,any of various related trees bearing limes
5785,limestone_fern northern_oak_fern Gymnocarpium_robertianum,yellow-green fern of rocky areas of northern hemisphere
5786,linalool,a colorless fragrant liquid found in many essential oils
5787,linden linden_tree basswood lime lime_tree,any of various deciduous trees of the genus Tilia with heart-shaped leaves and drooping cymose clusters of yellowish often fragrant flowers; several yield valuable timber
5788,line,a single frequency (or very narrow band) of radiation in a spectrum
5789,line_feed,the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed on the next line
5790,line_squall,a squall advancing along a front that forms a definite line
5791,line_storm equinoctial_storm,a violent rainstorm near the time of an equinox
5792,linear_leaf elongate_leaf,a long slender leaf
5793,ling ling_ko Trapa_bicornis,water chestnut whose spiny fruit has two rather than 4 prongs
5794,lingonberry mountain_cranberry cowberry lowbush_cranberry,tart red berries similar to American cranberries but smaller
5795,lingual_artery arteria_lingualis,an artery originating from the external carotid artery and supplying the under side of the tongue
5796,lingual_vein vena_lingualis,a vein that receives blood from the tongue and the floor of the mouth and empties into the internal jugular or the facial vein
5797,linguistic_process,a process involved in human language
5798,linseed flaxseed,the seed of flax used as a source of oil
5799,linseed_oil flaxseed_oil,a drying oil extracted from flax seed and used in making such things as oil paints
5800,lion's-ear Leonotis_nepetaefolia Leonotis_nepetifolia,pantropical herb having whorls of striking lipped flowers; naturalized in United States
5801,lion's_foot gall_of_the_earth Nabalus_serpentarius Prenanthes_serpentaria,common perennial herb widely distributed in the southern and eastern United States having drooping clusters of pinkish flowers and thick basal leaves suggesting a lion's foot in shape; sometimes placed in genus Prenanthes
5802,lip,(botany) either of the two parts of a bilabiate corolla or calyx
5803,lip,either of two fleshy folds of tissue that surround the mouth and play a role in speaking
5804,lip_fern lipfern,any of various terrestrial ferns of the genus Cheilanthes; cosmopolitan in arid and semiarid temperate or tropical regions
5805,liparis,an orchid of the genus Liparis having few leaves and usually fairly small yellow-green or dull purple flowers in terminal racemes
5806,lipase,an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
5807,lipid lipide lipoid,an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates)
5808,lipoprotein,a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood
5809,liposome,an artificially made microscopic vesicle into which nucleic acids can be packaged; used in molecular biology as a transducing vector
5810,liquefaction,the conversion of a solid or a gas into a liquid
5811,liquid liquidness liquidity liquid_state,the state in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow with little or no tendency to disperse and relatively high incompressibility
5812,liquidambar,any tree of the genus Liquidambar
5813,list_processing,processing data that is given in the form of chained lists
5814,litchi lichee litchi_tree Litchi_chinensis Nephelium_litchi,Chinese tree cultivated especially in Philippines and India for its edible fruit; sometimes placed in genus Nephelium
5815,litchi litchi_nut litchee lichi leechee lichee lychee,Chinese fruit having a thin brittle shell enclosing a sweet jellylike pulp and a single seed; often dried
5816,lithops living_stone stoneface stone-face stone_plant stone_life_face flowering_stone,any plant of the genus Lithops native to Africa having solitary yellow or white flowers and thick leaves that resemble stones
5817,lithuresis,passing small stones with the urine
5818,little-head_snakeweed Gutierrezia_microcephala,similar to Gutierrezia sarothrae but with flower heads having fewer rays and disk flowers
5819,little_barley Hordeum_pusillum,annual barley native to western North America and widespread in southern United States and tropical America
5820,little_finger pinkie pinky,the finger farthest from the thumb
5821,little_golden_zinnia Zinnia_grandiflora,subshrub having short leafy stems and numerous small flower heads with nearly round yellow-orange rays; Arizona south to Mexico and east to Kansas
5822,little_toe,the fifth smallest outermost toe
5823,live_body,the body of a living animal or person
5824,live_oak,any of several American evergreen oaks
5825,liver,large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat; synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood; synthesizes vitamin A; detoxifies poisonous substances and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes
5826,living_granite living_rock stone_mimicry_plant,highly succulent stemless clump-forming plants with grey-green leaves similar in texture to lumps of granite; South Africa
5827,living_rock Ariocarpus_fissuratus,usually unbranched usually spineless cactus covered with warty tubercles and having magenta flowers and white or green fruit; resembles the related mescal; northeastern Mexico and southwestern United States
5828,living_thing animate_thing,a living (or once living) entity
5829,livingstone_daisy Dorotheanthus_bellidiformis,low-growing showy succulent annual of South Africa having white or pink or red or orange flowers and spatulate leaves covered in papillae that resemble small crystals
5830,lizard_orchid Himantoglossum_hircinum,an orchid of the genus Himantoglossum
5831,load,the power output of a generator or power plant
5832,loasa,any of various perennial South American plants of the genus Loasa having stinging hairs and showy white or yellow or reddish-orange flowers
5833,lobate_foot,a bird's foot having separate toes each with membranous flaps along the sides
5834,lobe,(anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part; "ear lobe"
5835,lobe,(botany) a part into which a leaf is divided
5836,lobe_of_the_lung,any of the three lobes of the right lung or the two lobes of the left lung
5837,lobed_leaf,a leaf having deeply indented margins
5838,lobed_spleenwort Asplenium_pinnatifidum,a spleenwort of eastern and southern United States
5839,lobelia,any plant or flower of the genus Lobelia
5840,loblolly_pine frankincense_pine Pinus_taeda,tall spreading three-needled pine of southeastern United States having reddish-brown fissured bark and a full bushy upper head
5841,lobule,a small lobe or subdivision of a lobe
5842,loch,Scottish word for a lake
5843,loch,a long narrow inlet of the sea in Scotland (especially when it is nearly landlocked)
5844,lock curl ringlet whorl,a strand or cluster of hair
5845,locoweed crazyweed crazy_weed,any of several leguminous plants of western North America causing locoism in livestock
5846,locule loculus,a small cavity or space within an organ or in a plant or animal
5847,locust_tree locust,any of various hardwood trees of the family Leguminosae
5848,loddon_pondweed Potamogeton_nodosus Potamogeton_americanus,pondweed with floating leaves; of northern United States and Europe
5849,lode load,a deposit of valuable ore occurring within definite boundaries separating it from surrounding rocks
5850,lodestar loadstar,guiding star; a star that is used as a reference point in navigation or astronomy
5851,loganberry,large red variety of the dewberry
5852,loganberry Rubus_loganobaccus Rubus_ursinus_loganobaccus,red-fruited bramble native from Oregon to Baja California
5853,logic_operation logical_operation,an operation that follows the rules of symbolic logic
5854,logwood logwood_tree campeachy bloodwood_tree Haematoxylum_campechianum,spiny shrub or small tree of Central America and West Indies having bipinnate leaves and racemes of small bright yellow flowers and yielding a hard brown or brownish-red heartwood used in preparing a black dye
5855,loin lumbus,either side of the backbone between the hipbone and the ribs in humans as well as quadrupeds
5856,loins,the region of the hips and groin and lower abdomen
5857,lomatia,any of various ornamental evergreens of the genus Lomatia having attractive fragrant flowers
5858,loment,seedpods that are constricted between the seeds and that break apart when mature into single-seeded segments
5859,long-head_coneflower prairie_coneflower Ratibida_columnifera,plant similar to the Mexican hat coneflower; from British Columbia to New Mexico
5860,long-spurred_violet Viola_rostrata,violet of eastern North America having lilac-purple flowers with a long slender spur
5861,long_beech_fern narrow_beech_fern northern_beech_fern Phegopteris_connectilis Dryopteris_phegopteris Thelypteris_phegopteris,beech fern of North America and Eurasia
5862,long_bone os_longum,in limbs of vertebrate animals: a long cylindrical bone that contains marrow
5863,long_chain long-chain_molecule,(chemistry) a relatively long chain of atoms in a molecule
5864,long_pepper Piper_longum,slender tropical climber of the eastern Himalayas
5865,long_saphenous_vein great_saphenous_vein,the longest vein in the body; runs from foot to the groin where it joins the femoral vein
5866,long_wave,a radio wave with a wavelength longer than a kilometer (a frequency below 300 kilohertz)
5867,longan lungen longanberry Dimocarpus_longan Euphorbia_litchi Nephelium_longana,tree of southeastern Asia to Australia grown primarily for its sweet edible fruit resembling litchi nuts; sometimes placed in genera Euphorbia or Nephelium
5868,longanberry dragon's_eye,Asian fruit similar to litchi
5869,longheaded_thimbleweed Anemone_riparia,thimbleweed of northern North America
5870,longleaf_pine pitch_pine southern_yellow_pine Georgia_pine Pinus_palustris,large three-needled pine of southeastern United States having very long needles and gnarled twisted limbs; bark is red-brown deeply ridged; an important timber tree
5871,loofah vegetable_sponge Luffa_cylindrica,the loofah climber that has cylindrical fruit
5872,looking-glass_plant Heritiera_littoralis,small tree of coastal regions of Old World tropics whose leaves are silvery beneath
5873,looking_glass_tree Heritiera_macrophylla,large evergreen tree of India and Burma whose leaves are silvery beneath
5874,loosestrife,any of numerous herbs and subshrubs of the genus Lythrum
5875,loosestrife,any of various herbs and subshrubs of the genus Lysimachia
5876,loquat Japanese_plum,yellow olive-sized semitropical fruit with a large free stone and relatively little flesh; used for jellies
5877,loquat loquat_tree Japanese_medlar Japanese_plum Eriobotrya_japonica,evergreen tree of warm regions having fuzzy yellow olive-sized fruit with a large free stone; native to China and Japan
5878,lorica,a hard protective sheath (as secreted by certain protoctists, for example)
5879,loss,gradual decline in amount or activity; "weight loss"; "a serious loss of business"
5880,lotus Indian_lotus sacred_lotus Nelumbo_nucifera,native to eastern Asia; widely cultivated for its large pink or white flowers
5881,lotus white_lotus Egyptian_water_lily white_lily Nymphaea_lotus,white Egyptian lotus: water lily of Egypt to southeastern Africa; held sacred by the Egyptians
5882,lotus_tree Ziziphus_lotus,shrubby deciduous tree of the Mediterranean region
5883,lough,Irish word for a lake
5884,lough,a long narrow (nearly landlocked) cove in Ireland
5885,lovage Levisticum_officinale,herb native to southern Europe; cultivated for its edible stalks and foliage and seeds
5886,love-in-a-mist Nigella_damascena,European garden plant having finely cut leaves and white or pale blue flowers
5887,love-in-a-mist running_pop wild_water_lemon Passiflora_foetida,tropical American passion flower with finely dissected bracts; stems malodorous when crushed
5888,love-in-winter western_prince's_pine Chimaphila_umbellata Chimaphila_corymbosa,Eurasian herb with white or pinkish flowers in a terminal corymb
5889,love-lies-bleeding velvet_flower tassel_flower Amaranthus_caudatus,young leaves widely used as leaf vegetables; seeds used as cereal
5890,love_grass bay_grass,any of various grasses of the genus Eragrostis; specially useful for forage and for the prevention of erosion
5891,love_vine Cuscuta_gronovii,leafless parasitic vine with dense clusters of small white bell-shaped flowers on orange-yellow stems that twine around clover or flax
5892,low depression,an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow"
5893,low-bush_blueberry low_blueberry Vaccinium_angustifolium Vaccinium_pennsylvanicum,low-growing deciduous shrub of northeastern North America having flowers in compact racemes and bearing sweet dark blue berries
5894,low-density_lipoprotein LDL beta-lipoprotein,a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
5895,low_St_Andrew's_cross Hypericum_hypericoides,low shrubby plant having yellow flowers with four petals arranged in a cross; Bermuda and southeastern United States to West Indies and eastern Mexico
5896,low_beam,the beam of a car's headlights that provides illumination for a short distance
5897,low_gallberry_holly,an evergreen shrub
5898,lower_jaw mandible mandibula mandibular_bone submaxilla lower_jawbone jawbone jowl,the jaw in vertebrates that is hinged to open the mouth
5899,lower_respiratory_tract,the bronchi and lungs
5900,lower_respiratory_tract_smear bronchoscopic_smear sputum_smear,any of several cytologic smears obtained from different parts of the lower respiratory tract; used for cytologic study of cancer and other diseases of the lungs
5901,lowland_fir lowland_white_fir giant_fir grand_fir Abies_grandis,lofty fir of the Pacific coast of northwestern America having long curving branches and deep green leaves
5902,luck fortune,an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that leads to a favorable outcome; "it was my good luck to be there"; "they say luck is a lady"; "it was as if fortune guided his hand"
5903,luck fortune chance hazard,an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another; "bad luck caused his downfall"; "we ran into each other by pure chance"
5904,luffa dishcloth_gourd sponge_gourd rag_gourd strainer_vine,any of several tropical annual climbers having large yellow flowers and edible young fruits; grown commercially for the mature fruit's dried fibrous interior that is used as a sponge
5905,lull quiet,a period of calm weather; "there was a lull in the storm"
5906,lumbar_artery arteria_lumbalis,one of four or five pairs of arteries that originate in the abdominal aorta and supply the lumbar vertebrae and the back muscles and abdominal wall
5907,lumbar_nerve,any of five pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar section of the spinal cord
5908,lumbar_plexus plexus_lumbalis,a lymphatic plexus located along the lower portion of the aorta and iliac vessels
5909,lumbar_plexus plexus_lumbalis,a plexus of nerves formed by the ventral branches of the first four lumbar nerves
5910,lumbar_vein vena_lumbalis,veins that drain the posterior body wall and the lumbar vertebral venous plexuses
5911,lumbar_vertebra,one of 5 vertebrae in the human vertebral column; lumbar vertebrae extend from the twelfth thoracic vertebra down to the sacral vertebrae
5912,lumbosacral_plexus,a nerve plexus formed by the ventral divisions of the coccygeal and sacral and lumbar nerves; supplies the lower limbs and perineum and coccygeal area
5913,lumen,a cavity or passage in a tubular organ; "the lumen of the intestine"
5914,luminescence,light not due to incandescence; occurs at low temperatures
5915,luminous_energy,the energy associated with visible light
5916,lunate_bone semilunar_bone os_lunatum,one of the eight small wrist bones
5917,lunching,the act of eating lunch
5918,lung,either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood
5919,lupine lupin,any plant of the genus Lupinus; bearing erect spikes of usually purplish-blue flowers
5920,lychnis catchfly,mostly perennial herbs with sticky stems that catch insects; widespread in north temperate zone
5921,lyme_grass,a grass of the genus Elymus
5922,lymph_node lymph_gland node,the source of lymph and lymphocytes
5923,lymph_vessel lymphatic_vessel,a vascular duct that carries lymph which is eventually added to the venous blood circulation
5924,lymphatic_system systema_lymphaticum,the interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body
5925,lymphatic_tissue lymphoid_tissue,tissue making up the lymphatic system
5926,lymphokine,a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that acts on other cells of the immune system (as by activating macrophages)
5927,lymphopoiesis,the formation of lymphocytes in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and thymus and spleen
5928,lyrate_leaf,a simple leaf having curvature suggestive of a lyre
5929,lysis,(biochemistry) dissolution or destruction of cells such as blood cells or bacteria
5930,lysis,recuperation in which the symptoms of an acute disease gradually subside
5931,lysogenization lysogenisation,the process by which a bacterium acquires a phage that becomes integrated into its genome
5932,lysosome,an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells)
5933,lysozyme muramidase,an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria
5934,macadamia macadamia_tree,any tree of the genus Macadamia
5935,macadamia_nut,nutlike seed with sweet and crisp white meat
5936,macadamia_nut macadamia_nut_tree Macadamia_ternifolia,small Australian tree with racemes of pink flowers; widely cultivated (especially in Hawaii) for its sweet edible nuts
5937,maceration,softening due to soaking or steeping
5938,macroevolution,evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups
5939,macromolecule supermolecule,any very large complex molecule; found only in plants and animals
5940,macrozamia,any treelike cycad of the genus Macrozamia having erect trunks and pinnate leaves and large cones with sometimes edible nuts; Australia
5941,macula macula_lutea macular_area yellow_spot,a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision
5942,macular_degeneration,eye disease caused by degeneration of the cells of the macula lutea and results in blurred vision; can cause blindness
5943,madder Rubia_tinctorum,Eurasian herb having small yellow flowers and red roots formerly an important source of the dye alizarin
5944,madderwort rubiaceous_plant,any of numerous trees or shrubs or vines of the family Rubiaceae
5945,madia_oil,used as a substitute for olive oil
5946,madrona madrono manzanita Arbutus_menziesii,evergreen tree of the Pacific coast of North America having glossy leathery leaves and orange-red edible berries; wood used for furniture and bark for tanning
5947,magnetic_dipole,a dipole with opposing magnetic poles
5948,magnetic_dipole_moment,(physics) a current loop gives rise to a magnetic field characteristic of a magnetic dipole; "An orbiting electron in an atom will have a magnetic dipole moment"
5949,magnetic_field magnetic_flux flux,the lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle
5950,magnetic_moment moment_of_a_magnet,the torque exerted on a magnet or dipole when it is placed in a magnetic field
5951,magnetic_monopole,a hypothetical particle with a single magnetic pole instead of the usual two
5952,magnetic_resonance,resonance of electrons or atoms or molecules or nuclei to radiation frequencies as a result of space quantization in a magnetic field
5953,magnetism magnetic_attraction magnetic_force,attraction for iron; associated with electric currents as well as magnets; characterized by fields of force
5954,magnetization magnetisation magnetic_induction,the process that makes a substance magnetic (temporarily or permanently)
5955,magnetomotive_force,the force that produces magnetic flux
5956,magnetosphere,the magnetic field of a planet; the volume around the planet in which charged particles are subject more to the planet's magnetic field than to the solar magnetic field
5957,magnolia,any shrub or tree of the genus Magnolia; valued for their longevity and exquisite fragrant blooms
5958,magnolia,dried bark of various magnolias; used in folk medicine
5959,maguey Agave_atrovirens,Mexican plant used especially for making pulque which is the source of the colorless Mexican liquor, mescal
5960,maguey cantala Agave_cantala,Philippine plant yielding a hard fibre used in making coarse twine
5961,mahoe majagua mahagua balibago purau Hibiscus_tiliaceus,shrubby tree widely distributed along tropical shores; yields a light tough wood used for canoe outriggers and a fiber used for cordage and caulk; often cultivated for ornament
5962,mahogany mahogany_tree,any of various tropical timber trees of the family Meliaceae especially the genus Swietinia valued for their hard yellowish- to reddish-brown wood that is readily worked and takes a high polish
5963,mahuang Ephedra_sinica,Chinese ephedra yielding ephedrine
5964,maiden_blue-eyed_Mary Collinsia_parviflora,small widely branching western plant with tiny blue-and-white flowers; British Columbia to Ontario and south to California and Colorado
5965,maiden_pink Dianthus_deltoides,low-growing loosely mat-forming Eurasian pink with a single pale pink flower with a crimson center
5966,maidenhair maidenhair_fern,any of various small to large terrestrial ferns of the genus Adiantum having delicate palmately branched fronds
5967,maidenhair_spleenwort Asplenium_trichomanes,small rock-inhabiting fern of northern temperate zone and Hawaii with pinnate fronds
5968,main briny,any very large body of (salt) water
5969,majority_operation,a threshold operation in which each operand is 0 or 1; output is 1 if and only if more than half the operands have the value 1
5970,makomako New_Zealand_wine_berry wineberry Aristotelia_serrata Aristotelia_racemosa,graceful deciduous shrub or small tree having attractive foliage and small red berries that turn black at maturity and are used for making wine
5971,malabsorption,abnormal absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract
5972,malacca,stem of the rattan palm used for making canes and umbrella handles
5973,male_body,the body of a male human being
5974,male_chest,the chest of a man
5975,male_fern Dryopteris_filix-mas,fern of North America and Europe whose rhizomes and stalks yield an oleoresin used to expel tapeworms
5976,male_genitalia male_genitals male_genital_organ family_jewels,external male sex organs
5977,male_internal_reproductive_organ,the reproductive organs of a man
5978,male_orchis early_purple_orchid Orchis_mascula,Eurasian orchid with showy pink or purple flowers in a loose spike
5979,male_reproductive_gland,the reproductive organs of a man
5980,male_reproductive_system,the reproductive system of males
5981,maleberry male_berry privet_andromeda he-huckleberry Lyonia_ligustrina,deciduous much-branched shrub with dense downy panicles of small bell-shaped white flowers
5982,malheur_wire_lettuce Stephanomeria_malheurensis,a small plant of Oregon resembling mustard; a threatened species
5983,mallee,any of several low-growing Australian eucalypts
5984,malleus hammer,the ossicle attached to the eardrum
5985,mallow,any of various plants of the family Malvaceae
5986,malope Malope_trifida,western Mediterranean annual having deep purple-red flowers subtended by 3 large cordate bracts
5987,malpighian_body malpighian_corpuscle renal_corpuscle,the capsule that contains Bowman's capsule and a glomerulus at the expanded end of a nephron
5988,malposed_tooth,a tooth that has grown in a faulty position
5989,maltose malt_sugar,a white crystalline sugar formed during the digestion of starches
5990,malvasia,grape used to make malmsey wine
5991,mamey mammee mammee_apple,globular or ovoid tropical fruit with thick russet leathery rind and juicy yellow or reddish flesh
5992,mamillary_body mammillary_body corpus_mamillare,one of two small round structures on the undersurface of the brain that form the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix
5993,mammary_gland mamma,milk-secreting organ of female mammals
5994,mammee_apple mammee mamey mammee_tree Mammea_americana,tropical American tree having edible fruit with a leathery rind
5995,mammillaria,any cactus of the genus Mammillaria
5996,man-of-the-earth Ipomoea_leptophylla,a morning glory with long roots of western United States
5997,mandarin mandarin_orange,a somewhat flat reddish-orange loose skinned citrus of China
5998,mandarin mandarin_orange mandarin_orange_tree Citrus_reticulata,shrub or small tree having flattened globose fruit with very sweet aromatic pulp and thin yellow-orange to flame-orange rind that is loose and easily removed; native to southeastern Asia
5999,mandibular_joint temporomandibular_joint articulatio_temporomandibularis,the joint between the head of the lower jawbone and the temporal bone
6000,mandrake devil's_apples Mandragora_officinarum,a plant of southern Europe and North Africa having purple flowers, yellow fruits and a forked root formerly thought to have magical powers
6001,mandrake_root mandrake,the root of the mandrake plant; used medicinally or as a narcotic
6002,mane,long coarse hair growing from the crest of the animal's neck
6003,mane head_of_hair,growth of hair covering the scalp of a human being
6004,mangel-wurzel mangold-wurzel mangold Beta_vulgaris_vulgaris,beet with a large yellowish root; grown chiefly as cattle feed
6005,manglietia genus_Manglietia,a genus of flowering tree of the family Magnoliaceae found from Malay to southern China
6006,mango,large oval tropical fruit having smooth skin, juicy aromatic pulp, and a large hairy seed
6007,mango mango_tree Mangifera_indica,large evergreen tropical tree cultivated for its large oval fruit
6008,mangosteen,two- to three-inch tropical fruit with juicy flesh suggestive of both peaches and pineapples
6009,mangosteen mangosteen_tree Garcinia_mangostana,East Indian tree with thick leathery leaves and edible fruit
6010,mangrove Rhizophora_mangle,a tropical tree or shrub bearing fruit that germinates while still on the tree and having numerous prop roots that eventually form an impenetrable mass and are important in land building
6011,manila_tamarind camachile huamachil wild_tamarind Pithecellobium_dulce,common thorny tropical American tree having terminal racemes of yellow flowers followed by sickle-shaped or circinate edible pods and yielding good timber and a yellow dye and mucilaginous gum
6012,manna_ash flowering_ash Fraxinus_ornus,southern Mediterranean ash having fragrant white flowers in dense panicles and yielding manna
6013,manna_grass sweet_grass,any of several moisture-loving grasses of the genus Glyceria having sweet flavor or odor
6014,manna_gum Eucalyptus_viminalis,tall tree yielding a false manna
6015,manubrium,the upper part of the breastbone
6016,manzanita,chiefly evergreen shrubs of warm dry areas of western North America
6017,maple,any of numerous trees or shrubs of the genus Acer bearing winged seeds in pairs; north temperate zone
6018,maple_sugar,sugar made from the sap of the sugar maple tree
6019,marabou,the downy feathers of marabou storks are used for trimming garments
6020,marang,tropical fruit from the Philippines having a mass of small seeds embedded in sweetish white pulp
6021,marang marang_tree Artocarpus_odoratissima,Philippine tree similar to the breadfruit tree bearing edible fruit
6022,maranta,any of numerous herbs of the genus Maranta having tuberous starchy roots and large sheathing leaves
6023,marasca,small bitter fruit of the marasca cherry tree from whose juice maraschino liqueur is made
6024,marasca marasca_cherry maraschino_cherry Prunus_cerasus_marasca,Dalmatian bitter wild cherry tree bearing fruit whose juice is made into maraschino liqueur
6025,marblewood marble-wood,hard marbled wood
6026,marblewood marble-wood Andaman_marble Diospyros_kurzii,large Asiatic tree having hard marbled zebrawood
6027,marbling,the intermixture of fat and lean in a cut of meat
6028,marcel,a hairdo characterized by deep regular waves that are made by a heated curling iron
6029,mare's_tail,a long narrow flowing cirrus cloud
6030,mare_clausum,(closed sea) a navigable body of water under the jurisdiction of a single nation
6031,mare_liberum,(free sea) a navigable body of water to which all nations have equal access
6032,mare_nostrum,(our sea) the Mediterranean to the ancient Romans
6033,marginal_placentation ventral_placentation,with ovules borne on the wall along the ventral suture of a simple ovary
6034,marginal_wood_fern evergreen_wood_fern leatherleaf_wood_fern Dryopteris_marginalis,North American fern with evergreen fronds
6035,marginalization marginalisation,the social process of becoming or being made marginal (especially as a group within the larger society); "the marginalization of the underclass"; "the marginalization of literature"
6036,marguerite marguerite_daisy Paris_daisy Chrysanthemum_frutescens Argyranthemum_frutescens,perennial subshrub of the Canary Islands having usually pale yellow daisylike flowers; often included in genus Chrysanthemum
6037,marigold,any of various tropical American plants of the genus Tagetes widely cultivated for their showy yellow or orange flowers
6038,marijuana marihuana ganja Cannabis_sativa,a strong-smelling plant whose dried leaves can be smoked for a pleasant effect or pain reduction
6039,mariposa mariposa_tulip mariposa_lily,any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having tulip-shaped flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals; southwestern United States and Mexico
6040,market_forces,the interaction of supply and demand that shapes a market economy
6041,marlberry Ardisia_escallonoides Ardisia_paniculata,tropical American shrub or small tree with brown wood and dark berries
6042,marmalade_bush fire_bush fire-bush Streptosolen_jamesonii,evergreen South American shrub having showy trumpet-shaped orange flowers; grown as an ornamental or houseplant
6043,marmalade_tree mammee sapote Pouteria_zapota Calocarpum_zapota,tropical American tree having wood like mahogany and sweet edible egg-shaped fruit; in some classifications placed in the genus Calocarpum
6044,marrow bone_marrow,the fatty network of connective tissue that fills the cavities of bones
6045,marrow marrow_squash vegetable_marrow,any of various squash plants grown for their elongated fruit with smooth dark green skin and whitish flesh
6046,marrowbone,a bone containing edible marrow; used especially in flavoring soup
6047,marsh_St-John's_wort Hypericum_virginianum,perennial marsh herb with pink to mauve flowers; southeastern United States
6048,marsh_andromeda common_bog_rosemary Andromeda_polifolia,erect to procumbent evergreen shrub having pendent clusters of white or pink flowers; of sphagnum peat bogs and other wet acidic areas in northern Europe
6049,marsh_bellflower Campanula_aparinoides,bellflower common in marshes of eastern North America having lanceolate linear leaves and small whitish flowers
6050,marsh_cress yellow_watercress Rorippa_islandica,annual or biennial cress growing in damp places sometimes used in salads or as a potherb; troublesome weed in some localities
6051,marsh_felwort Swertia_perennia,perennial of damp places in mountains of Eurasia and North America having dull-colored blue or violet flowers
6052,marsh_fern Thelypteris_palustris Dryopteris_thelypteris,fern having pinnatifid fronds and growing in wet places; cosmopolitan in north temperate regions
6053,marsh_gentian calathian_violet Gentiana_pneumonanthe,perennial Eurasian gentian with sky-blue funnel-shaped flowers of damp open heaths
6054,marsh_horsetail Equisetum_palustre,scouring-rush horsetail widely distributed in wet or boggy areas of northern hemisphere
6055,marsh_mallow white_mallow Althea_officinalis,European perennial plant naturalized in United States having triangular ovate leaves and lilac-pink flowers
6056,marsh_orchid,any of several orchids of the genus Dactylorhiza having fingerlike tuberous roots; Europe and Mediterranean region
6057,marsh_pea Lathyrus_palustris,scrambling perennial of damp or marshy areas of Eurasia and North America with purplish flowers
6058,marsh_plant bog_plant swamp_plant,a semiaquatic plant that grows in soft wet land; most are monocots: sedge, sphagnum, grasses, cattails, etc; possibly heath
6059,marsupium,an external abdominal pouch in most marsupials where newborn offspring are suckled
6060,martynia Martynia_annua,sprawling annual or perennial herb of Central America and West Indies having creamy-white to red-purple bell-shaped flowers followed by unusual horned fruit
6061,marumi marumi_kumquat round_kumquat Fortunella_japonica,shrub bearing round-fruited kumquats
6062,marupa Simarouba_amara,tree of the Amazon valley yielding a light brittle timber locally regarded as resistant to insect attack
6063,mascarene_grass Korean_velvet_grass Zoysia_tenuifolia,Asiatic creeping perennial grass; introduced in southern United States as a drought-resistant lawn grass
6064,masculinization masculinisation virilization virilisation,the abnormal development of male sexual characteristics in a female (usually as the result of hormone therapies or adrenal malfunction)
6065,masdevallia,any of numerous orchids of the genus Masdevallia; tufted evergreen often diminutive plants whose flowers in a remarkable range of colors usually resemble a tricorn with sepals fused at the base to form a tube
6066,mass,a body of matter without definite shape; "a huge ice mass"
6067,masseter,a large muscle that raises the lower jaw and is used in chewing
6068,mast,nuts of forest trees (as beechnuts and acorns) accumulated on the ground
6069,mastic mastic_tree lentisk Pistacia_lentiscus,an evergreen shrub of the Mediterranean region that is cultivated for its resin
6070,mastoid mastoid_process mastoid_bone mastoidal,process of the temporal bone behind the ear at the base of the skull
6071,mastoidale,the craniometric point at the lowest point of the mastoid process
6072,masturbation onanism,manual stimulation of the genital organs (of yourself or another) for sexual pleasure
6073,mat,a mass that is densely tangled or interwoven; "a mat of weeds and grass"
6074,matai black_pine Prumnopitys_taxifolia Podocarpus_spicata,conifer of Australia and New Zealand
6075,matchweed matchbush,any of several plants of the genus Gutierrezia having tiny flower heads that resemble the heads of matches
6076,matchwood,fragments of wood; "it was smashed into matchwood"
6077,mate Paraguay_tea Ilex_paraguariensis,South American holly; leaves used in making a drink like tea
6078,materialization materialisation,the process of coming into being; becoming reality; "the materialization of her dream"
6079,matilija_poppy California_tree_poppy Romneya_coulteri,tall branching subshrub of California and Mexico often cultivated for its silvery-blue foliage and large fragrant white flowers
6080,matrimony_vine boxthorn,any of various shrubs or vines of the genus Lycium with showy flowers and bright berries
6081,matrix,the formative tissue at the base of a nail
6082,maturation ripening maturement,coming to full development; becoming mature
6083,maxillaria,any of numerous orchids of the genus Maxillaria often cultivated for their large brilliantly colored solitary flowers
6084,maxillary_artery arteria_maxillaris,either of two arteries branching from the external carotid artery and supplying structure of the face
6085,maxillary_sinus,one of a pair of sinuses forming a cavity in the maxilla
6086,maxillary_vein vena_maxillaris,posterior continuation of the pterygoid plexus; joins the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein
6087,mayapple May_apple wild_mandrake Podophyllum_peltatum,North American herb with poisonous root stock and edible though insipid fruit
6088,mayeng maple-leaved_bayur Pterospermum_acerifolium,Indian tree having fragrant nocturnal white flowers and yielding a reddish wood used for planking; often grown as an ornamental or shade tree
6089,mayhaw summer_haw Crataegus_aestivalis,hawthorn of southern United States bearing a juicy, acidic, scarlet fruit that is often used in jellies or preserves
6090,maypop Passiflora_incarnata,of southern United States; having an insipid berry the size of a hen egg
6091,mayweed dog_fennel stinking_mayweed stinking_chamomile Anthemis_cotula,widespread rank-smelling weed having white-rayed flower heads with yellow discs
6092,meadow_buttercup tall_buttercup tall_crowfoot tall_field_buttercup Ranunculus_acris,perennial European buttercup with yellow spring flowers widely naturalized especially in eastern North America
6093,meadow_clary Salvia_pratensis,tall perennial Old World salvia with violet-blue flowers; found in open grasslands
6094,meadow_cranesbill Geranium_pratense,tall perennial cranesbill with paired violet-blue axillary flowers; native to northern parts of Old World and naturalized in North America
6095,meadow_foxtail Alopecurus_pratensis,stout erect perennial grass of northern parts of Old World having silky flowering spikes; widely cultivated for pasture and hay; naturalized in North America
6096,meadow_goldenrod Canadian_goldenrod Solidago_canadensis,large North American goldenrod having showy clusters of yellow flowers on arching branches; often a weed
6097,meadow_rue,any of various herbs of the genus Thalictrum; sometimes rhizomatous or tuberous perennials found in damp shady places and meadows or stream banks; have lacy foliage and clouds of small purple or yellow flowers
6098,meadow_salsify goatsbeard shepherd's_clock Tragopogon_pratensis,weedy European annual with yellow flowers; naturalized in United States
6099,meadow_saxifrage fair-maids-of-France Saxifraga_granulata,rosette-forming perennial having compact panicles of white flowers; Europe
6100,meadow_spikemoss basket_spikemoss Selaginella_apoda,spikemoss forming dense mats; eastern North America
6101,meadowgrass meadow_grass,any of various grasses that thrive in the presence of abundant moisture
6102,mealie,an ear of corn
6103,meatus,a natural body passageway
6104,mechanical_energy,energy in a mechanical form
6105,mechanical_phenomenon,a physical phenomenon associated with the equilibrium or motion of objects
6106,mechanism,a natural object resembling a machine in structure or function; "the mechanism of the ear"; "the mechanism of infection"
6107,mechanism chemical_mechanism,the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction; "he determined unique mechanisms for the photochemical reactions"
6108,medial_condyle,a condyle on the inner side of the lower extremity of the femur
6109,medial_geniculate_body corpus_geniculatum_mediale medial_geniculate,a neural structure that serves as the last of a series of processing centers along the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex
6110,medial_rectus_muscle medial_rectus rectus_medialis,the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball medially
6111,mediastinum,the part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus
6112,medic medick trefoil,any of several Old World herbs of the genus Medicago having small flowers and trifoliate compound leaves
6113,medium_wave,a radio wave with a wavelength between 100 and 1000 meters (a frequency between 300 kilohertz and 3000 kilohertz)
6114,medlar,a South African globular fruit with brown leathery skin and pithy flesh having a sweet-acid taste
6115,medlar,crabapple-like fruit used for preserves
6116,medlar medlar_tree Mespilus_germanica,small deciduous Eurasian tree cultivated for its fruit that resemble crab apples
6117,medulla,the inner part of an organ or structure in plant or animal
6118,medulla_oblongata medulla bulb,lower or hindmost part of the brain; continuous with spinal cord; (`bulb' is an old term for medulla oblongata); "the medulla oblongata is the most vital part of the brain because it contains centers controlling breathing and heart functioning"
6119,medullary_sheath myelin_sheath,a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers
6120,medusa's_head Elymus_caput-medusae,weedy rye grass having long bristling awns
6121,medusa's_head Euphorbia_medusae Euphorbia_caput-medusae,African dwarf succulent perennial shrub with numerous slender drooping branches
6122,meeting_house honeysuckle Aquilegia_canadensis,columbine of eastern North America having long-spurred red flowers
6123,megacolon,an abnormal enlargement of the colon; can be congenital (as in Hirschsprung's disease) or acquired (as when children refuse to defecate)
6124,megasporangium macrosporangium,a plant structure that produces megaspores
6125,megaspore macrospore,larger of the two types of spore produced in heterosporous plants; develops in ovule into a female gametophyte
6126,megasporophyll,in non-flowering plants, a sporophyll that bears only megasporangia
6127,meiosis miosis reduction_division,(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants)
6128,melancholy_thistle Cirsium_heterophylum Cirsium_helenioides,perennial stoloniferous thistle of northern Europe with lanceolate basal leaves and usually solitary heads of reddish-purple flowers
6129,melilotus melilot sweet_clover,erect annual or biennial plant grown extensively especially for hay and soil improvement
6130,melioration,the linguistic process in which over a period of time a word grows more positive in connotation or more elevated in meaning
6131,mellowing,the process of becoming mellow
6132,melon,any of numerous fruits of the gourd family having a hard rind and sweet juicy flesh
6133,melon melon_vine,any of various fruit of cucurbitaceous vines including: muskmelons; watermelons; cantaloupes; cucumbers
6134,melon_ball,a bite of melon cut as a sphere
6135,melosa Chile_tarweed madia_oil_plant Madia_sativa,South American herb with sticky glandular foliage; source of madia oil
6136,meltdown nuclear_meltdown,severe overheating of the core of a nuclear reactor resulting in the core melting and radiation escaping
6137,membrane tissue_layer,a pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects the organs or cells of animals or plants
6138,membrane_bone,any bone that develops within membranous tissue without previous cartilage formation; e.g. the clavicle and bones of the skull
6139,membranous_labyrinth,the sensory structures of the inner ear including the labyrinthine receptors and the cochlea; contained within the bony labyrinth
6140,menhaden_oil,a fatty oil obtained from the menhaden fish and used in paint and ink and in treating leather
6141,meningeal_artery arteria_meningea,any of three arteries supplying the meninges of the brain and neighboring structures
6142,meningeal_veins venae_meningeae,veins at accompany the meningeal arteries
6143,meninx meninges,a membrane (one of 3) that envelops the brain and spinal cord
6144,meniscus semilunar_cartilage,(anatomy) a disk of cartilage that serves as a cushion between the ends of bones that meet at a joint
6145,menorrhagia hypermenorrhea,abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation; can be a symptom of uterine tumors and can lead to anemia if prolonged
6146,menstruation menses menstruum catamenia period flow,the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; "the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation"; "a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped"--Hippocrates; "the semen begins to appear in males and to be emitted at the same time of life that the catamenia begin to flow in females"--Aristotle
6147,mentum,a projection below the mouth of certain mollusks that resembles a chin
6148,mentum,a projection like a chin formed by the sepals and base of the column in some orchids
6149,mere,a small pond of standing water
6150,mericarp,a carpel with one seed; one of a pair split apart at maturity
6151,meristem,undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root
6152,mescal mezcal peyote Lophophora_williamsii,a small spineless globe-shaped cactus; source of mescal buttons
6153,mescal_bean coral_bean frijolito frijolillo Sophora_secundiflora,shrub or small tree having pinnate leaves poisonous to livestock and dense racemes of intensely fragrant blue flowers and red beans
6154,mescal_button sacred_mushroom magic_mushroom,the button-shaped top of the mescal cactus; a source of psilocybin
6155,mesenchyme,mesodermal tissue that forms connective tissue and blood and smooth muscles
6156,mesenteric_artery arteria_mesenterica,one of two branches of the aorta that pass between the two layers of the mesentery to the intestines
6157,mesenteric_plexus plexus_mesentericus,a plexus of autonomic nerves
6158,mesenteric_vein vena_mesenterica,a tributary of the portal vein passing from the intestine between the two layers of mesentery
6159,mesentery,a double layer of peritoneum that attaches to the back wall of the abdominal cavity and supports the small intestines
6160,mesocarp,the middle layer of a pericarp
6161,mesocolon,mesentery that holds the lower colon to the dorsal abdominal wall
6162,mesoderm mesoblast,the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue
6163,meson mesotron,an elementary particle responsible for the forces in the atomic nucleus; a hadron with a baryon number of 0
6164,mesophyte mesophytic_plant,land plant growing in surroundings having an average supply of water; compare xerophyte and hydrophyte
6165,mesothelium,epithelium originating in the embryonic mesoderm; lines the primordial body cavity
6166,mesquite mesquit,any of several small spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Prosopis having small flowers in axillary cylindrical spikes followed by large pods rich in sugar
6167,metabolism metabolic_process,the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life
6168,metacarpal metacarpal_bone,any bone of the hand between the wrist and fingers
6169,metacarpal_artery arteria_metacarpea,dorsal and palmar arteries of the hand
6170,metacarpal_vein vena_metacarpus,dorsal and palmar veins of the hand
6171,metacarpus,the part of the hand between the carpus and phalanges
6172,metacentric_chromosome,a chromosome having two equal arms because the centromere is in median position
6173,metagenesis digenesis,alternation of sexual and asexual generations
6174,metal_filing,a fragment of metal rubbed off by the use of a file
6175,metallic_bond,a chemical bond in which electrons are shared over many nuclei and electronic conduction occurs
6176,metamere somite,one of a series of similar body segments into which some animals are divided longitudinally
6177,metamorphism,change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure or heat or introduction of new chemical substances
6178,metamorphosis metabolism,the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some animals
6179,metaphysis,the growing part of a long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis
6180,metasequoia dawn_redwood Metasequoia_glyptostrodoides,large fast-growing Chinese monoecious tree having flat bright-green deciduous leaves and small globular cones; commonly cultivated in United States as an ornamental; known as a fossil before being discovered in China
6181,metastasis,the spreading of a disease (especially cancer) to another part of the body
6182,metatarsal,any bone of the foot between the ankle and the toes
6183,metatarsal_arch,the short lateral arch formed by the heads of the metatarsals
6184,metatarsal_artery arteria_metatarsea,dorsal and plantar arteries to the metatarsal region of the foot
6185,metatarsal_vein vena_metatarsus,dorsal and plantar branches of veins serving the metatarsal region of the foot
6186,metatarsus,the skeleton of the human foot between the toes and the tarsus; the corresponding part of the foot in birds or of the hind foot in quadrupeds
6187,metathesis,a linguistic process of transposition of sounds or syllables within a word or words within a sentence
6188,metempsychosis rebirth,after death the soul begins a new cycle of existence in another human body
6189,metencephalon,the part of the hindbrain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum
6190,meteor shooting_star,a streak of light in the sky at night that results when a meteoroid hits the earth's atmosphere and air friction causes the meteoroid to melt or vaporize or explode
6191,meteor_shower meteor_stream,a transient shower of meteors when a meteor swarm enters the earth's atmosphere
6192,meteor_swarm,a group of meteoroids with similar paths
6193,meteorite,stony or metallic object that is the remains of a meteoroid that has reached the earth's surface
6194,meteoroid meteor,(astronomy) any of the small solid extraterrestrial bodies that hits the earth's atmosphere
6195,meteortropism,an effect of climate on biological processes (as the effect on joint pains etc.)
6196,methyl methyl_group methyl_radical,the univalent radical CH3- derived from methane
6197,methylene_group methylene_radical methylene,the bivalent radical CH2 derived from methane
6198,metopion,the craniometric point midway between the frontal eminences of the skull
6199,mezereon February_daphne Daphne_mezereum,small European deciduous shrub with fragrant lilac-colored flowers followed by red berries on highly toxic twigs
6200,mezereum,the dried bark of the shrub mezereon
6201,micelle,an electrically charged particle built up from polymeric molecules or ions and occurring in certain colloidal electrolytic solutions like soaps and detergents
6202,microevolution,evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies
6203,microglia,neuroglial tissue of mesodermal origin that can become phagocytic
6204,micrometeorite micrometeoroid micrometeor,a meteorite or meteoroid so small that it drifts down to earth without becoming intensely heated in the atmosphere
6205,micropenis microphallus,an abnormally small penis
6206,microphoning,the transduction of sound waves into electrical waves (by a microphone)
6207,microsporangium,a plant structure that produces microspores
6208,microspore,smaller of the two types of spore produced in heterosporous plants; develops in the pollen sac into a male gametophyte
6209,microsporophyll,in non-flowering plants, a sporophyll that bears only microsporangia
6210,microtubule,a microscopically small tubule
6211,microwave,a short electromagnetic wave (longer than infrared but shorter than radio waves); used for radar and microwave ovens and for transmitting telephone, facsimile, video and data
6212,micturition urination,the discharge of urine
6213,micturition_reflex,relaxation of the urethral sphincter in response to increased pressure in the bladder
6214,mid-calf,the middle of the calf; half way between the knee and ankle
6215,mid-water,the water that is well below the surface but also well above the bottom; "many marine fishes inhabit the mid-waters"
6216,midbrain mesencephalon,the middle portion of the brain
6217,middle midriff midsection,the middle area of the human torso (usually in front); "young American women believe that a bare midriff is fashionable"
6218,middle_cerebral_artery,one of two branches of the internal carotid artery; divides into three branches
6219,middle_cerebral_vein vena_cerebri_media,either of two cerebral veins
6220,middle_ear tympanic_cavity tympanum,the main cavity of the ear; between the eardrum and the inner ear
6221,middle_finger,the second finger; between the index finger and the ring finger
6222,middle_meningeal_artery,branch of the maxillary artery; its branches supply meninges
6223,middle_temporal_vein,arises near the eye; joins the superficial temporal veins to form the retromandibular vein
6224,middle_thyroid_vein,a vein on each side that drains the lateral part of the thyroid and empties into the internal jugular vein
6225,midgrass,any of various grasses of moderate height which covered the undisturbed prairie in the United States; includes most of the forage grasses of the temperate zone
6226,midnight_sun,the sun visible at midnight (inside the Arctic or Antarctic Circles)
6227,midrib midvein,the vein in the center of a leaf
6228,mignonette sweet_reseda Reseda_odorata,Mediterranean woody annual widely cultivated for its dense terminal spikelike clusters greenish or yellowish white flowers having an intense spicy fragrance
6229,mildew mold mould,the process of becoming mildewed
6230,mildness clemency,good weather with comfortable temperatures
6231,milk_thistle lady's_thistle Our_Lady's_mild_thistle holy_thistle blessed_thistle Silybum_marianum,tall Old World biennial thistle with large clasping white-blotched leaves and purple flower heads; naturalized in California and South America
6232,milk_vetch milk-vetch,any of various plants of the genus Astragalus
6233,milkweed Sonchus_oleraceus,annual Eurasian sow thistle with soft spiny leaves and rayed yellow flower heads
6234,milkweed silkweed,any of numerous plants of the genus Asclepias having milky juice and pods that split open releasing seeds with downy tufts
6235,milkwort,any of various plants of the genus Polygala
6236,millet,any of various small-grained annual cereal and forage grasses of the genera Panicum, Echinochloa, Setaria, Sorghum, and Eleusine
6237,millettia,any of several tropical trees or shrubs yielding showy streaked dark reddish or chocolate-colored wood
6238,millpond,a pond formed by damming a stream to provide a head of water to turn a mill wheel
6239,milo milo_maize,small drought-resistant sorghums having large yellow or whitish grains
6240,mimosa,any of various tropical shrubs or trees of the genus Mimosa having usually yellow flowers and compound leaves
6241,mineral_extraction mineral_processing mineral_dressing ore_processing ore_dressing beneficiation,crushing and separating ore into valuable substances or waste by any of a variety of techniques
6242,mineral_oil,a distillate of petroleum (especially one used medicinally as a laxative or stool softener)
6243,ming_tree,a dwarfed evergreen conifer or shrub shaped to have flat-topped asymmetrical branches and grown in a container
6244,ming_tree,an artificial plant resembling a bonsai
6245,minge,vulgar term for a woman's pubic hair or genitals
6246,miniature_fan_palm bamboo_palm fern_rhapis Rhapis_excelsa,small graceful palm with reedlike stems and leaf bases clothed with loose coarse fibers
6247,minimus,the fifth digit; the little finger or little toe
6248,minniebush minnie_bush Menziesia_pilosa,low shrub of the eastern United States with downy twigs
6249,minor_planet planetoid,any of numerous small celestial bodies that move around the sun
6250,mint,any north temperate plant of the genus Mentha with aromatic leaves and small mauve flowers
6251,mirage,an optical illusion in which atmospheric refraction by a layer of hot air distorts or inverts reflections of distant objects
6252,miro black_pine Prumnopitys_ferruginea Podocarpus_ferruginea,New Zealand conifer used for lumber; the dark wood is used for interior carpentry
6253,miscegenation crossbreeding interbreeding,reproduction by parents of different races (especially by white and non-white persons)
6254,mission_bells black_fritillary Fritillaria_biflora,herb of southwestern United States having dark purple bell-shaped flowers mottled with green
6255,mission_bells rice-grain_fritillary Fritillaria_affinis Fritillaria_lanceolata Fritillaria_mutica,herb of northwestern America having green-and-purple bell-shaped flowers
6256,mist,a thin fog with condensation near the ground
6257,mistflower mist-flower ageratum Conoclinium_coelestinum Eupatorium_coelestinum,rhizomatous plant of central and southeastern United States and West Indies having large showy heads of clear blue flowers; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium
6258,mistletoe_cactus,a plant of the genus Rhipsalis
6259,mistletoe_fig mistletoe_rubber_plant Ficus_diversifolia Ficus_deltoidea,shrub or small tree often grown as a houseplant having foliage like mistletoe
6260,mistral,a strong north wind that blows in France during the winter
6261,miterwort mitrewort bishop's_cap,any of various rhizomatous perennial herbs of the genus Mitella having a capsule resembling a bishop's miter
6262,mitochondrion chondriosome,an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy
6263,mitosis,cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
6264,mitral_valve bicuspid_valve left_atrioventricular_valve,valve with two cusps; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle
6265,mixed_bud,a bud yielding both leaves and flowers
6266,moccasin_flower nerveroot Cypripedium_acaule,once common rose pink woodland orchid of eastern North America
6267,mock_orange syringa Philadelphus_coronarius,large hardy shrub with showy and strongly fragrant creamy-white flowers in short terminal racemes
6268,mock_privet,evergreen shrub with white flowers and olivelike fruits
6269,mockernut mockernut_hickory black_hickory white-heart_hickory big-bud_hickory Carya_tomentosa,smooth-barked North American hickory with 7 to 9 leaflets bearing a hard-shelled edible nut
6270,moderate_breeze,wind moving 13-18 knots; 4 on the Beaufort scale
6271,moderate_gale near_gale,wind moving 32-38 knots; 7 on the Beaufort scale
6272,modiolus,the central conical bony pillar of the cochlea
6273,mohawk mohawk_haircut,haircut in which the head is shaved except for a band of hair down the middle of the scalp
6274,molar grinder,grinding tooth with a broad crown; located behind the premolars
6275,molecule,(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
6276,molt molting moult moulting ecdysis,periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles
6277,molucca_balm bells_of_Ireland Molucella_laevis,aromatic annual with a tall stems of small whitish flowers enclosed in a greatly enlarged saucer-shaped or bell-shaped calyx
6278,mombin,purplish tropical fruit
6279,mombin mombin_tree jocote Spondias_purpurea,common tropical American shrub or small tree with purplish fruit
6280,moment,a turning force produced by an object acting at a distance (or a measure of that force)
6281,moment_of_a_couple,given two equal and opposite forces, the product of the force and the distance between them
6282,moment_of_inertia,the tendency of a body to resist angular acceleration
6283,monadic_operation unary_operation,an operation with exactly one operand
6284,monarda wild_bergamot,any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Monarda
6285,moneywort creeping_Jenny creeping_Charlie Lysimachia_nummularia,a loosestrife vine
6286,monkey_puzzle chile_pine Araucaria_araucana,large Chilean evergreen conifer having intertwined branches and bearing edible nuts
6287,monoamine_oxidase MAO,an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)
6288,monoclonal_antibody monoclonal,any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by a single clone of cells or a cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules
6289,monocot monocotyledon liliopsid endogen,a monocotyledonous flowering plant; the stem grows by deposits on its inside
6290,monogenesis sporulation,asexual reproduction by the production and release of spores
6291,monohybrid_cross,hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)
6292,mononuclear_phagocyte_system MPS system_of_macrophages,a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow
6293,monosaccharide monosaccharose simple_sugar,a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates
6294,mons mons_veneris mons_pubis,a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women
6295,monsoon,a seasonal wind in southern Asia; blows from the southwest (bringing rain) in summer and from the northeast in winter
6296,monsoon,any wind that changes direction with the seasons
6297,monstera,any plant of the genus Monstera; often grown as houseplants
6298,montan_wax,a hard wax obtained from lignite
6299,moon,any natural satellite of a planet; "Jupiter has sixteen moons"
6300,moon_carrot stone_parsley,any plant of the genus Seseli having dense umbels of small white or pink flowers and finely divided foliage
6301,moon_trefoil Medicago_arborea,evergreen shrub of southern European highlands having downy foliage and a succession of yellow flowers throughout the summer followed by curious snail-shaped pods
6302,moonbeam moon_ray moon-ray,a ray of moonlight
6303,moonflower belle_de_nuit Ipomoea_alba,pantropical climber having white fragrant nocturnal flowers
6304,moonlight moonshine Moon,the light of the Moon; "moonlight is the smuggler's enemy"; "the Moon was bright enough to read by"
6305,moonseed,plant of the family Menispermaceae having red or black fruit with crescent- or ring-shaped seeds
6306,moonwort common_moonwort Botrychium_lunaria,of America and Eurasia and Australia
6307,moosewood moose-wood striped_maple striped_dogwood goosefoot_maple Acer_pennsylvanicum,maple of eastern North America with striped bark and large two-lobed leaves clear yellow in autumn
6308,morello,cultivated sour cherry with dark-colored skin and juice
6309,morello Prunus_cerasus_austera,any of several cultivated sour cherry trees bearing fruit with dark skin and juice
6310,morning_glory,any of various twining vines having funnel-shaped flowers that close late in the day
6311,morning_star daystar Phosphorus Lucifer,a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky
6312,morphallaxis,regeneration on a reduced scale of a body part; observed especially in invertebrates such as certain lobsters
6313,morphogenesis,differentiation and growth of the structure of an organism (or a part of an organism)
6314,mosquito_fern floating_fern Carolina_pond_fern Azolla_caroliniana,small free-floating aquatic fern from the eastern United States to tropical America; naturalized in western and southern Europe
6315,moss_campion Silene_acaulis,tuft- or mat-forming dwarf perennial of Arctic regions of western and central Europe and North America
6316,moss_pink mountain_phlox moss_phlox dwarf_phlox Phlox_subulata,low tufted perennial phlox with needlelike evergreen leaves and pink or white flowers; native to United States and widely cultivated as a ground cover
6317,mossy_saxifrage Saxifraga_hypnoides,tufted or mat-forming perennial of mountains of Europe; cultivated for its white flowers
6318,moth_bean Vigna_aconitifolia Phaseolus_aconitifolius,East Indian legume having hairy foliage and small yellow flowers followed by cylindrical pods; used especially in India for food and forage and as a soil conditioner; sometimes placed in genus Phaseolus
6319,moth_mullein Verbascum_blattaria,European mullein with smooth leaves and large yellow or purplish flowers; naturalized as a weed in North America
6320,moth_orchid moth_plant,any of various orchids of the genus Phalaenopsis having often drooping glossy broad obovate or oval leaves usually dark green flushed purple or mottled grey and silver
6321,mother-in-law's_tongue snake_plant Sansevieria_trifasciata,stemless plant having narrow rigid leaves often cultivated as a houseplant
6322,mother_lode champion_lode,the main vein of ore in a deposit
6323,motherwort Leonurus_cardiaca,bitter Old World herb of hedgerows and woodland margins having toothed leaves and white or pale pink flowers
6324,motor_area motor_region motor_cortex Rolando's_area excitable_area,the cortical area that influences motor movements
6325,motor_control,control of muscles
6326,motor_nerve efferent_nerve efferent,a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands
6327,motor_oil,oil used to lubricate the moving parts of a motor
6328,mountain_ash,any of various trees of the genus Sorbus
6329,mountain_ash Eucalyptus_regnans,tree having wood similar to the alpine ash; tallest tree in Australia and tallest hardwood in the world
6330,mountain_ash Fraxinus_texensis,low-growing ash of Texas
6331,mountain_avens Dryas_octopetala,creeping evergreen shrub with large white flowers; widely distributed in northern portions of Eurasia and North America
6332,mountain_bladder_fern Cystopteris_montana,fern of rocky mountainous areas of hemisphere
6333,mountain_ebony orchid_tree Bauhinia_variegata,small East Indian tree having orchid-like flowers and hard dark wood
6334,mountain_everlasting,a variety of cat's foot
6335,mountain_fern Oreopteris_limbosperma Dryopteris_oreopteris,common European mountain fern having fragrant lemon or balsam scented fronds
6336,mountain_four_o'clock Mirabilis_oblongifolia,leafy wildflower with lavender-pink flowers that open in the evening and remain through cool part of the next day; found in open woods or brush in mountains of southern Colorado to Arizona and into Mexico
6337,mountain_heath Phyllodoce_caerulea Bryanthus_taxifolius,small shrub with tiny evergreen leaves and pink or purple flowers; Alpine summits and high ground in Asia and Europe and United States
6338,mountain_hemlock black_hemlock Tsuga_mertensiana,large evergreen of western United States; wood much harder than Canadian hemlock
6339,mountain_hollyhock Iliamna_ruvularis Iliamna_acerifolia,perennial of northwestern United States and western Canada resembling a hollyhock and having white or pink flowers
6340,mountain_lady's_slipper Cypripedium_montanum,leafy plant having a few stems in a clump with 1 white and dull purple flower in each upper leaf axil; Alaska to northern California and Wyoming
6341,mountain_laurel wood_laurel American_laurel calico_bush Kalmia_latifolia,a North American evergreen shrub having glossy leaves and white or rose-colored flowers
6342,mountain_lily Lilium_auratum,Japanese lily with golden rays
6343,mountain_lily Mount_Cook_lily Ranunculus_lyalii,showy white-flowered perennial of New Zealand
6344,mountain_male_fern Dryopteris_oreades,a fern of the genus Dryopteris
6345,mountain_maple mountain_alder Acer_spicatum,small shrubby maple of eastern North America; scarlet in autumn
6346,mountain_mint,any of a number of perennial herbs of the genus Pycnanthemum; eastern North America and California
6347,mountain_pride Penstemon_newberryi,mat-forming plant with deep pink flowers on short erect leafy stems; rocky places at high elevations from Oregon to California
6348,mountain_rice silkgrass silk_grass Indian_millet Oryzopsis_hymenoides,valuable forage grass of dry upland areas and plains of western North America to northern Mexico
6349,mountain_rimu Lepidothamnus_laxifolius Dacridium_laxifolius,low-growing to prostrate shrub with slender trailing branches; New Zealand
6350,mountain_rose Rosa_pendulina,European alpine rose with crimson flowers
6351,mountain_sandwort mountain_starwort mountain_daisy Arenaria_groenlandica,boreal or alpine sandwort
6352,mountain_spleenwort Asplenium_montanum,a spleenwort of eastern North America
6353,mountain_swamp_gum Eucalyptus_camphora,medium-sized swamp gum of New South Wales and Victoria
6354,mouse-ear_chickweed mouse_eared_chickweed mouse_ear clammy_chickweed chickweed,any of various plants related to the common chickweed
6355,mouse-ear_hawkweed Pilosella_officinarum Hieracium_pilocella,European hawkweed having soft hairy leaves; sometimes placed in genus Hieracium
6356,mouse_nest mouse's_nest,where mice bear and raise their young
6357,mouth,the externally visible part of the oral cavity on the face and the system of organs surrounding the opening; "she wiped lipstick from her mouth"
6358,mouth oral_cavity oral_fissure rima_oris,the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge; "he stuffed his mouth with candy"
6359,mouthpart,any part of the mouth of an insect or other arthropod especially one adapted to a specific way of feeding
6360,msasa Brachystegia_speciformis,small shrubby African tree having compound leaves and racemes of small fragrant green flowers
6361,mucin,a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions; a lubricant that protects body surfaces
6362,mucoid,any of several glycoproteins similar to mucin
6363,mucopolysaccharide,complex polysaccharides containing an amino group; occur chiefly as components of connective tissue
6364,mucous_membrane mucosa,mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities or passages that communicate with the exterior
6365,mucuna,any of several erect or climbing woody plants of the genus Mucuna; widespread in tropics of both hemispheres
6366,mud_puddle,a puddle of mud; "the children loved a mud puddle"
6367,mugwort,any of several weedy composite plants of the genus Artemisia
6368,mulberry,sweet usually dark purple blackberry-like fruit of any of several mulberry trees of the genus Morus
6369,mulberry mulberry_tree,any of several trees of the genus Morus having edible fruit that resembles the blackberry
6370,mule's_ears Wyethia_amplexicaulis,balsamic-resinous herb with clumps of lanceolate leaves and stout leafy stems ending in large deep yellow flowers on long stalks; northwestern United States
6371,mule_fat Baccharis_viminea,California shrub with slender leafy shoots that are important browse for mule deer
6372,mullein flannel_leaf velvet_plant,any of various plants of the genus Verbascum having large usually woolly leaves and terminal spikes of yellow or white or purplish flowers
6373,mullein_pink rose_campion gardener's_delight dusty_miller Lychnis_coronaria,an old cottage garden plant of southeastern Europe widely cultivated for its attractive white woolly foliage and showy crimson flowers
6374,multiflora multiflora_rose Japanese_rose baby_rose Rosa_multiflora,vigorously growing rose having clusters of numerous small flowers; used for hedges and as grafting stock
6375,multiple_star,a system of three or more stars associated by gravity
6376,multiplex_operation,an operation in which two or more activities are interleaved
6377,multiplication,a multiplicative increase; "repeated copying leads to a multiplication of errors"; "this multiplication of cells is a natural correlate of growth"
6378,multiprocessing parallel_processing,simultaneous processing by two or more processing units
6379,multiprogramming concurrent_execution,the execution of two or more computer programs by a single computer
6380,mummification,embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy
6381,mummy,a body embalmed and dried and wrapped for burial (as in ancient Egypt)
6382,munch,a large bite; "he tried to talk between munches on the sandwich"
6383,mung mung_bean green_gram golden_gram moong mash_bean munggo monggo green_soy green_bean,seed of the mung bean plant; used for food
6384,mung mung_bean mung_bean_plant Vigna_radiata Phaseolus_aureus,erect bushy annual widely cultivated in warm regions of India and Indonesia and United States for forage and especially its edible seeds; chief source of bean sprouts used in Chinese cookery; sometimes placed in genus Phaseolus
6385,munj munja Saccharum_bengalense Saccharum_munja,tough Asiatic grass whose culms are used for ropes and baskets
6386,muon negative_muon mu-meson,an elementary particle with a negative charge and a half-life of 2 microsecond; decays to electron and neutrino and antineutrino
6387,muscadine Vitis_rotundifolia,native grape of southeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties
6388,muscadine bullace_grape,dull-purple grape of southern United States
6389,muscat muscatel muscat_grape,sweet aromatic grape used for raisins and wine
6390,muscat muskat,any of several cultivated grapevines that produce sweet white grapes
6391,muscle muscular_tissue,animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells
6392,muscle musculus,one of the contractile organs of the body
6393,muscular_structure musculature muscle_system,the muscular system of an organism
6394,musculophrenic_artery arteria_musculophrenica,an artery that supplies the abdomen and intercostal muscles
6395,musculophrenic_vein vena_musculophrenica,veins that drain the upper abdominal wall and the lower intercostal spaces and the abdomen
6396,musculoskeletal_system,the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form
6397,musculus_abductor_digiti_minimi_manus,the abductor muscle of the little finger
6398,musculus_abductor_digiti_minimi_pedis,the abductor muscles of the little toe
6399,musculus_abductor_hallucis,the abductor muscle of the great toe
6400,musculus_abductor_pollicis,the abductor muscle of the thumb
6401,musculus_adductor_brevis,the short adductor muscle of the thigh
6402,musculus_adductor_hallucis,the adductor muscle of the great toe
6403,musculus_adductor_longus,the long adductor muscle of the thigh
6404,musculus_adductor_magnus great_adductor_muscle,the muscle that adducts and extends the thigh
6405,musculus_articularis_cubiti,a small branch of the triceps that inserts into the capsule of the elbow joint
6406,musculus_articularis_genus,the articular muscle of the knee
6407,musculus_biceps_femoris femoral_biceps,the biceps muscle of the thigh; it flexes the knee and rotates the leg laterally
6408,musculus_sphincter_ani_externus,an external ring of striated muscle surrounding the anus
6409,musculus_sphincter_ani_internus,an internal ring of smooth muscle formed by circular fibers of the rectum
6410,musculus_sphincter_ductus_choledochi,the smooth muscle sphincter of the common bile duct
6411,musculus_sphincter_ductus_pancreatici,the smooth muscle sphincter of the main pancreatic duct
6412,mushroom mushroom_cloud mushroom-shaped_cloud,a large cloud of rubble and dust shaped like a mushroom and rising into the sky after an explosion (especially of a nuclear bomb)
6413,musk_clover muskus_grass white-stemmed_filaree Erodium_moschatum,low annual European herb naturalized in America; similar to alfilaria
6414,musk_mallow mus_rose Malva_moschata,erect Old World perennial with faintly musk-scented foliage and white or pink flowers; adventive in United States
6415,musk_rose Rosa_moschata,rose native to Mediterranean region having curved or climbing branches and loose clusters of musky-scented flowers
6416,musk_thistle nodding_thistle Carduus_nutans,Eurasian perennial naturalized in eastern North America having very spiny white cottony foliage and nodding musky crimson flower heads; valuable source of nectar
6417,muskmelon sweet_melon,the fruit of a muskmelon vine; any of several sweet melons related to cucumbers
6418,muskwood Olearia_argophylla,musk-scented shrub or tree of southern and southeastern Australia having creamy-yellow flower heads
6419,must,a necessary or essential thing; "seat belts are an absolute must"
6420,mustache moustache,an unshaved growth of hair on the upper lip; "he looked younger after he shaved off his mustache"
6421,mustachio moustachio handle-bars,a large bushy moustache (with hair growing sometimes down the sides of the mouth)
6422,mustang_mint Monardella_lanceolata,fragrant California annual herb having lanceolate leaves and clusters of rose-purple flowers
6423,mustard,any of several cruciferous plants of the genus Brassica
6424,mustard_oil,oil obtained from mustard seeds and used in making soap
6425,mutisia,any of various plants of the genus Mutisia
6426,mutton_tallow,tallow from the body of a mature sheep
6427,mutual_induction,generation of electromotive forces in each other by two adjacent circuits
6428,muzzle,forward projecting part of the head of certain animals; includes the jaws and nose
6429,mycelium,the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae
6430,mycophagy,the practice of eating fungi (especially mushrooms collected in the wild)
6431,mydriasis,reflex pupillary dilation as a muscle pulls the iris outward; occurs in response to a decrease in light or certain drugs
6432,myelencephalon,the posterior part of the hindbrain in developing vertebrates; forms the medulla oblongata in adults
6433,myelin myeline medulla,a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers
6434,myelinization myelinisation,the development of a myelin sheath around a nerve fiber
6435,myenteric_plexus plexus_myentericus,a plexus of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies in the muscular coat of the esophagus and stomach and intestines
6436,myocardium,the middle muscular layer of the heart wall
6437,myoglobin,a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed
6438,myometrium,the smooth muscle forming the wall of the uterus
6439,myonecrosis,localized death of muscle cell fibers
6440,myosin,the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin
6441,myrrh_tree Commiphora_myrrha,tree of eastern Africa and Asia yielding myrrh
6442,myrtaceous_tree,trees and shrubs
6443,myrtle,any evergreen shrub or tree of the genus Myrtus
6444,myrtle Vinca_minor,widely cultivated as a groundcover for its dark green shiny leaves and usually blue-violet flowers
6445,myrtle_beech Nothofagus_cuninghamii,large evergreen tree of Tasmania
6446,myrtle_oak seaside_scrub_oak Quercus_myrtifolia,small evergreen shrub or tree of southeastern United States; often forms almost impenetrable thickets in sandy coastal areas
6447,naboom cactus_euphorbia Euphorbia_ingens,small tree of dry open parts of southern Africa having erect angled branches suggesting candelabra
6448,nabothian_gland,one of many small glands of the uterine cervix that secrete mucus
6449,nacreous_cloud mother-of-pearl_cloud,a luminous iridescent cloud at a high altitude that may be seen when the sun is a few degrees below the horizon
6450,nagami nagami_kumquat oval_kumquat Fortunella_margarita,shrub bearing oval-fruited kumquats
6451,nagi Nageia_nagi,medium-sized tree having glossy lanceolate leaves; southern China to Taiwan and southern Japan
6452,naiad water_nymph,submerged aquatic plant having narrow leaves and small flowers; of fresh or brackish water
6453,nail,horny plate covering and protecting part of the dorsal surface of the digits
6454,naked_eye,the eye unaided by any optical instrument that alters the power of vision or alters the apparent size or distance of objects; "it is not safe to look directly at the sun with the naked eye"
6455,nakedwood,any of several small to medium-sized trees of Florida and West Indies with thin scaly bark and heavy dark heartwood
6456,nakedwood Eugenia_dicrana,tree of extreme southern Florida and West Indies having thin scaly bark and aromatic fruits and seeds and yielding hard heavy close-grained zebrawood
6457,nap catnap light_sleep short_sleep forty_winks snooze,sleeping for a short period of time (usually not in bed)
6458,naranjilla Solanum_quitoense,small perennial shrub cultivated in uplands of South America for its edible bright orange fruits resembling tomatoes or oranges
6459,narcissus,bulbous plant having erect linear leaves and showy yellow or white flowers either solitary or in clusters
6460,nardoo nardo common_nardoo Marsilea_drummondii,Australian clover fern
6461,naris,any of the openings to the nasal cavities that allow air to flow through the cavities to the pharynx
6462,narrow,a narrow strait connecting two bodies of water
6463,narrow-leaf_penstemon Penstemon_linarioides,plant having small narrow leaves and blue-violet flowers in long open clusters; Utah and Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona
6464,narrow-leaved_flame_flower Talinum_augustissimum,similar to Talinum aurantiacum but with narrower leaves and yellow-orange flowers; southwestern United States
6465,narrow-leaved_white-topped_aster,a variety of white-topped aster
6466,narrow_goldenrod Solidago_spathulata,western American goldenrod with long narrow clusters of small yellow flowers
6467,narrowing,a decrease in width
6468,nasal nasal_bone os_nasale,an elongated rectangular bone that forms the bridge of the nose
6469,nasal_cavity,either of the two cavities lying between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth and extending from the face to the pharynx
6470,nasal_concha,one of several turbinate bones in the nasal cavity
6471,nasal_meatus,the passages in the nasal cavity formed by the projections of the nasal conchae
6472,nasal_septum,a partition of bone and cartilage between the nasal cavities
6473,nasion,the craniometric point at the bridge of the nose where the frontal and nasal bones of the skull meet
6474,nasofrontal_vein vena_nasofrontalis,a vein located in the anterior medial part of the orbit; connects the superior ophthalmic with the angular vein
6475,nasolacrimal_duct,a duct that carries tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity
6476,nasopharynx,cavity forming the upper part of the pharynx
6477,nasturtium,any tropical American plant of the genus Tropaeolum having pungent juice and long-spurred yellow to red flowers
6478,natal_plum amatungulu Carissa_macrocarpa Carissa_grandiflora,very large closely branched South African shrub having forked bright green spines and shiny leaves
6479,native_beech flindosa flindosy Flindersia_australis,tall Australian timber tree yielding tough hard wood used for staves etc
6480,native_cranberry groundberry ground-berry cranberry_heath Astroloma_humifusum Styphelia_humifusum,small prostrate or ascending shrub having scarlet flowers and succulent fruit resembling cranberries; sometimes placed in genus Styphelia
6481,native_orange Capparis_mitchellii,small Australian tree bearing edible dark purple fruit
6482,native_pear woody_pear Xylomelum_pyriforme,tree bearing pear-shaped fruit with a thick woody epicarp
6483,native_pomegranate Capparis_arborea,small Australian tree bearing edible fruit resembling the pomegranate
6484,natural_childbirth,labor and childbirth without medical intervention; no drugs are given to relieve pain or aid the birth process; "natural childbirth is considered the safest for the baby"
6485,natural_object,an object occurring naturally; not made by man
6486,natural_order,the physical universe considered as an orderly system subject to natural (not human or supernatural) laws
6487,natural_phenomenon,all phenomena that are not artificial
6488,natural_process natural_action action activity,a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings); "the action of natural forces"; "volcanic activity"
6489,nature,the natural physical world including plants and animals and landscapes etc.; "they tried to preserve nature as they found it"
6490,navel_orange,seedless orange enclosing a small secondary fruit at the apex
6491,neat's-foot_oil,a pale yellow oil made from the feet and legs of cattle; used as a dressing for leather
6492,nebula,an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space
6493,nebule,a small cloud
6494,necessity essential requirement requisite necessary,anything indispensable; "food and shelter are necessities of life"; "the essentials of the good life"; "allow farmers to buy their requirements under favorable conditions"; "a place where the requisites of water fuel and fodder can be obtained"
6495,neck cervix,the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body; "he admired her long graceful neck"; "the horse won by a neck"
6496,necklace_tree,a tree of the genus Ormosia having seeds used as beads
6497,necrobiosis cell_death,(physiology) the normal degeneration and death of living cells (as in various epithelial cells)
6498,necrolysis,disintegration and dissolution of dead tissue
6499,necrophagia necrophagy,feeding on corpses or carrion
6500,necrosis mortification gangrene sphacelus,the localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply)
6501,nectarine,a variety or mutation of the peach that has a smooth skin
6502,nectarine nectarine_tree Prunus_persica_nectarina,variety or mutation of the peach bearing fruit with smooth skin and (usually) yellow flesh
6503,nectary honey_gland,a gland (often a protuberance or depression) that secretes nectar
6504,need want,anything that is necessary but lacking; "he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs"; "I tried to supply his wants"
6505,needlebush needle-bush needle_bush Hakea_lissosperma,shrub with pungent rigid needle-shaped leaves and white flowers; eastern Australia
6506,needlewood needle-wood needle_wood Hakea_leucoptera,large bushy shrub with pungent pointed leaves and creamy white flowers; central and eastern Australia
6507,neem neem_tree nim_tree margosa arishth Azadirachta_indica Melia_Azadirachta,large semi-evergreen tree of the East Indies; trunk exudes a tenacious gum; bitter bark used as a tonic; seeds yield an aromatic oil; sometimes placed in genus Melia
6508,neem_seed,seed of neem trees; source of pesticides and fertilizer and medicinal products
6509,neencephalon neoencephalon,the part of the brain having the most recent phylogenetic origin; the cerebral cortex and related parts
6510,negative_charge,having a surplus of electrons; having a lower electric potential
6511,negative_chemotaxis,movement away from a chemical stimulus
6512,negative_feedback,feedback in opposite phase with (decreasing) the input
6513,negro_peach Sarcocephalus_latifolius Sarcocephalus_esculentus,a stout spreading or semi-climbing tropical shrub with round brownish-red warty fruit; Africa
6514,negro_vine Vincetoxicum_hirsutum Vincetoxicum_negrum,twining vine with hairy foliage and dark purplish-brown flowers
6515,nemophila,any plant of the genus Nemophila
6516,neopallium neocortex,the cortical part of the neencephalon
6517,neoplasia,the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor
6518,nephron uriniferous_tubule,any of the small tubules that are the excretory units of the vertebrate kidney
6519,nephthytis,any plant of the genus Nephthytis
6520,neroli_oil,an odoriferous yellow oil found in orange flowers and used in perfumery and as a flavoring
6521,nerve nervus,any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body
6522,nerve_growth_factor NGF,a protein that is involved in the growth of peripheral nerve cells
6523,nerve_pathway tract nerve_tract pathway,a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain
6524,nerve_plexus,a network of intersecting nerves
6525,nervous_system systema_nervosum,the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells
6526,nervous_tissue nerve_tissue,tissue composed of neurons
6527,nest,a structure in which animals lay eggs or give birth to their young
6528,net_melon netted_melon nutmeg_melon,the fruit of a variety of muskmelon vine; a melon with netlike markings and deep green flesh
6529,net_melon netted_melon nutmeg_melon Cucumis_melo_reticulatus,a muskmelon vine with fruit that has a thin reticulated rind and sweet green flesh
6530,nettle,any of numerous plants having stinging hairs that cause skin irritation on contact (especially of the genus Urtica or family Urticaceae)
6531,nettle-leaved_goosefoot nettleleaf_goosefoot Chenopodium_murale,European annual with coarsely dentate leaves; widespread in United States and southern Canada
6532,neural_arch vertebral_arch,a structure arising dorsally from a vertebral centrum and enclosing the spinal cord
6533,neural_structure,a structure that is part of the nervous system
6534,neural_tube,a tube of ectodermal tissue in the embryo from which the brain and spinal cord develop
6535,neuroepithelium,epithelium associated with special sense organs and containing sensory nerve endings
6536,neurogenesis,the development of nerve tissues
6537,neuroglia glia,sustentacular tissue that surrounds and supports neurons in the central nervous system; glial and neural cells together compose the tissue of the central nervous system
6538,neurolemma neurilemma,thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber
6539,neuropil neuropile,the complex network of unmyelinated axones, dendrites, and glial branches that form the bulk of the central nervous system's grey matter and in which nerve cell bodies are embedded
6540,neurotropism,an affinity for neural tissues
6541,neutralization neutralisation neutralization_reaction neutralisation_reaction,a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact with the formation of a salt; with strong acids and bases the essential reaction is the combination of hydrogen ions with hydroxyl ions to form water
6542,neutrino,an elementary, electrically neutral particle with a very small mass
6543,neutron,an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton; enters into the structure of the atomic nucleus
6544,neutron_radiation,radiation of neutrons (as by a neutron bomb)
6545,neutron_star,a star that has collapsed under its own gravity; it is composed of neutrons
6546,new_caledonian_pine Araucaria_columnaris,very tall evergreen of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides similar to norfolk island pine
6547,new_line,the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed as the first character on the next line
6548,nibble,gentle biting
6549,nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide NAD,a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; serves as a reductant in various metabolic processes
6550,nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate NADP,a coenzyme similar to NAD and present in most living cells but serves as a reductant in different metabolic processes
6551,nictitating_membrane third_eyelid,a protective fold of skin in the eyes of reptiles and birds and some mammals
6552,nidus,a nest in which spiders or insects deposit their eggs
6553,nigella,any plant of the genus Nigella
6554,night-blooming_cereus,any of several cacti of the genus Cereus
6555,night-blooming_cereus,any of several cacti of the genus Hylocereus
6556,night-blooming_cereus,any of several night-blooming cacti of the genus Selenicereus
6557,night_jasmine night_jessamine Cestrum_nocturnum,West Indian evergreen shrub having clusters of funnel-shaped yellow-white flowers that are fragrant by night
6558,nightshade,any of numerous shrubs or herbs or vines of the genus Solanum; most are poisonous though many bear edible fruit
6559,nimblewill nimble_Will Muhlenbergia_schreberi,slender branching American grass of some value for grazing in central United States
6560,nimbus nimbus_cloud rain_cloud,a dark grey cloud bearing rain
6561,nip pinch,a small sharp bite or snip
6562,nipa_palm Nipa_fruticans,any creeping semiaquatic feather palm of the genus Nipa found in mangrove swamps and tidal estuaries; its sap is used for a liquor; leaves are used for thatch; fruit has edible seeds
6563,nipple mammilla mamilla pap teat tit,the small projection of a mammary gland
6564,nitrification,the chemical process in which a nitro group is added to an organic compound (or substituted for another group in an organic compound)
6565,nitrification,the oxidation of ammonium compounds in dead organic material into nitrates and nitrites by soil bacteria (making nitrogen available to plants)
6566,nitrite,the radical -NO2 or any compound containing it (such as a salt or ester of nitrous acid)
6567,nitro_group,the group -NO3
6568,nitrogen_cycle,the circulation of nitrogen; nitrates from the soil are absorbed by plants which are eaten by animals that die and decay returning the nitrogen back to the soil
6569,nitrogen_fixation,the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria
6570,nitrogenase,an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia
6571,nitta_tree,any of several Old World tropical trees of the genus Parkia having heads of red or yellow flowers followed by pods usually containing edible seeds and pulp
6572,noble_cane,sugarcanes representing the highest development of the species; characterized by large juicy stalks with soft rinds and high sugar content
6573,nocturia nycturia,excessive urination at night; especially common in older men
6574,nocturnal_emission,ejaculation during sleep (usually during a dream)
6575,nodding_groundsel Senecio_bigelovii,plant with erect leafy stems bearing clusters of rayless yellow flower heads on bent individual stalks; moist regions of southwestern United States
6576,nodding_onion nodding_wild_onion lady's_leek Allium_cernuum,widely distributed North American wild onion with white to rose flowers
6577,node leaf_node,(botany) the small swelling that is the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge
6578,nodule,(mineralogy) a small rounded lump of mineral substance (usually harder than the surrounding rock or sediment)
6579,nodule tubercle,small rounded wartlike protuberance on a plant
6580,nondevelopment,failure of normal development to occur
6581,nondisjunction,meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells
6582,nonlinear_distortion amplitude_distortion,distortion that occurs when the output signal does not have a linear relation to the input signal
6583,nopal,any of several cacti of the genus Nopalea resembling prickly pears
6584,nopal Opuntia_lindheimeri,cactus having yellow flowers and purple fruits
6585,norfolk_island_pine Araucaria_heterophylla Araucaria_excelsa,evergreen of Australia and Norfolk Island in the South Pacific
6586,north_island_edelweiss Leucogenes_leontopodium,perennial herb closely resembling European edelweiss; New Zealand
6587,north_wind northerly norther boreas,a wind that blows from the north
6588,northeaster noreaster,a storm blowing from the northeast
6589,northern_Jacob's_ladder Polemonium_boreale,perennial erect herb with white flowers; circumboreal
6590,northern_dune_tansy Tanacetum_douglasii,lightly hairy rhizomatous perennial having aromatic feathery leaves and stems bearing open clusters of small buttonlike yellow flowers; sand dunes of Pacific coast of North America
6591,northern_holly_fern Polystichum_lonchitis,evergreen European fern widely cultivated
6592,northern_red_oak Quercus_rubra Quercus_borealis,large symmetrical deciduous tree with rounded crown widely distributed in eastern North America; has large leaves with triangular spiny tipped lobes and coarse-grained wood less durable than that of white oaks
6593,northwest_wind northwester,a wind from the northwest
6594,nose olfactory_organ,the organ of smell and entrance to the respiratory tract; the prominent part of the face of man or other mammals; "he has a cold in the nose"
6595,nosedive,a sudden sharp drop or rapid decline; "the stock took a nosedive"
6596,nostril anterior_naris,either one of the two external openings to the nasal cavity in the nose
6597,notochord,a flexible rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates
6598,nova,a star that ejects some of its material in the form of a cloud and becomes more luminous in the process
6599,nub stub,a small piece; "a nub of coal"; "a stub of a pencil"
6600,nubbin,a small nub (especially an undeveloped fruit or ear of corn)
6601,nucellus,central part of a plant ovule; contains the embryo sac
6602,nuclear_magnetic_resonance NMR proton_magnetic_resonance,resonance of protons to radiation in a magnetic field
6603,nuclear_propulsion,the use of a nuclear reactor either to produce electricity to power an engine (as in a nuclear submarine) or to directly heat a propellant (as in nuclear rockets)
6604,nuclear_reaction,(physics) a process that alters the energy or structure or composition of atomic nuclei
6605,nuclear_resonance,the resonance absorption of a gamma ray by a nucleus identical to the nucleus that emitted the gamma ray
6606,nuclear_winter,a long period of darkness and extreme cold that scientists predict would follow a full-scale nuclear war; a layer of dust and smoke in the atmosphere would cover the earth and block the rays of the sun; most living organisms would perish
6607,nuclease,general term for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid by cleaving chains of nucleotides into smaller units
6608,nucleic_acid,(biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells
6609,nucleolus nucleole,a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; such organelles contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis
6610,nucleolus_organizer nucleolus_organiser nucleolar_organizer nucleolar_organiser,the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after nuclear division
6611,nucleon,a constituent (proton or neutron) of an atomic nucleus
6612,nucleoprotein,any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells; consists of a protein bound to a nucleic acid
6613,nucleosynthesis,(astronomy) the cosmic synthesis of atoms more complex than the hydrogen atom
6614,nucleus,any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
6615,nucleus cell_nucleus karyon,a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
6616,nugget,a solid lump of a precious metal (especially gold) as found in the earth
6617,nut,usually large hard-shelled seed
6618,nut-leaved_screw_tree Helicteres_isora,East Indian shrub often cultivated for its hairy leaves and orange-red flowers
6619,nut_pine,any of several pinons bearing edible nutlike seeds
6620,nut_tree,tree bearing edible nuts
6621,nutlet,a small nut
6622,nutmeg nutmeg_tree Myristica_fragrans,East Indian tree widely cultivated in the tropics for its aromatic seed; source of two spices: nutmeg and mace
6623,nutmeg_hickory Carya_myristicaeformis Carya_myristiciformis,hickory of southern United States and Mexico having hard nutmeg-shaped nuts
6624,nutrient_artery arteria_nutricia,an artery that supplies the medullary cavity of the long bone
6625,nutrition,(physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished; the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance
6626,nutshell,the shell around the kernel of a nut
6627,oak oak_tree,a deciduous tree of the genus Quercus; has acorns and lobed leaves; "great oaks grow from little acorns"
6628,oak-leaved_goosefoot oakleaf_goosefoot Chenopodium_glaucum,annual European plant with spikes of greenish flowers and leaves that are white and hairy on the underside; common as a weed in North America
6629,oak_apple,oak gall caused by larvae of a cynipid wasp
6630,oak_chestnut,a tree of the genus Castanopsis
6631,oak_fern Gymnocarpium_dryopteris Thelypteris_dryopteris,bright blue-green fern widely distributed especially in damp acid woodlands of temperate northern hemisphere
6632,oat,annual grass of Europe and North Africa; grains used as food and fodder (referred to primarily in the plural: `oats')
6633,obeche obechi arere samba Triplochiton_scleroxcylon,large west African tree having large palmately lobed leaves and axillary cymose panicles of small white flowers and one-winged seeds; yields soft white to pale yellow wood
6634,obelion,the craniometric point on the sagittal suture near the lamboid suture
6635,object physical_object,a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow; "it was full of rackets, balls and other objects"
6636,oblanceolate_leaf,a leaf having a rounded apex and tapering base
6637,oblique_vein_of_the_left_atrium vena_obliqua_atrii_sinistri,a tributary of the coronary sinus; on the posterior wall of the left atrium
6638,oblong_leaf,a simple leaf that is rounded at each end with parallel sides
6639,obovate_leaf,an egg-shaped leaf with the narrower end at the base
6640,obsolescence,the process of becoming obsolete; falling into disuse or becoming out of date; "a policy of planned obsolescence"
6641,obturator_vein vena_obturatoria,a vein formed by the union of tributaries that drain the hip joints and thigh muscles; empties into the internal iliac vein
6642,obtuse_leaf,a simple leaf having a rounded or blunt tip
6643,oca oka Oxalis_tuberosa Oxalis_crenata,South American wood sorrel cultivated for its edible tubers
6644,occipital_bone,a saucer-shaped membrane bone that forms the back of the skull
6645,occipital_gyrus,any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
6646,occipital_lobe occipital_cortex,that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the head
6647,occipital_vein vena_occipitalis,a vein that drains the occipital region
6648,occipitomastoid_suture,the suture between the occipital and the temporal bones; a continuation of the lamboid suture
6649,occiput,back part of the head or skull
6650,occluded_front occlusion,(meteorology) a composite front when colder air surrounds a mass of warm air and forces it aloft
6651,ocean,a large body of water constituting a principal part of the hydrosphere
6652,oconee_bells Shortia_galacifolia,plant of southeastern United States having solitary white funnel-shaped flowers flushed with pink and large glossy green leaves that turn bronze-red in fall
6653,ocotillo coachwhip Jacob's_staff vine_cactus Fouquieria_splendens,desert shrub of southwestern United States and Mexico having slender naked spiny branches that after the rainy season put forth foliage and clusters of red flowers
6654,ocular_muscle eye_muscle,one of the small muscles of the eye that serve to rotate the eyeball
6655,oculomotor oculomotor_nerve nervus_oculomotorius third_cranial_nerve,supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye
6656,oculus_dexter OD,the right eye
6657,oculus_sinister OS,the left eye
6658,odd-pinnate_leaf,a pinnate leaf with a single leaflet at the apex
6659,odontoglossum,any of numerous and diverse orchids of the genus Odontoglossum having racemes of few to many showy usually large flowers in many colors
6660,odontoid_process,a toothlike process at the back of 2nd vertebra of the neck
6661,offing,the part of the sea that can be seen from the shore and is beyond the anchoring area; "there was a ship in the offing"
6662,offspring materialization materialisation,something that comes into existence as a result; "industrialism prepared the way for acceptance of the French Revolution's various socialistic offspring"; "this skyscraper is the solid materialization of his efforts"
6663,ohmage,the ohmic resistance of a conductor
6664,oil,a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water
6665,oil_gland,a gland that secretes oil
6666,oil_palm,pinnate-leaved palms of the genus Elaeis having dense clusters of crowded flowers and bright red fruit and yielding high quality palm oils
6667,oil_pressure,pressure that keeps oil on the moving parts of an internal-combustion engine
6668,oilseed oil-rich_seed,any of several seeds that yield oil
6669,okra,long green edible beaked pods of the okra plant
6670,okra gumbo okra_plant lady's-finger Abelmoschus_esculentus Hibiscus_esculentus,tall coarse annual of Old World tropics widely cultivated in southern United States and West Indies for its long mucilaginous green pods used as basis for soups and stews; sometimes placed in genus Hibiscus
6671,old_man_of_the_mountain alpine_sunflower Tetraneuris_grandiflora Hymenoxys_grandiflora,whitish hairy plant with featherlike leaves and a few stout stems each bearing an especially handsome solitary large yellow flower head; mountainous regions north central United States
6672,oleander_fern Oleandra_neriiformis Oleandra_mollis,tropical fern having leathery fronds resembling oleander; found from Asia to Polynesia
6673,oleaster,any of several shrubs of the genus Elaeagnus having silver-white twigs and yellow flowers followed by olivelike fruits
6674,olecranon olecranon_process,process of the ulna that forms the outer bump of the elbow and fits into the fossa of the humerus when the arm is extended
6675,oleo_oil,obtained from beef fat; used in making margarine and soap and in lubrication
6676,olfactory_bulb,one of two enlargements at the terminus of the olfactory nerve at the base of the brain just above the nasal cavities
6677,olfactory_nerve nervii_olfactorii first_cranial_nerve,a collective term for numerous olfactory filaments in the nasal mucosa
6678,oligodendroglia oligodendria,tissue consisting of glial cells with sheetlike processes that form the myelin sheath of nerve fibers
6679,oligomenorrhea,abnormally light or infrequent menstruation
6680,oligosaccharide,any of the carbohydrates that yield only a few monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
6681,oliguria,production of an abnormally small amount of urine
6682,olive,one-seeded fruit of the European olive tree usually pickled and used as a relish
6683,olive,small ovoid fruit of the European olive tree; important food and source of oil
6684,olive European_olive_tree Olea_europaea,evergreen tree cultivated in the Mediterranean region since antiquity and now elsewhere; has edible shiny black fruits
6685,olive_oil,oil from olives
6686,olive_tree,a tree of the genus Olea cultivated for its fruit
6687,ombu bella_sombra Phytolacca_dioica,fast-growing herbaceous evergreen tree of South America having a broad trunk with high water content and dark green oval leaves
6688,omentum,a fold of peritoneum supporting the viscera
6689,omission deletion,any process whereby sounds or words are left out of spoken words or phrases
6690,ommatidium,any of the numerous small cone-shaped eyes that make up the compound eyes of some arthropods
6691,omophagia,the eating of raw food
6692,oncidium dancing_lady_orchid butterfly_plant butterfly_orchid,any orchid of the genus Oncidium: characterized by slender branching sprays of small yellow and brown flowers; often grown as houseplants
6693,one-flowered_wintergreen one-flowered_pyrola Moneses_uniflora Pyrola_uniflora,delicate evergreen dwarf herb of north temperate regions having a solitary white terminal flower; sometimes placed in genus Pyrola
6694,one-night_stand,a brief sexual encounter lasting only for a single night; "he ran through a series of loveless one-night stands"
6695,onion,the bulb of an onion plant
6696,onion onion_plant Allium_cepa,bulbous plant having hollow leaves cultivated worldwide for its rounded edible bulb
6697,oogenesis,development of ova
6698,oospore,a thick-walled sexual spore that develops from a fertilized oosphere in some algae and fungi
6699,opacification,the process of becoming cloudy or opaque
6700,opacity,the phenomenon of not permitting the passage of electromagnetic radiation
6701,open_chain,a chain of atoms in a molecule whose ends are not joined to form a ring
6702,opepe Nauclea_diderrichii Sarcocephalus_diderrichii,large African forest tree yielding a strong hard yellow to golden brown lumber; sometimes placed in genus Sarcocephalus
6703,operation,(computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction); "it can perform millions of operations per second"
6704,operation functioning performance,process or manner of functioning or operating; "the power of its engine determines its operation"; "the plane's operation in high winds"; "they compared the cooking performance of each oven"; "the jet's performance conformed to high standards"
6705,operculum,a hard flap serving as a cover for (a) the gill slits in fishes or (b) the opening of the shell in certain gastropods when the body is retracted
6706,ophryon,the craniometric point in the midline of the forehead immediately above the orbits
6707,ophthalmic_artery arteria_ophthalmica,a branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the eye and neighboring structures
6708,ophthalmic_vein vena_ophthalmica,either of two veins that serve the eye; empties into the cavernous sinus
6709,opium_poppy Papaver_somniferum,southwestern Asian herb with greyish leaves and white or reddish flowers; source of opium
6710,opsin,retinal protein formed by the action of light on rhodopsin
6711,opsonin,an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes
6712,opsonization opsonisation,process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis
6713,optic_chiasma optic_chiasm chiasma_opticum,the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain
6714,optic_cup eyecup,(embryology) a two-walled cuplike depression that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina
6715,optic_nerve nervus_opticus second_cranial_nerve optic_tract,the cranial nerve that serves the retina
6716,optic_radiation radiatio_optica,a nerve pathway from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex
6717,optical_illusion,an optical phenomenon that results in a false or deceptive visual impression
6718,optical_opacity,opacity to light
6719,optical_phenomenon,a physical phenomenon related to or involving light
6720,orach orache,any of various herbaceous plants of the genus Atriplex that thrive in deserts and salt marshes
6721,oral_sex head,oral stimulation of the genitals; "they say he gives good head"
6722,oral_smear,alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the mouth
6723,orange,round yellow to orange fruit of any of several citrus trees
6724,orange orange_tree,any citrus tree bearing oranges
6725,orange-blossom_orchid Sarcochilus_falcatus,diminutive Australian orchid with loose racemes of fragrant white flowers with purple and orange markings on the lip
6726,orange_daisy orange_fleabane Erigeron_aurantiacus,mat-forming herb of Turkestan with nearly double orange-yellow flowers
6727,orange_grass nitweed pineweed pine-weed Hypericum_gentianoides,annual wiry-stemmed North American weed with minute scalelike leaves and small yellow flowers
6728,orange_hawkweed Pilosella_aurantiaca Hieracium_aurantiacum,European hawkweed having flower heads with bright orange-red rays; a troublesome weed especially as naturalized in northeastern North America; sometimes placed in genus Hieracium
6729,orange_milkwort yellow_milkwort candyweed yellow_bachelor's_button Polygala_lutea,bog plant of pine barrens of southeastern United States having spikes of irregular yellow-orange flowers
6730,orange_sneezeweed owlclaws Helenium_hoopesii,stout perennial herb of western United States having flower heads with drooping orange-yellow rays; causes spewing sickness in sheep
6731,orbiculate_leaf,circular or nearly circular leaf
6732,orbitale orbital_point,the craniometric point at the lowest point on the lower edge of the orbit
6733,orchard_grass cocksfoot cockspur Dactylis_glomerata,widely grown stout Old World hay and pasture grass
6734,orchid orchidaceous_plant,any of numerous plants of the orchid family usually having flowers of unusual shapes and beautiful colors
6735,orchis,any of various deciduous terrestrial orchids having fleshy tubers and flowers in erect terminal racemes
6736,oregano marjoram pot_marjoram wild_marjoram winter_sweet Origanum_vulgare,aromatic Eurasian perennial
6737,organ,a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function
6738,organ_of_Corti,the hearing organ of the inner ear; contains receptors that respond to sound waves
6739,organ_of_hearing,the part of the ear that is responsible for sensations of sound
6740,organelle cell_organelle cell_organ,a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ; "the first organelle to be identified was the nucleus"
6741,organic_phenomenon,(biology) a natural phenomenon involving living plants and animals
6742,organic_process biological_process,a process occurring in living organisms
6743,organification,the process of organ formation
6744,organism being,a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently
6745,oriental_cherry Japanese_cherry Japanese_flowering_cherry Prunus_serrulata,ornamental tree with inedible fruits widely cultivated in many varieties for its white blossoms
6746,oriental_plane Platanus_orientalis,large tree of southeastern Europe to Asia Minor
6747,oriental_poppy Papaver_orientale,commonly cultivated Asiatic perennial poppy having stiff heavily haired leaves and bright scarlet or pink to orange flowers
6748,oriental_spruce Picea_orientalis,evergreen tree of the Caucasus and Asia Minor used as an ornamental having pendulous branchlets
6749,orifice opening porta,an aperture or hole that opens into a bodily cavity; "the orifice into the aorta from the lower left chamber of the heart"
6750,origanum,any of various fragrant aromatic herbs of the genus Origanum used as seasonings
6751,origin,the source of something's existence or from which it derives or is derived; "the rumor had its origin in idle gossip"; "vegetable origins"; "mineral origin"; "origin in sensation"
6752,orogeny,the process of mountain formation (especially by the upward displacement of the earth's crust)
6753,oropharynx,cavity formed by the pharynx at the back of the mouth
6754,orpine orpin livelong live-forever Sedum_telephium,perennial northern temperate plant with toothed leaves and heads of small purplish-white flowers
6755,orrisroot orris,fragrant rootstock of various irises especially Florentine iris; used in perfumes and medicines
6756,orthotropous_ovule,a completely straight ovule with the micropyle at the apex
6757,os,a mouth or mouthlike opening
6758,osage_orange bow_wood mock_orange Maclura_pomifera,small shrubby deciduous yellowwood tree of south central United States having spines, glossy dark green leaves and an inedible fruit that resembles an orange; its hard orange-colored wood used for bows by Native Americans; frequently planted as boundary hedge
6759,oscillation,the process of oscillating between states
6760,osier,any of various willows having pliable twigs used in basketry and furniture
6761,osier,flexible twig of a willow tree
6762,osmoreceptor,sensory end organ that responds to changes in osmotic pressure
6763,osmosis,(biology, chemistry) diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
6764,osmotic_pressure,(physical chemistry) the pressure exerted by a solution necessary to prevent osmosis into that solution when it is separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane
6765,ossicle bonelet ossiculum,a small bone; especially one in the middle ear
6766,ossification,the calcification of soft tissue into a bonelike material
6767,ossification,the developmental process of bone formation
6768,ossification,the process of becoming rigidly fixed in a conventional pattern of thought or behavior
6769,osteolysis,lysis of bone caused by disease or infection or inadequate blood supply
6770,osteophyte,small abnormal bony outgrowth
6771,ostiole,a small pore especially one in the reproductive bodies of certain algae and fungi through which spores pass
6772,ostrich_fern shuttlecock_fern fiddlehead Matteuccia_struthiopteris Pteretis_struthiopteris Onoclea_struthiopteris,tall fern of northern temperate regions having graceful arched fronds and sporophylls resembling ostrich plumes
6773,othonna,a South African plant of the genus Othonna having smooth often fleshy leaves and heads of yellow flowers
6774,otic_ganglion otoganglion,an autonomic ganglion whose postganglionic fibers are distributed to the parotid gland
6775,outcrop outcropping rock_outcrop,the part of a rock formation that appears above the surface of the surrounding land
6776,outer_planet,(astronomy) a major planet whose orbit is outside the asteroid belt (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto)
6777,outercourse,sexual stimulation without vaginal penetration; "since pregnancy cannot happen if sperm are kept out of the vagina, outercourse is one method of birth control"
6778,outflow effluence efflux,the process of flowing out
6779,outgrowth branch offshoot offset,a natural consequence of development
6780,outthrust,an outcropping of rock that extends outward
6781,ovarian_artery arteria_ovarica,the artery that branches from the aorta and supplies blood to the ovaries
6782,ovarian_vein vena_ovarica,one of the veins that drain the ovaries; the right opens into the inferior vena cava; the left opens into the left renal vein
6783,ovary,(vertebrates) one of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone
6784,ovary,the organ that bears the ovules of a flower
6785,ovate_leaf,an egg-shaped leaf with the broader end at the base
6786,overactivity,excessive activity; "overactivity of the sebaceous glands causes the skin to become oily"
6787,overcompensation,(psychiatry) an attempt to overcome a real or imagined defect or unwanted trait by overly exaggerating its opposite
6788,overcup_oak Quercus_lyrata,medium-large deciduous timber tree of central and southern United States; acorns deeply immersed in the cup and mature in first year
6789,overflow_incontinence,urinary incontinence that occurs when the bladder is so full that it continually leaks urine; often attributable to a blocked urethra (e.g., due to prostate enlargement) or weak bladder muscles or nerve damage
6790,overheating,excessive heating
6791,overlip,the upper lip
6792,overpressure,a transient air pressure greater than the surrounding atmospheric pressure; "the overpressure of the blast kills by lethal concussion"
6793,overreaction,an excessive reaction; a reaction with inappropriate emotional behavior
6794,ovipositor,egg-laying tubular structure at the end of the abdomen in many female insects and some fishes
6795,ovotestis,hermaphroditic gonad that contains both testicular and ovarian tissue
6796,ovulation,the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary (usually midway in the menstrual cycle)
6797,ovule,a small body that contains the female germ cell of a plant; develops into a seed after fertilization
6798,oxalis sorrel wood_sorrel,any plant or flower of the genus Oxalis
6799,oxbow_lake,a crescent-shaped lake (often temporary) that is formed when a meander of a river is cut off from the main channel
6800,oxeye,Eurasian perennial herbs having daisylike flowers with yellow rays and dark centers
6801,oxeye_daisy Leucanthemum_maximum Chrysanthemum_maximum,similar to oxeye daisy
6802,oxeye_daisy ox-eyed_daisy marguerite moon_daisy white_daisy Leucanthemum_vulgare Chrysanthemum_leucanthemum,tall leafy-stemmed Eurasian perennial with white flowers; widely naturalized; often placed in genus Chrysanthemum
6803,oxidase,any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation
6804,oxidation oxidization oxidisation,the process of oxidizing; the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons; always occurs accompanied by reduction
6805,oxidation-reduction oxidoreduction redox,a reversible chemical reaction in which one reaction is an oxidation and the reverse is a reduction
6806,oxidative_phosphorylation,an enzymatic process in cell metabolism that synthesizes ATP from ADP
6807,oxidoreductase,an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction
6808,oxlip paigle Primula_elatior,Eurasian primrose with yellow flowers clustered in a one-sided umbel
6809,oxtail,the skinned tail of cattle; used especially for soups
6810,oxtongue bristly_oxtongue bitterweed bugloss Picris_echioides,widespread European weed with spiny tongue-shaped leaves and yellow flowers; naturalized in United States
6811,oxygenase,an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen
6812,oxygenation,the process of providing or combining or treating with oxygen; "the oxygenation of the blood"
6813,oxyhemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin,the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs; "oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body"
6814,oyster_shell,a shell of an oyster
6815,pacemaker cardiac_pacemaker sinoatrial_node SA_node,a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat
6816,pachysandra,any plant of the genus Pachysandra; low-growing evergreen herbs or subshrubs having dentate leaves and used as ground cover
6817,pacifier,anything that serves to pacify
6818,pad,the fleshy cushion-like underside of an animal's foot or of a human's finger
6819,pad,the large floating leaf of an aquatic plant (as the water lily)
6820,padauk padouk amboyna Pterocarpus_indicus,tree native to southeastern Asia having reddish wood with a mottled or striped black grain
6821,pageboy,a smooth hair style with the ends of the hair curled inward
6822,pagoda_tree temple_tree Plumeria_acutifolia,frangipani of India having an erect habit and conical form; grown in temple gardens
6823,pahautea Libocedrus_bidwillii mountain_pine,evergreen tree of New Zealand resembling the kawaka
6824,painted_daisy pyrethrum Tanacetum_coccineum Chrysanthemum_coccineum,spring-flowering garden perennial of Asiatic origin having finely divided aromatic leaves and white to pink-purple flowers; source of an insecticide; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum
6825,painted_nettle Joseph's_coat Coleus_blumei Solenostemon_blumei Solenostemon_scutellarioides,perennial aromatic herb of southeastern Asia having large usually bright-colored or blotched leaves and spikes of blue-violet flowers; sometimes placed in genus Solenostemon
6826,painted_tongue Salpiglossis_sinuata,Chilean herb having velvety funnel-shaped yellowish or violet flowers with long tonguelike styles at the corolla throat
6827,pair_production pair_creation pair_formation,the transformation of a gamma-ray photon into an electron and a positron when the photon passes close to an atomic nucleus
6828,palatine palatine_bone os_palatinum,either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits
6829,palatine_artery arteria_palatina,one of several arteries supplying the face
6830,palatine_vein vena_palatina,a vein that drains the region of the palate and empties into the facial vein
6831,pale_violet striped_violet cream_violet Viola_striata,leafy-stemmed violet of eastern North America having large white or creamy flowers faintly marked with purple
6832,paleencephalon paleoencephalon palaeencephalon,the more primitive parts of the brain phylogenetically; most structures other than the cerebral cortex
6833,paleocerebellum,the anterior lobe of the cerebellum which was one of the earliest parts of the hindbrain to develop in mammals
6834,palingenesis recapitulation,emergence during embryonic development of various characters or structures that appeared during the evolutionary history of the strain or species
6835,pallasite,a meteorite composed principally of olivine and metallic iron
6836,pallidum globus_pallidus paleostriatum,the inner pale yellow part of the lenticular nucleus
6837,palm palm_tree,any plant of the family Palmae having an unbranched trunk crowned by large pinnate or palmate leaves
6838,palm thenar,the inner surface of the hand from the wrist to the base of the fingers
6839,palm_nut palm_kernel,seed of any oil palm
6840,palm_oil,oil from nuts of oil palms especially the African oil palm
6841,palmate_leaf,a leaf resembling an open hand; having lobes radiating from a common point
6842,palmetto,any of several low-growing palms with fan-shaped leaves
6843,palmyra palmyra_palm toddy_palm wine_palm lontar longar_palm Borassus_flabellifer,tall fan palm of Africa and India and Malaysia yielding a hard wood and sweet sap that is a source of palm wine and sugar; leaves used for thatching and weaving
6844,palo_santo Bulnesia_sarmienti,South American tree of dry interior regions of Argentina and Paraguay having resinous heartwood used for incense
6845,palo_verde Parkinsonia_florida Cercidium_floridum,densely branched spiny tree of southwestern United States having showy yellow flowers and blue-green bark; sometimes placed in genus Cercidium
6846,paloverde,a thorny shrub of the genus Cercidium that grows in dry parts of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico; has smooth light green bark and racemes of yellow flowers and small leaves
6847,palpebra_conjunctiva conjunctival_layer_of_eyelids tunica_conjunctiva_palpebrarum,the part of the conjunctiva lining the posterior surface of the eyelids; continuous with the bulbar conjunctiva
6848,palpebration,repeated blinking or winking (especially if uncontrolled and persistent)
6849,pampas_grass Cortaderia_selloana,tall perennial grass of pampas of South America having silvery plumes and growing in large dense clumps
6850,pancreas,a large elongated exocrine gland located behind the stomach; secretes pancreatic juice and insulin
6851,pancreatic_artery arteria_pancreatica,a branch of the splenic artery that supplies the pancreas
6852,pancreatic_duct,a duct connecting the pancreas with the intestine
6853,pancreatic_vein venae_pancreatica,veins draining the pancreas and emptying into the superior mesenteric and splenic veins
6854,pandanus screw_pine,any of various Old World tropical palmlike trees having huge prop roots and edible conelike fruits and leaves like pineapple leaves
6855,pandiculation,yawning and stretching (as when first waking up)
6856,pandurate_leaf panduriform_leaf,a fiddle-shaped leaf
6857,panic_grass,any grass of the genus Panicum; grown for grain and fodder
6858,panicle,compound raceme or branched cluster of flowers
6859,panicled_aster,a variety of aster
6860,pansy Viola_tricolor_hortensis,large-flowered garden plant derived chiefly from the wild pansy of Europe and having velvety petals of various colors
6861,pansy_orchid,any of various orchids of the genus Miltonia having solitary or loosely racemose showy broadly spreading flowers
6862,panting heaving,breathing heavily (as after exertion)
6863,papain,a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer
6864,papaw pawpaw,fruit with yellow flesh; related to custard apples
6865,papaya,large oval melon-like tropical fruit with yellowish flesh
6866,papaya papaia pawpaw papaya_tree melon_tree Carica_papaya,tropical American shrub or small tree having huge deeply palmately cleft leaves and large oblong yellow fruit
6867,paper_chromatography,chromatography that uses selective adsorption on a strip of paper
6868,paper_electrophoresis carrier_electrophoresis,electrophoresis carried out on filter paper
6869,paper_flower Bougainvillea_glabra,Brazilian vine that tends to flower continuously
6870,paper_mulberry Broussonetia_papyrifera,shrubby Asiatic tree having bark (tapa) that resembles cloth; grown as a shade tree in Europe and America; male flowers are pendulous catkins and female are urn-shaped followed by small orange-red aggregate berries
6871,paper_white Narcissus_papyraceus,a daffodil having star-shaped white blossoms; often grown indoors to bloom in the winter
6872,papilla,(botany) a tiny outgrowth on the surface of a petal or leaf
6873,papilla,a small nipple-shaped protuberance concerned with taste, touch, or smell; "the papillae of the tongue"
6874,papilla,a small projection of tissue at the base of a hair or tooth or feather
6875,papillary_muscle,any of several muscles associated with the atrioventricular valves; "the papillary muscles contract during systole to prevent regurgitation of blood into the atria"
6876,paradise_tree bitterwood Simarouba_glauca,medium to large tree of tropical North and South America having odd-pinnate leaves and long panicles of small pale yellow flowers followed by scarlet fruits
6877,paraduodenal_smear duodenal_smear,alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the duodenum
6878,paraffin paraffin_wax,from crude petroleum; used for candles and for preservative or waterproof coatings
6879,parafovea,area of the retina immediately surrounding the fovea
6880,parallax,the apparent displacement of an object as seen from two different points that are not on a line with the object
6881,parallel-veined_leaf,a leaf whose veins run in parallel from the stem
6882,parallel_operation simultaneous_operation,the simultaneous execution of two or more operations
6883,paramagnetism,materials like aluminum or platinum become magnetized in a magnetic field but it disappears when the field is removed
6884,paranasal_sinus sinus_paranasales nasal_sinus,any of the paired sinuses in the bones of the face adjacent to the nasal cavity that are lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the lining of the nasal cavities
6885,paraphilia,abnormal sexual activity
6886,parapodium,one of a pair of fleshy appendages of a polychete annelid that functions in locomotion and breathing
6887,parasympathetic_nervous_system parasympathetic,originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system: stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels
6888,parathyroid_gland parathyroid,any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland
6889,paraumbilical_vein vena_paraumbilicalis,small veins arising in skin around the navel; terminate as accessory portal veins
6890,parenchyma,animal tissue that constitutes the essential part of an organ as contrasted with e.g. connective tissue and blood vessels
6891,parenchyma,the primary tissue of higher plants composed of thin-walled cells that remain capable of cell division even when mature; constitutes the greater part of leaves, roots, the pulp of fruits, and the pith of stems
6892,parietal_bone,either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium
6893,parietal_gyrus,any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum
6894,parietal_lobe parietal_cortex,that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head
6895,parietal_pericardium,the tough outermost layer of the pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum
6896,parietal_placentation,where ovules develop on the wall or slight outgrowths of the wall forming broken partitions within a compound ovary
6897,parietal_pleura,pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm
6898,parieto-occipital_sulcus parieto-occipital_fissure,a sulcus near the posterior end of each hemisphere that separates the parietal lobes and the occipital lobes in both hemispheres
6899,parietomastoid_suture,the suture between the parietal and the temporal bones
6900,paring sliver shaving,a thin fragment or slice (especially of wood) that has been shaved from something
6901,parotid_gland,a large salivary gland that produces 50% of daytime saliva; in human beings it is located in front of and below each ear
6902,parotid_vein,parotid branches of the facial vein; they drain part of the parotid gland and empty into the retromandibular vein
6903,parrot's_beak parrot's_bill Clianthus_puniceus,evergreen shrub with scarlet to white clawlike or beaklike flowers; New Zealand
6904,pars_distilis pars_anterior,the anterior part of the anterior pituitary
6905,pars_intermedia,a thin piece of tissue that has become part of the posterior pituitary
6906,parsley Petroselinum_crispum,annual or perennial herb with aromatic leaves
6907,parsley_haw parsley-leaved_thorn Crataegus_apiifolia Crataegus_marshallii,southern United States hawthorn with pinnately lobed leaves
6908,parsnip,the whitish root of cultivated parsnip
6909,parsnip Pastinaca_sativa,a strong-scented plant cultivated for its edible root
6910,part piece,a portion of a natural object; "they analyzed the river into three parts"; "he needed a piece of granite"
6911,parted_leaf,a leaf having margins incised almost to the base so as to create distinct divisions or lobes
6912,parthenocarpy,(botany) the development of a fruit without fertilization or seeds
6913,parthenogenesis parthenogeny,process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual; common among insects and some other arthropods
6914,parthenogenesis parthenogeny virgin_birth,human conception without fertilization by a man
6915,partial_veil,membrane of the young sporophore of various mushrooms extending from the margin of the cap to the stem and is ruptured by growth; represented in mature mushroom by an annulus around the stem and sometimes a cortina on the margin of the cap
6916,particle subatomic_particle,a body having finite mass and internal structure but negligible dimensions
6917,particle_beam,a collimated flow of particles (atoms or electrons or molecules)
6918,particolored_buckeye,a buckeye marked by different colors or tints
6919,partition,(anatomy) a structure that separates areas in an organism
6920,partridge_pea sensitive_pea wild_sensitive_plant Chamaecrista_fasciculata Cassia_fasciculata,tropical American plant having leaflets somewhat sensitive to the touch; sometimes placed in genus Cassia
6921,partridgeberry boxberry twinberry Mitchella_repens,creeping woody plant of eastern North America with shiny evergreen leaves and scarlet berries
6922,parturiency labor labour confinement lying-in travail childbed,concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child; "she was in labor for six hours"
6923,parturition birth giving_birth birthing,the process of giving birth
6924,pasqueflower pasque_flower,any plant of the genus Pulsatilla; sometimes included in genus Anemone
6925,passage passageway,a path or channel or duct through or along which something may pass; "the nasal passages"
6926,passage passing,a bodily reaction of changing from one place or stage to another; "the passage of air from the lungs"; "the passing of flatus"
6927,passion_fruit,egg-shaped tropical fruit of certain passionflower vines; used for sherbets and confectionery and drinks
6928,passionflower passionflower_vine,any of various chiefly tropical American vines some bearing edible fruit
6929,passive_transport,transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion; expenditure of energy is not required
6930,pastern fetter_bone,the part between the fetlock and the hoof
6931,patchouli patchouly pachouli Pogostemon_cablin,small East Indian shrubby mint; fragrant oil from its leaves is used in perfumes
6932,patella kneecap kneepan,a small flat triangular bone in front of the knee that protects the knee joint
6933,patent_ductus_arteriosus,a ductus arteriosus that failed to close at birth; may require surgical correction
6934,pathogenesis,the origination and development of a disease
6935,pathologic_process pathological_process,an organic process occurring as a consequence of disease
6936,pavonia,any of various evergreen plants of the genus Pavonia having white or yellow or purple flowers
6937,paw,a clawed foot of an animal especially a quadruped
6938,pawpaw papaw papaw_tree Asimina_triloba,small tree native to the eastern United States having oblong leaves and fleshy fruit
6939,pea,the fruit or seed of a pea plant
6940,pea pea_plant,a leguminous plant of the genus Pisum with small white flowers and long green pods containing edible green seeds
6941,pea_pod peasecod,husk of a pea; edible in some garden peas
6942,pea_soup pea-souper,a heavy thick yellow fog
6943,pea_tree caragana,any plant of the genus Caragana having even-pinnate leaves and mostly yellow flowers followed by seeds in a linear pod
6944,peace_process,any social process undertaken by governments who want their citizens to believe they are trying to avoid armed hostilities
6945,peach,downy juicy fruit with sweet yellowish or whitish flesh
6946,peach peach_tree Prunus_persica,cultivated in temperate regions
6947,peach_bells peach_bell willow_bell Campanula_persicifolia,perennial European bellflower with racemose white or blue flowers
6948,peach_pit,the stone seed of a peach
6949,peachleaf_willow peach-leaved_willow almond-leaves_willow Salix_amygdaloides,willow of the western United States with leaves like those of peach or almond trees
6950,peanut,underground pod of the peanut vine
6951,peanut earthnut goober goober_pea groundnut monkey_nut,pod of the peanut vine containing usually 2 nuts or seeds; `groundnut' and `monkey nut' are British terms
6952,peanut peanut_vine Arachis_hypogaea,widely cultivated American plant cultivated in tropical and warm regions; showy yellow flowers on stalks that bend over to the soil so that seed pods ripen underground
6953,peanut_oil groundnut_oil,an oil from peanuts; used in cooking and making soap
6954,pear,sweet juicy gritty-textured fruit available in many varieties
6955,pear pear_tree Pyrus_communis,Old World tree having sweet gritty-textured juicy fruit; widely cultivated in many varieties
6956,pearl_millet bulrush_millet cattail_millet Pennisetum_glaucum Pennisetum_Americanum,tall grass having cattail like spikes; grown in Africa and Asia for its grain and in the United States chiefly for forage; sometimes used in making beer
6957,pearl_sago,sago ground into small round grains
6958,pearly_everlasting cottonweed Anaphalis_margaritacea,an American everlasting having foliage with soft wooly hairs and corymbose heads with pearly white bracts
6959,pebble,a small smooth rounded rock
6960,pecan,smooth brown oval nut of south central United States
6961,pecan pecan_tree Carya_illinoensis Carya_illinoinsis,tree of southern United States and Mexico cultivated for its nuts
6962,pecopteris,Carboniferous fossil fern characterized by a regular arrangement of the leaflets resembling a comb
6963,pectin,any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables; used in making fruit jellies and jams
6964,pectoral pectoral_muscle pectoralis musculus_pectoralis pecs,either of two large muscles of the chest
6965,pectoral_fin,either of a pair of fins situated just behind the head in fishes that help control the direction of movement
6966,pectoral_girdle,a skeletal support to which the forelimbs of vertebrates are attached
6967,pectoral_vein vena_pectoralis,veins that drain the pectoral muscles and empty into the subclavian vein
6968,pectoralis_major musculus_pectoralis_major greater_pectoral_muscle,a skeletal muscle that adducts and rotates the arm
6969,pectoralis_minor musculus_pectoralis_minor smaller_pectoral_muscle,a skeletal muscle that draws down the scapula or raises the ribs
6970,pedate_leaf,a leaf having the radiating lobes each deeply cleft or divided
6971,pederasty paederasty,sexual relations between a man and a boy (usually anal intercourse with the boy as a passive partner)
6972,pedicel pedicle,a small stalk bearing a single flower of an inflorescence; an ultimate division of a common peduncle
6973,pedophilia paedophilia,a sexual attraction to children
6974,peduncle,stalk bearing an inflorescence or solitary flower
6975,peduncle cerebral_peduncle,a bundle of myelinated neurons joining different parts of the brain
6976,peeing pee pissing piss,informal terms for urination; "he took a pee"
6977,peeper,an informal term referring to the eye
6978,pellicle,thin protective membrane in some protozoa
6979,pellitory pellitory-of-Spain Anacyclus_pyrethrum,a small Mediterranean plant containing a volatile oil once used to relieve toothache
6980,pellitory-of-the-wall wall_pellitory pellitory Parietaria_difussa,herb that grows in crevices having long narrow leaves and small pink apetalous flowers
6981,peltate_leaf,a shield-shaped leaf; as a nasturtium leaf
6982,pelvic_cavity,the space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and containing the pelvic viscera
6983,pelvic_fin ventral_fin,either of a pair of fins attached to the pelvic girdle in fishes that help control the direction of movement; correspond to hind limbs of a land vertebrate
6984,pelvis pelvic_girdle pelvic_arch hip,the structure of the vertebrate skeleton supporting the lower limbs in humans and the hind limbs or corresponding parts in other vertebrates
6985,pelvis renal_pelvis,a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the ureter
6986,penetration,the act (by a man) of inserting his penis into the vagina of a woman
6987,penicillinase beta-lactamase,enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic
6988,penis phallus member,the male sex organ (`member' is a euphemism)
6989,pennon pinion,wing of a bird
6990,pennycress,any of several plants of the genus Thlaspi
6991,pennyroyal American_pennyroyal Hedeoma_pulegioides,erect hairy branching American herb having purple-blue flowers; yields an essential oil used as an insect repellent and sometimes in folk medicine
6992,pennyroyal Mentha_pulegium,Eurasian perennial mint have small lilac-blue flowers and ovate leaves; yields an aromatic oil
6993,pennyroyal_oil,oil from European pennyroyal having an odor like mint; used chiefly in soaps
6994,pennyroyal_oil hedeoma_oil,aromatic oil from American pennyroyal
6995,pentose,any monosaccharide sugar containing five atoms of carbon per molecule
6996,peony paeony,any of numerous plants widely cultivated for their showy single or double red or pink or white flowers
6997,peperomia,any of various plants of the genus Peperomia; grown primarily for their often succulent foliage
6998,pepper common_pepper black_pepper white_pepper Madagascar_pepper Piper_nigrum,climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam
6999,pepper_shrub Pseudowintera_colorata Wintera_colorata,evergreen shrub or small tree whose foliage is conspicuously blotched with red and yellow and having small black fruits
7000,pepper_tree Kirkia_wilmsii,small African deciduous tree with spreading crown having leaves clustered toward ends of branches and clusters of creamy flowers resembling lilacs
7001,pepper_tree molle Peruvian_mastic_tree Schinus_molle,small Peruvian evergreen with broad rounded head and slender pendant branches with attractive clusters of greenish flowers followed by clusters of rose-pink fruits
7002,peppermint Mentha_piperita,herb with downy leaves and small purple or white flowers that yields a pungent oil used as a flavoring
7003,pepsin,an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones
7004,pepsinogen,precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach
7005,peptide_bond peptide_linkage,the primary linkage of all protein structures; the chemical bond between the carboxyl groups and amino groups that unites a peptide
7006,peptization peptisation,the process of converting to a sol; bringing to a colloidal solution
7007,percolation infiltration,the slow passage of a liquid through a filtering medium; "the percolation of rainwater through the soil"; "the infiltration of seawater through the lava"
7008,perennation,the process of living through a number of years (as a perennial plant)
7009,perennial_ryegrass English_ryegrass Lolium_perenne,European perennial grass widely cultivated for pasture and hay and as a lawn grass
7010,perennial_salt_marsh_aster,a variety of aster
7011,perfoliate_leaf,a leaf with the base united around--and apparently pierced by--the stem
7012,perforated_eardrum,an eardrum with a hole or tear in it; can interfere with normal hearing and cause other ear problems
7013,perforating_vein vena_perforantis,veins that accompany the perforating arteries; drain leg muscles; empty into the deep femoral vein
7014,perianth chlamys floral_envelope perigone perigonium,collective term for the outer parts of a flower consisting of the calyx and corolla and enclosing the stamens and pistils
7015,periarterial_plexus plexus_periarterialis,an autonomic plexus that accompanies an artery
7016,pericardial_cavity pericardial_space,the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement
7017,pericardial_sac,the membrane surrounding the heart
7018,pericardial_vein vena_pericardiaca,several small veins from the pericardium
7019,pericardium,a serous membrane with two layers that surrounds the heart
7020,pericarp seed_vessel,the ripened and variously modified walls of a plant ovary
7021,peridium,outer layer of the spore-bearing organ in many fungi
7022,perimysium,the sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers
7023,perineal_artery arteria_perinealis,a branch of the internal pudendal artery that supplies superficial structures of the perineum
7024,perineum,the general region between the anus and the genital organs
7025,perineurium,the sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of nerve fibers
7026,periodic_breathing Cheyne-Stokes_respiration,abnormal respiration in which periods of shallow and deep breathing alternate
7027,periosteum,a dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles; contains nerves and blood vessels that nourish the enclosed bone
7028,peripheral_nervous_system systema_nervosum_periphericum,the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord
7029,perisperm,the nutritive tissue outside the sac containing the embryo in some seeds
7030,peristalsis vermiculation,the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along
7031,peristome,(botany) fringe of toothlike appendages surrounding the mouth of a moss capsule
7032,peristome,region around the mouth in various invertebrates
7033,perithecium,flask-shaped ascocarp
7034,perithelium,tissue layer around small blood vessels
7035,peritoneal_cavity greater_peritoneal_sac,the interior of the peritoneum; a potential space between layers of the peritoneum
7036,peritoneum,a transparent membrane that lines the abdominal cavity in mammals and covers most of the viscera
7037,periwinkle,chiefly trailing poisonous plants with blue flowers
7038,periwinkle rose_periwinkle Madagascar_periwinkle old_maid Cape_periwinkle red_periwinkle cayenne_jasmine Catharanthus_roseus Vinca_rosea,commonly cultivated Old World woody herb having large pinkish to red flowers
7039,permanent_tooth adult_tooth,any of the 32 teeth that replace the deciduous teeth of early childhood and (with luck) can last until old age
7040,permanent_wave permanent perm,a series of waves in the hair made by applying heat and chemicals
7041,permeation pervasion suffusion,the process of permeating or infusing something with a substance
7042,peroneal_vein fibular_vein vena_peroneus,accompany the peroneal arteries; arising in the heel and running up the back of the leg to join the posterior tibial veins of the popliteal vein
7043,peroneus,muscle of the lower leg that is involved in moving the foot
7044,peroxidase,any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide
7045,persimmon,orange fruit resembling a plum; edible when fully ripe
7046,persimmon persimmon_tree,any of several tropical trees of the genus Diospyros
7047,person,a human body (usually including the clothing); "a weapon was hidden on his person"
7048,perspiration sweating diaphoresis sudation hidrosis,the process of the sweat glands of the skin secreting a salty fluid; "perspiration is a homeostatic process"
7049,perturbation,(physics) a secondary influence on a system that causes it to deviate slightly
7050,perversion sexual_perversion,an aberrant sexual practice
7051,petal flower_petal,part of the perianth that is usually brightly colored
7052,petiole leafstalk,the slender stem that supports the blade of a leaf
7053,petiolule,the stalk of a leaflet
7054,petrifaction,a rock created by petrifaction; an organic object infiltrated with mineral matter and preserved in its original form
7055,petrifaction petrification,the process of turning some plant material into stone by infiltration with water carrying mineral particles without changing the original shape
7056,petroleum crude_oil crude rock_oil fossil_oil oil,a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons
7057,petty_spurge devil's_milk Euphorbia_peplus,an Old World spurge introduced as a weed in the eastern United States
7058,petunia,any of numerous tropical herbs having fluted funnel-shaped flowers
7059,phagocytosis,process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection
7060,phaius,an orchid of the genus Phaius having large plicate leaves and racemes of showy flowers
7061,phalanx,any of the bones of the fingers or toes
7062,phalsa Grewia_asiatica,drought-resistant Asiatic treelike shrub bearing pleasantly acid small red edible fruits commonly used in sherbets
7063,phantom_orchid snow_orchid Eburophyton_austinae,waxy white nearly leafless plant with stems in clusters and racemes of white flowers; northwestern United States to northern California and east to Idaho
7064,pharyngeal_reflex gag_reflex,normal reflex consisting of retching; may be produced by touching the soft palate in the back of the mouth
7065,pharyngeal_tonsil adenoid Luschka's_tonsil third_tonsil tonsilla_pharyngealis tonsilla_adenoidea,a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx); "hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils is called adenoids"; "enlarged adenoids may restrict the breathing of children"
7066,pharyngeal_vein vena_pharyngeus,veins from the pharyngeal plexus that empty into the internal jugular vein
7067,phase form,(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary; "the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system"
7068,phase_change phase_transition state_change physical_change,a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition
7069,pheasant's-eye Adonis_annua,Eurasian herb cultivated for its deep red flowers with dark centers
7070,phellem cork,(botany) outer tissue of bark; a protective layer of dead cells
7071,phenomenon,any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning
7072,philadelphus,any of various chiefly deciduous ornamental shrubs of the genus Philadelphus having white sweet-scented flowers, single or in clusters; widely grown in temperate regions
7073,philodendron,often grown as a houseplant
7074,phloem bast,(botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed; consists primarily of sieve tubes
7075,phlomis,any of various plants of the genus Phlomis; grown primarily for their dense whorls of lipped flowers and attractive foliage
7076,phlox,any polemoniaceous plant of the genus Phlox; chiefly North American; cultivated for their clusters of flowers
7077,phosphatase,any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates
7078,phospholipid,any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes
7079,phosphoprotein,containing chemically bound phosphoric acid
7080,phosphorescence,a fluorescence that persists after the bombarding radiation has ceased
7081,photochemical_exchange,an exchange produced by the chemical action of radiant energy (especially light)
7082,photochemical_reaction,a chemical reaction produced by the action of light
7083,photoconductivity photoconduction,change in the electrical conductivity of a substance as a result of absorbing electromagnetic radiation
7084,photoelectric_emission,the release or absorption of quanta above a certain energy level
7085,photoelectricity,electricity generated by light or affected by light
7086,photoelectron,an electron that is emitted from an atom or molecule by an incident photon
7087,photoemission,an emission of photoelectrons (especially from a metallic surface)
7088,photography,the process of producing images of objects on photosensitive surfaces
7089,photomechanics photoplate_making,the process whereby printing surfaces (plates or cylinders) are produced by photographic methods; "photomechanics revolutionized the practice of printing"
7090,photon,a quantum of electromagnetic radiation; an elementary particle that is its own antiparticle
7091,photosynthesis,synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants)
7092,phototropism,an orienting response to light
7093,phragmocone phragmacone,the thin conical chambered internal shell (either straight or curved) of a belemnite
7094,phrenic_nerve nervus_phrenicus,one of a pair of nerves that arises from cervical spinal roots and passes down the thorax to innervate the diaphragm and control breathing
7095,phrenic_vein vena_phrenica,either of two veins that drain the diaphragm
7096,phycomycosis,any fungal infection caused by fungi of the Phycomycetes group
7097,phyllode,an expanded petiole taking on the function of a leaf blade
7098,physic_nut Jatropha_curcus,small tropical American tree yielding purple dye and a tanning extract and bearing physic nuts containing a purgative oil that is poisonous in large quantities
7099,physical_entity,an entity that has physical existence
7100,physical_phenomenon,a natural phenomenon involving the physical properties of matter and energy
7101,physiological_sphincter,a sphincter that is not recognizable at autopsy because its resting arrangement cannot be distinguished from adjacent tissue
7102,physostegia,any of various plants of the genus Physostegia having sessile linear to oblong leaves and showy white or rose or lavender flowers
7103,pia Indian_arrowroot Tacca_leontopetaloides Tacca_pinnatifida,perennial herb of East Indies to Polynesia and Australia; cultivated for its large edible root yielding Otaheite arrowroot starch
7104,pia_mater,the highly vascular innermost of the 3 meninges
7105,piassava_palm pissaba_palm Bahia_piassava bahia_coquilla Attalea_funifera,Brazilian palm yielding fibers used in making ropes, mats, and brushes
7106,pichi Fabiana_imbricata,Peruvian shrub with small pink to lavender tubular flowers; leaves yield a tonic and diuretic
7107,pickaback_plant piggyback_plant youth-on-age Tolmiea_menziesii,vigorous perennial herb with flowers in erect racemes and having young plants develop at the junction of a leaf blade and the leafstalk
7108,pickerelweed pickerel_weed wampee Pontederia_cordata,American plant having spikes of blue flowers and growing in shallow water of streams and ponds
7109,pie_plant garden_rhubarb Rheum_cultorum Rheum_rhabarbarum Rheum_rhaponticum,long cultivated hybrid of Rheum palmatum; stems often cooked in pies or as sauce or preserves
7110,piezoelectricity piezoelectric_effect piezo_effect,electricity produced by mechanical pressure on certain crystals (notably quartz or Rochelle salt); alternatively, electrostatic stress produces a change in the linear dimensions of the crystal
7111,pigeon_pea pigeon-pea_plant cajan_pea catjang_pea red_gram dhal dahl Cajanus_cajan,tropical woody herb with showy yellow flowers and flat pods; much cultivated in the tropics
7112,pigmentation,the deposition of pigment in animals or plants or human beings
7113,pigmy_talinum Talinum_brevifolium,low plant with crowded narrow succulent leaves and fairly large deep pink axillary flowers that seem to sit on the ground; southwestern United States
7114,pignut pignut_hickory brown_hickory black_hickory Carya_glabra,an American hickory tree having bitter nuts
7115,pigtail,a plait of braided hair
7116,pigweed Amaranthus_hypochondriacus,leaves sometimes used as potherbs; seeds used as cereal; southern United States to Central America; India and China
7117,pillwort Pilularia_globulifera,European water fern found around margins of bodies of water or in wet acid soil having small globose sporocarps
7118,pilomotor_reflex gooseflesh goose_bump goosebump goose_pimple goose_skin horripilation,reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation
7119,pilus,hairlike structure especially on the surface of a cell or microorganism
7120,pimpernel,any of several plants of the genus Anagallis
7121,pin peg stick,informal terms for the leg; "fever left him weak on his sticks"
7122,pin_cherry Prunus_pensylvanica,small shrubby North American wild cherry with small bright red acid fruit
7123,pin_curl,a curl of hair made by dampening a strand of hair and curling it and holding the curl with a clip or bobby pin
7124,pin_oak swamp_oak Quercus_palustris,fast-growing medium to large pyramidal deciduous tree of northeastern United States and southeastern Canada having deeply pinnatifid leaves that turn bright red in autumn; thrives in damp soil
7125,pine pine_tree true_pine,a coniferous tree
7126,pine-barren_sandwort longroot Arenaria_caroliniana,deep-rooted perennial of southeastern United States
7127,pine_fern Anemia_adiantifolia,fern of Florida and West Indies and Central America with rhizome densely clad in grown hairs
7128,pine_hyacinth Clematis_baldwinii Viorna_baldwinii,erect clematis of Florida having pink to purple flowers
7129,pine_nut pignolia pinon_nut,edible seed of any of several nut pines especially some pinons of southwestern North America
7130,pineal_gland pineal_body epiphysis_cerebri epiphysis,a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin
7131,pineapple ananas,large sweet fleshy tropical fruit with a terminal tuft of stiff leaves; widely cultivated
7132,pineapple pineapple_plant Ananas_comosus,a tropical American plant bearing a large fleshy edible fruit with a terminal tuft of stiff leaves; widely cultivated in the tropics
7133,pineapple_weed rayless_chamomile Matricaria_matricarioides,annual aromatic weed of Pacific coastal areas (United States and northeastern Asia) having bristle-pointed leaves and rayless yellow flowers
7134,pinecone,the seed-producing cone of a pine tree
7135,pinesap false_beachdrops Monotropa_hypopithys,fleshy tawny or reddish saprophytic herb resembling the Indian pipe and growing in woodland humus of eastern North America; in some classifications placed in a separate genus Hypopitys
7136,pinguecula,a slightly elevated elastic tissue deposit in the conjunctiva that may extend to the cornea but does not cover it
7137,pink garden_pink,any of various flowers of plants of the genus Dianthus cultivated for their fragrant flowers
7138,pink-and-white_everlasting pink_paper_daisy Acroclinium_roseum,flower of southwestern Australia having bright pink daisylike papery flowers; grown for drying
7139,pink_calla Zantedeschia_rehmanii,calla having a rose-colored spathe
7140,pink_fivecorner Styphelia_triflora,heathlike shrub of southwestern Australia grown for its sharply scented foliage and pink flowers followed by pentagonal fruit
7141,pink_shower pink_shower_tree horse_cassia Cassia_grandis,tropical American semi-evergreen tree having erect racemes of pink or rose-colored flowers; used as an ornamental
7142,pinna pinnule,division of a usually pinnately divided leaf
7143,pinnate_leaf,a leaf resembling a feather; having the leaflets on each side of a common axis
7144,pinocytosis,process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid
7145,pinon pinyon,any of several low-growing pines of western North America
7146,pinon_pine Mexican_nut_pine Pinus_cembroides,a small two-needled or three-needled pinon of Mexico and southern Texas
7147,pinwheel Aeonium_haworthii,perennial subshrub of Tenerife having leaves in rosettes resembling pinwheels
7148,pion pi-meson,a meson involved in holding the nucleus together; produced as the result of high-energy particle collision
7149,pip,a small hard seed found in some fruits
7150,pipal pipal_tree pipul peepul sacred_fig bo_tree Ficus_religiosa,fig tree of India noted for great size and longevity; lacks the prop roots of the banyan; regarded as sacred by Buddhists
7151,pipestem_clematis Clematis_lasiantha,clematis of California
7152,pipewort Eriocaulon_aquaticum,aquatic perennial of North America and Ireland and Hebrides having translucent green leaves in a basal spiral and dense buttonlike racemes of minute white flowers
7153,pipsissewa prince's_pine,any of several plants of the genus Chimaphila
7154,pisang_wax,a wax obtained from the leaves of a plantain
7155,pisiform pisiform_bone os_pisiforme,a small wrist bone that articulates only with the triquetral
7156,pistachio Pistacia_vera pistachio_tree,small tree of southern Europe and Asia Minor bearing small hard-shelled nuts
7157,pistachio pistachio_nut,nut of Mediterranean trees having an edible green kernel
7158,pistia water_lettuce water_cabbage Pistia_stratiotes Pistia_stratoites,pantropical floating plant forming a rosette of wedge-shaped leaves; a widespread weed in rivers and lakes
7159,pistil,the female ovule-bearing part of a flower composed of ovary and style and stigma
7160,pistillode,a sterile vestigial pistil remaining in a staminate flower
7161,pit fossa,a concavity in a surface (especially an anatomical depression)
7162,pit_of_the_stomach epigastric_fossa,a slight depression in the midline just below the sternum (where a blow can affect the solar plexus)
7163,pitahaya,highly colored edible fruit of pitahaya cactus having bright red juice; often as large as a peach
7164,pitahaya_cactus pitahaya Acanthocereus_tetragonus Acanthocereus_pentagonus,cactus of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico having edible juicy fruit
7165,pitch_pine northern_pitch_pine Pinus_rigida,large three-needled pine of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada; closely related to the pond pine
7166,pitcher,(botany) a leaf that that is modified in such a way as to resemble a pitcher or ewer
7167,pitcher_plant,any of several insectivorous herbs of the order Sarraceniales
7168,pitcher_sage Lepechinia_calycina Sphacele_calycina,California plant with woolly stems and leaves and large white flowers
7169,pitcher_sage Salvia_spathacea,California erect and sparsely branched perennial
7170,pith,soft spongelike central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants
7171,pitting roughness indentation,the formation of small pits in a surface as a consequence of corrosion
7172,pituitary pituitary_gland pituitary_body hypophysis,the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain
7173,pivot_joint rotary_joint rotatory_joint articulatio_trochoidea,a freely moving joint in which movement is limited to rotation; "the articulation of the radius and ulna in the arm is a pivot joint"
7174,placebo_effect,any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo; the change is usually beneficial and is assumed result from the person's faith in the treatment or preconceptions about what the experimental drug was supposed to do; pharmacologists were the first to talk about placebo effects but now the idea has been generalized to many situations having nothing to do with drugs
7175,placenta,that part of the ovary of a flowering plant where the ovules form
7176,placenta,the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus
7177,placentation,arrangement of the ovules in the placenta and of the placentas in the ovary
7178,placentation,the formation of the placenta in the uterus
7179,plains_lemon_monarda Monarda_pectinata,annual of southern United States
7180,planation,the process of erosion whereby a level surface is produced
7181,plane_tree sycamore platan,any of several trees of the genus Platanus having thin pale bark that scales off in small plates and lobed leaves and ball-shaped heads of fruits
7182,planet,any celestial body (other than comets or satellites) that revolves around a star
7183,planet major_planet,(astronomy) any of the nine large celestial bodies in the solar system that revolve around the sun and shine by reflected light; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto in order of their proximity to the sun; viewed from the constellation Hercules, all the planets rotate around the sun in a counterclockwise direction
7184,planetary_nebula,a nebula that was once thought to be a star with its planets but is now thought to be a very hot star surrounded by an expanding envelope of ionized gases that emit a fluorescent glow because of intense radiation from the star
7185,planetesimal,one of many small solid celestial bodies thought to have existed at an early stage in the development of the solar system
7186,plant flora plant_life,(botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion
7187,plant_organ,a functional and structural unit of a plant or fungus
7188,plant_part plant_structure,any part of a plant or fungus
7189,plant_process enation,a natural projection or outgrowth from a plant body or organ
7190,plant_tissue,the tissue of a plant
7191,plantain,any of numerous plants of the genus Plantago; mostly small roadside or dooryard weeds with elliptic leaves and small spikes of very small flowers; seeds of some used medicinally
7192,plantain plantain_tree Musa_paradisiaca,a banana tree bearing hanging clusters of edible angular greenish starchy fruits; tropics and subtropics
7193,plantain-leaved_pussytoes,a variety of pussytoes
7194,plantain_lily day_lily,any of numerous perennials having mounds of sumptuous broad ribbed leaves and clusters of white, blue, or lilac flowers; used as ground cover
7195,plantar_reflex,flexion of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front in persons over the age of 2 years; under 2 years the results should be extension of the toes (Babinski reflex)
7196,plasma,(physical chemistry) a fourth state of matter distinct from solid or liquid or gas and present in stars and fusion reactors; a gas becomes a plasma when it is heated until the atoms lose all their electrons, leaving a highly electrified collection of nuclei and free electrons; "particles in space exist in the form of a plasma"
7197,plasma_protein,any of the proteins in blood plasma
7198,plasma_thromboplastin_antecedent factor_XI,coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency
7199,plasmid plasmid_DNA,a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication
7200,plasmin fibrinolysin,an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots
7201,plasminogen,an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents
7202,plasminogen_activator urokinase,protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis
7203,plastination,a process involving fixation and dehydration and forced impregnation and hardening of biological tissues; water and lipids are replaced by curable polymers (silicone or epoxy or polyester) that are subsequently hardened; "the plastination of specimens is valuable for research and teaching"
7204,plastron,(zoology) the part of a turtle's shell forming its underside
7205,plate,any flat platelike body structure or part
7206,platysma,either of two broad muscles located on either side of the neck and innervated by the facial nerve; extends from lower jaw to clavicle and is involved in moving the mouth and jaw
7207,pleasure,sexual gratification; "he took his pleasure of her"
7208,pleochroism,the phenomenon of different colors appearing when certain crystals are viewed from different directions
7209,pleomorphism,(biology) the appearance of two or more distinctly different forms in the life cycle of some organisms
7210,pleura,the thin serous membrane around the lungs and inner walls of the chest
7211,pleural_cavity,the cavity in the thorax that contains the lungs and heart
7212,pleurothallis,any of numerous small tufted orchids of the genus Pleurothallis having leathery to fleshy leaves and racemes of 1 to many small flowers
7213,plexus rete,a network of intersecting blood vessels or intersecting nerves or intersecting lymph vessels
7214,plexus_dentalis,a plexus of nerves serving the teeth
7215,plum,any of numerous varieties of small to medium-sized round or oval fruit having a smooth skin and a single pit
7216,plum plum_tree,any of several trees producing edible oval fruit having a smooth skin and a single hard stone
7217,plum-fruited_yew Prumnopitys_andina Prumnopitys_elegans,South American evergreen tree or shrub
7218,plum-yew,any of several evergreen trees and shrubs of eastern Asia resembling yew and having large seeds enclosed in a fleshy envelope; sometimes cultivated as ornamentals
7219,plum_tomato,an Italian variety of cherry tomato that is shaped like a plum
7220,plumbago,any plumbaginaceous plant of the genus Plumbago
7221,plumcot,hybrid between plum and apricot
7222,plumcot plumcot_tree,hybrid produced by crossing Prunus domestica and Prunus armeniaca
7223,plume_grass,a reedlike grass of the genus Erianthus having large plumes
7224,plume_poppy bocconia Macleaya_cordata,herb of China and Japan widely cultivated for its plumelike panicles of creamy white flowers
7225,plume_thistle plumed_thistle,any of numerous biennial to perennial herbs with handsome purple or yellow or occasionally white flower heads
7226,plumed_tussock toe_toe toetoe Cortaderia_richardii Arundo_richardii,tall grass of New Zealand grown for plumelike flower heads
7227,plumule,down feather of young birds; persists in some adult birds
7228,pneumatophore,an air-filled root (submerged or exposed) that can function as a respiratory organ of a marsh or swamp plant
7229,pock,a pustule in an eruptive disease
7230,pod cod seedcase,the vessel that contains the seeds of a plant (not the seeds themselves)
7231,pod seedpod,a several-seeded dehiscent fruit as e.g. of a leguminous plant
7232,podetium,an organ or body resembling a stalk; especially the outgrowth of the thallus of certain lichens on which the ascocarp is borne
7233,podocarp,any evergreen in the southern hemisphere of the genus Podocarpus having a pulpy fruit with one hard seed
7234,pogonia,any hardy bog orchid of the genus Pogonia: terrestrial orchids having slender rootstocks and erect stems bearing one or a few leaves and a solitary terminal flower
7235,pogonion,the craniometric point that is the most forward-projecting point on the anterior surface of the chin
7236,poinsettia Christmas_star Christmas_flower lobster_plant Mexican_flameleaf painted_leaf Euphorbia_pulcherrima,tropical American plant having poisonous milk and showy tapering usually scarlet petallike leaves surrounding small yellow flowers
7237,pointed-leaf_maple Acer_argutum,small shrubby Japanese plant with leaves having 5 to 7 acuminate lobes; yellow in autumn
7238,poison_bush poison_pea gastrolobium,any of various Australian evergreen shrubs of the genus Gastrolobium having whorled compound leaves poisonous to livestock and showy yellow to deep reddish-orange flowers followed by two-seeded pods
7239,poison_camas Zigadenus_nuttalli,a common perennial death camas; Tennessee to Kansas to Texas
7240,poison_milkweed horsetail_milkweed Asclepias_subverticillata,milkweed of southwestern United States and Mexico; poisonous to livestock
7241,poke pigeon_berry garget scoke Phytolacca_americana,tall coarse perennial American herb having small white flowers followed by blackish-red berries on long drooping racemes; young fleshy stems are edible; berries and root are poisonous
7242,poke_milkweed Asclepias_exaltata,milkweed of the eastern United States with leaves resembling those of pokeweed
7243,poker_alumroot poker_heuchera Heuchera_cylindrica,plant with leathery heart-shaped leaf blades clustered at base of long stalks with greenish-white flowers clustered along the upper part; western North America
7244,poker_plant Kniphofia_uvaria,clump-forming plant of South Africa with spikes of scarlet flowers
7245,pokeweed,perennial of the genus Phytolacca
7246,polarization polarisation,the phenomenon in which waves of light or other radiation are restricted in direction of vibration
7247,pole_bean,a climbing bean plant that will climb a wall or tree or trellis
7248,polemonium,any plant of the genus Polemonium; most are low-growing often foul-smelling plants of temperate to Arctic regions
7249,pollard,a tree with limbs cut back to promote a more bushy growth of foliage
7250,pollen,the fine spores that contain male gametes and that are borne by an anther in a flowering plant
7251,pollen_tube,(botany) a slender tubular outgrowth from a pollen grain when deposited on the stigma for a flower; it penetrates the style and conveys the male gametes to the ovule
7252,pollinium,a coherent mass of pollen grains (as in orchids)
7253,polyanthus Primula_polyantha,florists' primroses; considered a complex hybrid derived from oxlip, cowslip, and common primrose
7254,polymerase,an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA
7255,polymerization polymerisation,a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound
7256,polymorph,an organism that can assume more than one adult form as in the castes of ants or termites
7257,polymorphism,(biology) the existence of two or more forms of individuals within the same animal species (independent of sex differences)
7258,polymorphism,(genetics) the genetic variation within a population that natural selection can operate on
7259,polymorphism pleomorphism,(chemistry) the existence of different kinds of crystal of the same chemical compound
7260,polynya,a stretch of open water surrounded by ice (especially in Arctic seas)
7261,polyploid,(genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes
7262,polypody,any of numerous ferns of the genus Polypodium
7263,polysaccharide polyose,any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules
7264,polyunsaturated_fat,a class of fats having long carbon chains with many double bonds unsaturated with hydrogen atoms; used in some margarines; supposedly associated with low blood cholesterol
7265,pome false_fruit,a fleshy fruit (apple or pear or related fruits) having seed chambers and an outer fleshy part
7266,pomegranate,large globular fruit having many seeds with juicy red pulp in a tough brownish-red rind
7267,pomegranate pomegranate_tree Punica_granatum,shrub or small tree native to southwestern Asia having large red many-seeded fruit
7268,pomelo pomelo_tree pummelo shaddock Citrus_maxima Citrus_grandis Citrus_decumana,southeastern Asian tree producing large fruits resembling grapefruits
7269,pomelo shaddock,large pear-shaped fruit similar to grapefruit but with coarse dry pulp
7270,pompadour,a hair style in which the front hair is swept up from the forehead
7271,pond pool,a small lake; "the pond was too small for sailing"
7272,pond_apple,ovoid yellow fruit with very fragrant peach-colored flesh; related to custard apples
7273,pond_apple pond-apple_tree Annona_glabra,small evergreen tree of tropical America with edible fruit; used chiefly as grafting stock
7274,pond_pine Pinus_serotina,large three-needled pine of sandy swamps of southeastern United States; needles longer than those of the northern pitch pine
7275,ponderosa ponderosa_pine western_yellow_pine bull_pine Pinus_ponderosa,common and widely distributed tall timber pine of western North America having dark green needles in bunches of 2 to 5 and thick bark with dark brown plates when mature
7276,pondweed,any of several submerged or floating freshwater perennial aquatic weeds belonging to the family Potamogetonaceae
7277,pons pons_Varolii,a band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with the midbrain
7278,ponytail,a hair style that draws the hair back so that it hangs down in back of the head like a pony's tail
7279,pool puddle,a small body of standing water (rainwater) or other liquid; "there were puddles of muddy water in the road after the rain"; "the body lay in a pool of blood"
7280,poon,any of several East Indian trees of the genus Calophyllum having shiny leathery leaves and lightweight hard wood
7281,popcorn Zea_mays_everta,corn having small ears and kernels that burst when exposed to dry heat
7282,poplar poplar_tree,any of numerous trees of north temperate regions having light soft wood and flowers borne in catkins
7283,popliteal_artery arteria_poplitea,a continuation of the femoral artery that branches to supply the legs and feet
7284,popliteal_vein vena_poplitea,a vein arising in the knee and ascending to become the femoral vein
7285,poppy,annual or biennial or perennial herbs having showy flowers
7286,poppy_mallow,a plant of the genus Callirhoe having palmately cleft leaves and white to red or purple flowers borne throughout the summer
7287,population_growth,increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state
7288,pore,any small opening in the skin or outer surface of an animal
7289,porpoise_oil,a yellow fatty oil obtained from porpoises and used as a fine lubricant
7290,porta_hepatis,opening for major blood vessels to enter and leave the liver
7291,portacaval_shunt,shunt that is created surgically between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava so that blood from the abdominal organs can bypass the liver
7292,portal_system,system of veins that carry blood from the abdominal organs to the liver
7293,portal_vein hepatic_portal_vein portal vena_portae,a short vein that carries blood into the liver
7294,portia_tree bendy_tree seaside_mahoe Thespesia_populnea,pantropical tree of usually seacoasts sometimes cultivated as an ornamental for its rounded heart-shaped leaves and showy yellow and purple flowers; yields valuable pink to dark red close-grained wood and oil from its seeds
7295,portulaca,a plant of the genus Portulaca having pink or red or purple or white ephemeral flowers
7296,position_effect,(genetics) the effect on the expression of a gene that is produced by changing its location in a chromosome
7297,positive_charge,having a deficiency of electrons; having a higher electric potential
7298,positive_chemotaxis,movement toward a chemical stimulus
7299,positive_feedback regeneration,feedback in phase with (augmenting) the input
7300,positron antielectron,an elementary particle with positive charge; interaction of a positron and an electron results in annihilation
7301,post_oak box_white_oak brash_oak iron_oak Quercus_stellata,small deciduous tree of eastern and central United States having dark green lyrate pinnatifid leaves and tough moisture-resistant wood used especially for fence posts
7302,postcentral_gyrus,the convolution of parietal lobe that is bounded in front by the central sulcus
7303,postdiluvian,anything living after Noah's flood
7304,posterior_cardinal_vein,a major drainage channel from the caudal part of the body
7305,posterior_cerebral_artery,arises from the basilar artery; divides into three branches
7306,posterior_meningeal_artery,branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery that supplies the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa
7307,posterior_naris,either one of the two posterior openings at the back of the nasal cavity leading to the nasopharynx
7308,posterior_pituitary posterior_pituitary_gland neurohypophysis pars_nervosa,the posterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature
7309,posterior_serratus_muscle serratus_posterior musculus_serratus_posterior,skeletal muscle that draws the rib cage backward and downward
7310,posterior_temporal_artery arteria_temporalis_posterior,temporal artery that supplies the posterior part of the cortex of the temporal lobe
7311,posterior_vein_of_the_left_ventricle vena_posterior_ventriculi_sinistri,arises near the apex of the heart and empties into the coronary sinus
7312,pot potbelly bay_window corporation tummy,slang for a paunch
7313,potation,the act of drinking (especially an alcoholic drink)
7314,potato white_potato white_potato_vine Solanum_tuberosum,annual native to South America having underground stolons bearing edible starchy tubers; widely cultivated as a garden vegetable; vines are poisonous
7315,potato_fern Marattia_salicina,large Australasian evergreen fern with an edible rhizome sometimes used as a vegetable by indigenous people
7316,potato_fern Solanopteris_bifrons,small epiphytic fern of South America with tuberous swellings along rhizomes
7317,potato_tree Brazilian_potato_tree Solanum_wrightii Solanum_macranthum,South American shrub or small tree widely cultivated in the tropics; not a true potato
7318,potato_tree Solanum_crispum,hardy climbing shrub of Chile grown as an ornamental for its fragrant flowers; not a true potato
7319,potato_vine Solanum_jasmoides,copiously branched vine of Brazil having deciduous leaves and white flowers tinged with blue
7320,potato_vine giant_potato_creeper Solanum_wendlandii,vine of Costa Rica sparsely armed with hooklike spines and having large lilac-blue flowers
7321,potential_energy P.E.,the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position; stored energy
7322,potentiation,(medicine) the synergistic effect of two drugs given simultaneously
7323,pothos,any of various tropical lianas of the genus Scindapsus
7324,pouch pocket,(anatomy) saclike structure in any of various animals (as a marsupial or gopher or pelican)
7325,powder_photography powder_method powder_technique,a process for identifying minerals or crystals; a small rod is coated with a powdered form of the substance and subjected to suitably modified X-rays; the pattern of diffracted rings is used for identification
7326,power,(physics) the rate of doing work; measured in watts (= joules/second)
7327,prairie_aster Aster_turbinellis,violet-flowered perennial aster of central United States having solitary heads
7328,prairie_bird's-foot_trefoil compass_plant prairie_lotus prairie_trefoil Lotus_americanus,North American annual with red or rose-colored flowers
7329,prairie_coneflower Ratibida_tagetes,coneflower of central to southwestern United States
7330,prairie_cordgrass freshwater_cordgrass slough_grass Spartina_pectinmata,North American cordgrass having leaves with dry membranous margins and glumes with long awns
7331,prairie_gentian tulip_gentian bluebell Eustoma_grandiflorum,one of the most handsome prairie wildflowers having large erect bell-shaped bluish flowers; of moist places in prairies and fields from eastern Colorado and Nebraska south to New Mexico and Texas
7332,prairie_gourd,small hard green-and-white inedible fruit of the prairie gourd plant
7333,prairie_gourd prairie_gourd_vine Missouri_gourd wild_pumpkin buffalo_gourd calabazilla Cucurbita_foetidissima,perennial vine of dry parts of central and southwestern United States and Mexico having small hard mottled green inedible fruit
7334,prairie_mallow red_false_mallow Sphaeralcea_coccinea Malvastrum_coccineum,false mallow of western United States having racemose red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Malvastrum
7335,prairie_mimosa prickle-weed Desmanthus_ilinoensis,perennial herb of North American prairies having dense heads of small white flowers
7336,prairie_orchid prairie_white-fringed_orchis Habenaria_leucophaea,orchid of boggy or wet lands of north central United States having racemes of very fragrant creamy or greenish white flowers
7337,prairie_rocket,any of several North American plants of the genus Erysimum having large yellow flowers
7338,prairie_rocket,any of several western American plants of the genus Cheiranthus having large yellow flowers
7339,prairie_smoke purple_avens Geum_triflorum,North American perennial with hairy basal pinnate leaves and purple flowers and plume-tipped fruits
7340,prairie_star Lithophragma_parviflorum,plant with mostly basal leaves and slender open racemes of white or pale pink flowers; prairies and open forest of northwestern United States to British Columbia and Alberta
7341,prairie_sunflower Helianthus_petiolaris,similar to the common sunflower with slender usually branching stems common in central United States
7342,prairie_wake-robin prairie_trillium Trillium_recurvatum,trillium of central United States having dark purple sessile flowers
7343,prairie_white-fringed_orchid Platanthera_leucophea,of central North America; a threatened species
7344,prairie_willow Salix_humilis,slender shrubby willow of dry areas of North America
7345,precentral_gyrus,the convolution of the frontal lobe that is bounded in back by the central sulcus and that contains the motor area
7346,precession_of_the_equinoxes,a slow westward shift of the equinoxes along the plane of the ecliptic caused by precession of the Earth's axis of rotation
7347,prechlorination,chlorination prior to another chemical process
7348,precipitation,the process of forming a chemical precipitate
7349,precipitation downfall,the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)
7350,precipitin,an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigen
7351,precocious_dentition,teething at an earlier age than expected
7352,precordium,the external surface of the body overlying the heart and stomach
7353,prefrontal_lobe prefrontal_cortex,the anterior part of the frontal lobe
7354,prehensor,the anterior pair of legs of a centipede that are modified to seize prey and inject venom from the toxicognaths
7355,premature_ejaculation,ejaculation during the early stages of sexual excitement or soon after the insertion of the penis into the vagina
7356,premature_labor premature_labour,labor beginning prior to the 37th week of gestation
7357,premolar bicuspid,a tooth having two cusps or points; located between the incisors and the molars
7358,prepuce foreskin,a fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris
7359,prepuce foreskin,a fold of skin covering the tip of the penis
7360,prepyloric_vein vena_pylorica,a tributary of the right gastric vein
7361,preservation,a process that saves organic substances from decay
7362,pressure pressure_level force_per_unit_area,the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit); "the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure"
7363,pressure_point,an area on the skin that is highly sensitive to pressure; "you must know the pressure points in order to administer shiatsu"
7364,prevailing_westerly westerly,the winds from the west that occur in the temperate zones of the Earth
7365,prevailing_wind,the predominant wind direction; "the prevailing wind is from the southwest"
7366,prickly-edged_leaf,a leaf having prickly margins
7367,prickly_ash,any of a number of trees or shrubs of the genus Zanthoxylum having spiny branches
7368,prickly_ash Orites_excelsa,Australian tree having alternate simple leaves (when young they are pinnate with prickly toothed margins) and slender axillary spikes of white flowers
7369,prickly_lettuce horse_thistle Lactuca_serriola Lactuca_scariola,European annual wild lettuce having prickly stems; a troublesome weed in parts of United States
7370,prickly_pear,round or pear-shaped spiny fruit of any of various prickly pear cacti
7371,prickly_pear prickly_pear_cactus,cacti having spiny flat joints and oval fruit that is edible in some species; often used as food for stock
7372,prickly_poppy Papaver_argemone,annual Old World poppy with orange-red flowers and bristly fruit
7373,prickly_poppy argemone white_thistle devil's_fig,any plant of the genus Argemone having large white or yellow flowers and prickly leaves and stems and pods; chiefly of tropical America
7374,pride_of_California Lathyrus_splendens,shrubby California perennial having large pink or violet flowers; cultivated as an ornamental
7375,pride_of_barbados paradise_flower flamboyant_tree Caesalpinia_pulcherrima Poinciana_pulcherrima,tropical shrub or small tree having showy yellow to orange-red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Poinciana
7376,primary,(astronomy) a celestial body (especially a star) relative to other objects in orbit around it
7377,primary primary_feather primary_quill,one of the main flight feathers projecting along the outer edge of a bird's wing
7378,primary_tooth deciduous_tooth baby_tooth milk_tooth,one of the first temporary teeth of a young mammal (one of 20 in children)
7379,primordium anlage,an organ in its earliest stage of development; the foundation for subsequent development
7380,primrose primula,any of numerous short-stemmed plants of the genus Primula having tufted basal leaves and showy flowers clustered in umbels or heads
7381,primrose_jasmine Jasminum_mesnyi,evergreen rambling yellow-flowered shrub of western China
7382,prince's-feather gentleman's-cane prince's-plume red_amaranth purple_amaranth Amaranthus_cruentus Amaranthus_hybridus_hypochondriacus Amaranthus_hybridus_erythrostachys,tall showy tropical American annual having hairy stems and long spikes of usually red flowers above leaves deeply flushed with purple; seeds often used as cereal
7383,prince's-feather princess_feather kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate prince's-plume Polygonum_orientale,annual with broadly ovate leaves and slender drooping spikes of crimson flowers; southeastern Asia and Australia; naturalized in North America
7384,princewood Spanish_elm Cordia_gerascanthus,tropical American timber tree
7385,printing_operation,an operation that controls the printing or display of information
7386,prion,(microbiology) an infectious protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic acid; thought to be the agent responsible for scrapie and other degenerative diseases of the nervous system
7387,priority_processing,data processing in which the operations performed are determined by a system of priorities
7388,privet,any of various Old World shrubs having smooth entire leaves and terminal panicles of small white flowers followed by small black berries; many used for hedges
7389,proaccelerin prothrombin_accelerator accelerator_factor factor_V,a coagulation factor
7390,proboscis,the human nose (especially when it is large)
7391,proboscis trunk,a long flexible snout as of an elephant
7392,process outgrowth appendage,a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant; "a bony process"
7393,process physical_process,a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states; "events now in process"; "the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls"
7394,processing,preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure; "the processing of newly arrived immigrants"; "the processing of ore to obtain minerals"
7395,proconvertin cothromboplastin stable_factor factor_VII,a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K
7396,product,a consequence of someone's efforts or of a particular set of circumstances; "skill is the product of hours of practice"; "his reaction was the product of hunger and fatigue"
7397,professionalization professionalisation,the social process whereby people come to engage in an activity for pay or as a means of livelihood; "the professionalization of American sports"; "the professionalization of warfare"
7398,progymnosperm,an ancestral fossil type from which modern gymnosperms are thought to have derived
7399,projection,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else
7400,projection acoustic_projection sound_projection,the acoustic phenomenon that gives sound a penetrating quality; "our ukuleles have been designed to have superior sound and projection"; "a prime ingredient of public speaking is projection of the voice"
7401,prokaryote procaryote,a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; bacteria are the prime example but also included are blue-green algae and actinomycetes and mycoplasma
7402,prolamine,a simple protein found in plants
7403,proliferation,a rapid increase in number (especially a rapid increase in the number of deadly weapons); "the proliferation of nuclear weapons"
7404,proliferation,growth by the rapid multiplication of parts
7405,promiscuity promiscuousness sleeping_around,indulging in promiscuous (casual and indiscriminate) sexual relations
7406,promycelium,the basidium of various fungi
7407,pronator,a muscle that produces or assists in pronation
7408,pronucleus,the nucleus of the ovum or sperm after fertilization but before they fuse to form the nucleus of the zygote
7409,prop_root,a root that grows from and supports the stem above the ground in plants such as mangroves
7410,propagation,the movement of a wave through a medium
7411,prophyll,a plant structure resembling a leaf
7412,propulsion,a propelling force
7413,propyl propyl_group propyl_radical,the monovalent organic group C3H7- obtained from propane
7414,prostate_gland prostate,a firm partly muscular chestnut sized gland in males at the neck of the urethra; produces a viscid secretion that is the fluid part of semen
7415,prostate_specific_antigen PSA,a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
7416,prosthion prostheon alveolar_point,craniometric point that is the most anterior point in the midline on the alveolar process of the maxilla
7417,protamine,a simple protein found in fish sperm; rich in arginine; simpler in composition than globulin or albumin; counteracts the anticoagulant effect of heparin
7418,protea,any tropical African shrub of the genus Protea having alternate rigid leaves and dense colorful flower heads resembling cones
7419,protease peptidase proteinase proteolytic_enzyme,any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis
7420,protective_covering,the tough natural covering of some organisms
7421,protective_fold,a flap of tissue that protects what it covers
7422,protein,any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
7423,protein_folding folding,the process whereby a protein molecule assumes its intricate three-dimensional shape; "understanding protein folding is the next step in deciphering the genetic code"
7424,protein_molecule,any large molecule containing chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
7425,proteolysis,the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds
7426,proteome,the full complement of proteins produced by a particular genome
7427,prothorax,the anterior part of an insect's thorax; bears the first pair of legs
7428,prothrombin factor_II,a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin
7429,prothrombinase factor_X,coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors
7430,proton,a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron
7431,proud_flesh,the swollen tissue around a healing wound or ulcer
7432,prune,dried plum
7433,pruning,something that has been pruned off of a plant
7434,psalterium omasum third_stomach,the third compartment of the stomach of a ruminant
7435,pseudophloem,false phloem
7436,pseudopod pseudopodium,temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion
7437,psilophyte,any plant of the order Psilophytales: a savannah plant
7438,psilophyton,any plant or fossil of the genus Psilophyton
7439,psilosis,falling out of hair
7440,psoas,either of two muscles of the abdomen and pelvis that flex the trunk and rotate the thigh
7441,psychoanalytic_process,a process that is assumed to occur in psychoanalytic theory
7442,psychogenesis,a general term for the origin and development of almost any aspect of the mind
7443,psychogenesis,the development in the life of an individual of some disorder that is caused by psychological rather than physiological factors
7444,psychomotor_development,progressive acquisition of skills involving both mental and motor activities
7445,psychosexual_development,(psychoanalysis) the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stage
7446,pteridophyte nonflowering_plant,plants having vascular tissue and reproducing by spores
7447,pterion,the craniometric point in the region of the sphenoid fontanelle
7448,pteropogon Pteropogon_humboltianum,southern Australian plant having feathery hairs surrounding the fruit
7449,pterygium,either of two thickened triangular layers of conjunctiva extending from the nasal edge of the eye to the cornea; it arises from irritation of the pinguecula
7450,pterygoid_muscle,muscle descending from the sphenoid bone to the lower jaw
7451,pterygoid_plexus,a plexus of veins draining the region of the pterygoid muscles and draining into the internal maxillary and anterior facial veins
7452,pterygoid_process,two bony processes descending from the body of the sphenoid bone
7453,ptyalin,an amylase secreted in saliva
7454,ptyalism,excessive flow of saliva
7455,ptyalith,calculus in a salivary gland
7456,pubes pubic_region loins,the lower part of the abdomen just above the external genital organs
7457,pubic_hair bush crotch_hair,hair growing in the pubic area
7458,pubis pubic_bone os_pubis,one of the three sections of the hipbone; together these two bones form the front of the pelvis
7459,puccoon Lithospermum_caroliniense,perennial plant of eastern North America having hairy foliage yielding a red or yellow pigment
7460,pudding_face pudding-face,a large fat human face
7461,pudendal_artery arteria_pudenda,arteries supplying the external genital organs of humans
7462,pudendal_cleft urogenital_cleft rima_pudendi rima_vulvae pudendal_cleavage pudendal_slit vulvar_slit,the fissure between the labia majora
7463,pudendal_vein venae_pudendum,vein of the pudendum
7464,pudendum,human external genital organs collectively especially of a female
7465,puff drag pull,a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke); "he took a puff on his pipe"; "he took a drag on his cigarette and expelled the smoke slowly"
7466,puff puff_of_air whiff,a short light gust of air
7467,puffing,blowing tobacco smoke out into the air; "they smoked up the room with their ceaseless puffing"
7468,puffing huffing snorting,an act of forcible exhalation
7469,pug_nose,a short nose; flattened and turned up at the end
7470,puka Griselinia_lucida,South American shrub or small tree having long shining evergreen leaves and panicles of green or yellow flowers
7471,puka Meryta_sinclairii,small roundheaded New Zealand tree having large resinous leaves and panicles of green-white flowers
7472,pulasan pulassan,fruit of an East Indian tree similar to the rambutan but sweeter
7473,pulasan pulassan pulasan_tree Nephelium_mutabile,East Indian fruit tree bearing fruit similar to but sweeter than that of the rambutan
7474,pull,the force used in pulling; "the pull of the moon"; "the pull of the current"
7475,pullulation,a rapid and abundant increase
7476,pullulation gemmation,asexual reproduction in which a local growth on the surface or in the body of the parent becomes a separate individual
7477,pulmonary_artery arteria_pulmonalis,one of two arteries (branches of the pulmonary trunk) that carry venous blood from the heart to the lungs
7478,pulmonary_circulation,circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs
7479,pulmonary_plexis plexus_pulmonalis,one of two autonomic nerve plexuses in each lung
7480,pulmonary_trunk truncus_pulmonalis,the artery that carries venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart and divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries
7481,pulmonary_valve,a semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents blood from flowing from the artery back into the heart
7482,pulmonary_vein vena_pulmonalis,any of four veins that carry arterial blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
7483,pulp,a mixture of cellulose fibers
7484,pulp,the soft inner part of a tooth
7485,pulp flesh,a soft moist part of a fruit
7486,pulp mush,any soft or soggy mass; "he pounded it to a pulp"
7487,pulp_cavity,the central cavity of a tooth containing the pulp (including the root canal)
7488,pulsar,a degenerate neutron star; small and extremely dense; rotates very fast and emits regular pulses of polarized radiation
7489,pulsation,a periodically recurring phenomenon that alternately increases and decreases some quantity
7490,pumpkin pumpkin_vine autumn_pumpkin Cucurbita_pepo,a coarse vine widely cultivated for its large pulpy round orange fruit with firm orange skin and numerous seeds; subspecies of Cucurbita pepo include the summer squashes and a few autumn squashes
7491,pumpkin_ash Fraxinus_tomentosa,timber tree of central and southeastern United States having hairy branchlets and a swollen trunk base
7492,pumpkin_seed,the edible seed of a pumpkin
7493,pungapung telingo_potato elephant_yam Amorphophallus_paeonifolius Amorphophallus_campanulatus,putrid-smelling aroid of southeastern Asia (especially the Philippines) grown for its edible tuber
7494,pupillary_sphincter musculus_sphincter_pupillae,a ring of smooth muscle surrounding the iris
7495,puppy_fat,fat on the body of a baby or child; disappears at adolescence
7496,purchase,a means of exerting influence or gaining advantage; "he could get no purchase on the situation"
7497,purple-fringed_orchid purple-fringed_orchis Habenaria_fimbriata,North American orchid similar to Habenaria psycodes with larger paler flowers
7498,purple-fringed_orchid purple-fringed_orchis Habenaria_psycodes,North American orchid with clusters of fragrant purple fringed flowers
7499,purple-stemmed_aster,a variety of aster
7500,purple_anise Illicium_floridanum,small shrubby tree with purple flowers; found in wet soils of southeastern United States
7501,purple_apricot black_apricot Prunus_dasycarpa,small hybrid apricot of Asia and Asia Minor having purplish twigs and white flowers following by inferior purple fruit
7502,purple_chinese_houses innocense Collinsia_bicolor Collinsia_heterophylla,white and lavender to pale-blue flowers grow in perfect rings of widely spaced bands around the stems forming a kind of pagoda; California
7503,purple_clematis purple_virgin's_bower mountain_clematis Clematis_verticillaris,climber of northeastern North America having waxy purplish-blue flowers
7504,purple_cress Cardamine_douglasii,small perennial herb of cooler regions of North America with racemose purple flowers
7505,purple_fringeless_orchid purple_fringeless_orchis Habenaria_peramoena,orchid of northeastern and alpine eastern North America closely related to the purple fringed orchids but having rosy-purple or violet flowers with denticulate leaf divisions
7506,purple_heather Brewer's_mountain_heather Phyllodoce_breweri,semi-prostrate evergreen herb of western United States
7507,purple_locoweed purple_loco Oxytropis_lambertii,tufted locoweed of southwestern United States having purple or pink to white flowers
7508,purple_loosestrife spiked_loosestrife Lythrum_salicaria,marsh herb with a long spike of purple flowers; originally of Europe but now rampant in eastern United States
7509,purple_milk_vetch Astragalus_danicus,perennial of southern and western Europe having dense racemes of purple or violet flowers
7510,purple_mullein Verbascum_phoeniceum,Eurasian mullein with showy purple or pink flowers
7511,purple_poppy_mallow Callirhoe_involucrata,hairy perennial of central United States having round deeply lobed leaves and loose panicles of large crimson-purple or cherry-red flowers
7512,purple_rock_brake Pellaea_atropurpurea,very short shallowly creeping North American fern usually growing on cliffs or walls and having dark glossy leaf axes
7513,purple_sage chaparral_sage Salvia_leucophylla,silvery-leaved California herb with purple flowers
7514,purple_sanicle Sanicula_bipinnatifida,sanicle of northwestern United States and British Columbia having yellow or red or purple flowers
7515,purple_saxifrage Saxifraga_oppositifolia,plants forming dense cushions with bright reddish-lavender flowers; rocky areas of Europe and Asia and western North America
7516,purple_silkweed Asclepias_purpurascens,perennial of eastern North America having pink-purple flowers
7517,purple_trillium red_trillium birthroot Trillium_erectum,trillium of eastern North America having malodorous pink to purple flowers and an astringent root used in folk medicine especially to ease childbirth
7518,purple_willow red_willow red_osier basket_willow purple_osier Salix_purpurea,Eurasian osier having reddish or purple twigs and bark rich in tannin
7519,purslane,a plant of the family Portulacaceae having fleshy succulent obovate leaves often grown as a potherb or salad herb; a weed in some areas
7520,purslane_speedwell Veronica_peregrina,North American annual with small white flowers widely naturalized as a weed in South America and Europe
7521,push thrust,the force used in pushing; "the push of the water on the walls of the tank"; "the thrust of the jet engines"
7522,pussy-paw pussy-paws pussy's-paw Spraguea_umbellatum Calyptridium_umbellatum,pink clusters of densely packed flowers on prostrate stems resemble upturned pads of cats' feet; grow in coniferous forests of western North America
7523,pussy_willow Salix_discolor,small willow of eastern North America having greyish leaves and silky catkins that come before the leaves
7524,pustule,a small inflamed elevation of skin containing pus; a blister filled with pus
7525,putamen,the outer reddish part of the lenticular nucleus
7526,puttyroot adam-and-eve Aplectrum_hyemale,North American orchid bearing a single leaf and yellowish-brown flowers
7527,pycnidium,flask-shaped asexual structure containing conidia
7528,pygmy_cypress Cupressus_pigmaea Cupressus_goveniana_pigmaea,rare small cypress native to northern California; sometimes considered the same species as gowen cypress
7529,pyloric_sphincter pyloric_valve musculus_sphincter_pylori,the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum
7530,pyloric_vein right_gastric_vein vena_gastrica-dextra,receives veins from the upper surfaces of the stomach and empties into the portal vein
7531,pylorus,a small circular opening between the stomach and the duodenum
7532,pyramid_bugle Ajuga_pyramidalis,European evergreen carpeting perennial
7533,pyramidal_tract pyramidal_motor_system corticospinal_tract,any of the important motor nerves on each side of the central nervous system that run from the sensorimotor areas of the cortex through the brainstem to motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei and the ventral root of the spinal cord
7534,pyrene,the small hard nutlet of a drupe or drupelet; the seed and the hard endocarp that surrounds it
7535,pyrethrum Dalmatian_pyrethrum Dalmatia_pyrethrum Tanacetum_cinerariifolium Chrysanthemum_cinerariifolium,white-flowered pyrethrum of Balkan area whose pinnate leaves are white and silky-hairy below; source of an insecticide; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum
7536,pyriform_area piriform_area pyriform_lobe piriform_lobe,pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon
7537,pyrochemical_process pyrochemistry,processes for chemical reactions at high temperatures
7538,pyroelectricity,generation of an electric charge on certain crystals (such as tourmaline) as a result of a change in temperature
7539,pyxidium pyxis,fruit of such plants as the plantain; a capsule whose upper part falls off when the seeds are released
7540,pyxie pixie pixy Pyxidanthera_barbulata,creeping evergreen shrub having narrow overlapping leaves and early white star-shaped flowers; of the pine barrens of New Jersey and the Carolinas
7541,quadriceps quadriceps_femoris musculus_quadriceps_femoris quad,a muscle of the thigh that extends the leg
7542,quadrupling,increase by a factor of four
7543,quail_bush quail_brush white_thistle Atriplex_lentiformis,spiny shrub with silvery-scurfy foliage of alkaline plains of southwestern United States and Mexico
7544,quaking_aspen European_quaking_aspen Populus_tremula,Old World aspen with a broad much-branched crown; northwestern Europe and Siberia to North Africa
7545,quandong blue_fig,the fruit of the Brisbane quandong tree
7546,quandong quandang quandong_tree Eucarya_acuminata Fusanus_acuminatus,Australian tree with edible flesh and edible nutlike seed
7547,quandong quandang quantong native_peach,red Australian fruit; used for dessert or in jam
7548,quandong quandong_tree Brisbane_quandong silver_quandong_tree blue_fig Elaeocarpus_grandis,Australian tree having hard white timber and glossy green leaves with white flowers followed by one-seeded glossy blue fruit
7549,quandong_nut,edible nutlike seed of the quandong fruit
7550,quark,(physics) hypothetical truly fundamental particle in mesons and baryons; there are supposed to be six flavors of quarks (and their antiquarks), which come in pairs; each has an electric charge of +2/3 or -1/3; "quarks have not been observed directly but theoretical predictions based on their existence have been confirmed experimentally"
7551,quasar quasi-stellar_radio_source,a starlike object that may send out radio waves and other forms of energy; many have large red shifts
7552,quassia bitterwood Quassia_amara,handsome South American shrub or small tree having bright scarlet flowers and yielding a valuable fine-grained yellowish wood; yields the bitter drug quassia from its wood and bark
7553,queen's_cup bride's_bonnet Clintonia_uniflora,plant with 1 or 2 white starlike flowers on short leafless stalks; Alaska to California and east to Oregon and Montana
7554,queen_of_the_night Selenicereus_grandiflorus,tropical American climbing cactus having triangular branches; often cultivated for its large showy night-blooming flowers followed by yellow red-streaked fruits
7555,quellung quellung_reaction,the swelling of the capsule surrounding a microorganism after reaction with an antibody; the basis of certain tests for identifying microorganisms; "pneumococcus quellung"
7556,queue,a braid of hair at the back of the head
7557,quick,any area of the body that is highly sensitive to pain (as the flesh underneath the skin or a fingernail or toenail)
7558,quickening,the process of showing signs of life; "the quickening of seed that will become ripe grain"
7559,quickset,cuttings of plants set in the ground to grow as hawthorn for hedges or vines; "a quickset of a vine planted in a vineyard"
7560,quiff,a prominent forelock (especially one brushed upward from the forehead)
7561,quill,a stiff hollow protective spine on a porcupine or hedgehog
7562,quill calamus shaft,the hollow spine of a feather
7563,quillwort,any of several spore-bearing aquatic or marsh plants having short rhizomes and leaves resembling quills; worldwide except Polynesia
7564,quince,aromatic acid-tasting pear-shaped fruit used in preserves
7565,quince quince_bush Cydonia_oblonga,small Asian tree with pinkish flowers and pear-shaped fruit; widely cultivated
7566,quinquefoliate_leaf,a compound leaf having five leaflets
7567,quintupling,increasing by a factor of five
7568,quira,any of several tropical American trees some yielding economically important timber
7569,rabbit_brush rabbit_bush Chrysothamnus_nauseosus,pleasantly aromatic shrub having erect slender flexible hairy branches and dense clusters of small yellow flowers covering vast areas of western alkali plains and affording a retreat for jackrabbits; source of a yellow dye used by the Navajo
7570,rabbiteye_blueberry rabbit-eye_blueberry rabbiteye Vaccinium_ashei,shrub of southeastern United States grown commercially especially for canning industry
7571,rabbitweed rabbit-weed snakeweed broom_snakeweed broom_snakeroot turpentine_weed Gutierrezia_sarothrae,low-growing sticky subshrub of southwestern United States having narrow linear leaves on many slender branches and hundreds of tiny yellow flower heads
7572,raceme,usually elongate cluster of flowers along the main stem in which the flowers at the base open first
7573,rachis,axis of a compound leaf or compound inflorescence
7574,radial_artery arteria_radialis,branch of the brachial artery beginning below the elbow and extending down the forearm around the wrist and into the palm
7575,radial_nerve nervus_radialis musculospiral_nerve,largest branch of the brachial plexus; extends down the humerus to the lateral epicondyle where it divides into one branch that goes to the skin on the back of the hand and another that goes to the underlying extensor muscles
7576,radial_vein vena_radialis,superficial veins ascending the radial side of the forearm; combines with the ulnar veins to form the brachial vein
7577,radiance glow glowing,the amount of electromagnetic radiation leaving or arriving at a point on a surface
7578,radiant_energy,energy that is transmitted in the form of (electromagnetic) radiation; energy that exists in the absence of matter
7579,radiant_heating,heating a building by radiation from panels containing hot water or electrical heaters
7580,radiation,a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7581,radiation,energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
7582,radiation,the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
7583,radiation radioactivity,the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay
7584,radiation_field,a field that represents the energy lost from the radiator to space
7585,radiation_pressure corpuscular-radiation_pressure,the minute pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a wave
7586,radiator,any object that radiates energy
7587,radicle,(anatomy) a small structure resembling a rootlet (such as a fibril of a nerve)
7588,radio_signal,a radio wave used to transmit and receive messages
7589,radio_source,an object that radiates radio waves
7590,radio_wave radio_emission radio_radiation,an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between 0.5 cm to 30,000 m
7591,radiography skiagraphy,the process of making a radiograph; producing an image on a radiosensitive surface by radiation other than visible light
7592,radiolysis,molecular disintegration resulting from radiation
7593,radiopacity radio-opacity,opacity to X-rays or other radiation
7594,radish,pungent edible root of any of various cultivated radish plants
7595,radish Raphanus_sativus,Eurasian plant widely cultivated for its edible pungent root usually eaten raw
7596,radish daikon Japanese_radish Raphanus_sativus_longipinnatus,radish of Japan with a long hard durable root eaten raw or cooked
7597,radish_plant radish,a cruciferous plant of the genus Raphanus having a pungent edible root
7598,radius,the outer and slightly shorter of the two bones of the human forearm
7599,raffia_palm Raffia_farinifera Raffia_ruffia,a large feather palm of Africa and Madagascar having very long pinnatisect fronds yielding a strong commercially important fiber from its leafstalks
7600,raffinose,a trisaccharide that occurs in sugar beets and cotton seeds and certain cereals
7601,ragged_orchid ragged_orchis ragged-fringed_orchid green_fringed_orchis Habenaria_lacera,fringed orchid of the eastern United States having a greenish flower with the lip deeply lacerated
7602,ragged_robin cuckoo_flower Lychnis_flos-cuculi Lychins_floscuculi,common perennial native to Europe and western Asia having usually pink flowers with ragged petals
7603,ragweed ambrosia bitterweed,any of numerous chiefly North American weedy plants constituting the genus Ambrosia that produce highly allergenic pollen responsible for much hay fever and asthma
7604,ragweed_pollen,pollen of the ragweed plant is a common allergen
7605,ragwort tansy_ragwort ragweed benweed Senecio_jacobaea,widespread European weed having yellow daisylike flowers; sometimes an obnoxious weed and toxic to cattle if consumed in quantity
7606,railroad_vine beach_morning_glory Ipomoea_pes-caprae,a prostrate perennial of coastal sand dunes Florida to Texas
7607,rain rainfall,water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere
7608,rain-wash,the washing away of soil or other loose material by rain
7609,rain_tree saman monkeypod monkey_pod zaman zamang Albizia_saman,large ornamental tropical American tree with bipinnate leaves and globose clusters of flowers with crimson stamens and seed pods that are eaten by cattle
7610,rainbow_cactus,a stout cylindrical cactus of the southwest United States and adjacent Mexico
7611,rainbow_shower Cassia_javonica,deciduous ornamental hybrid of southeastern Asia and Hawaii having racemes of flowers ranging in color from cream-colored to orange and red
7612,rainstorm,a storm with rain
7613,raisin,dried grape
7614,rally,a marked recovery of strength or spirits during an illness
7615,ram's-head ram's-head_lady's_slipper Cypripedium_arietinum,orchid of northern North America having a brownish-green flower and red-and-white lip suggestive of a ram's head
7616,rambutan rambotan,pleasantly acid bright red oval Malayan fruit covered with soft spines
7617,rambutan rambotan rambutan_tree Nephelium_lappaceum,Malayan tree bearing spiny red fruit
7618,ramie ramee Chinese_silk_plant China_grass Boehmeria_nivea,tall perennial herb of tropical Asia with dark green leaves; cultivated for the fiber from its woody stems that resembles flax
7619,ramp wild_leek Allium_tricoccum,North American perennial having a slender bulb and whitish flowers
7620,rampion rampion_bellflower Campanula_rapunculus,bellflower of Europe and Asia and North Africa having bluish flowers and an edible tuberous root used with the leaves in salad
7621,ramus,the posterior part of the mandible that is more or less vertical
7622,rangpur rangpur_lime lemanderin Citrus_limonia,hybrid between mandarin orange and lemon having very acid fruit with orange peel
7623,rape colza Brassica_napus,Eurasian plant cultivated for its seed and as a forage crop
7624,rape_oil rapeseed_oil colza_oil,edible light yellow to brown oil from rapeseed used also as a lubricant or illuminant
7625,rapeseed,seed of rape plants; source of an edible oil
7626,rapid,a part of a river where the current is very fast
7627,raspberry,red or black edible aggregate berries usually smaller than the related blackberries
7628,raspberry raspberry_bush,woody brambles bearing usually red but sometimes black or yellow fruits that separate from the receptacle when ripe and are rounder and smaller than blackberries
7629,rationalization rationalisation,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening
7630,rattail_cactus rat's-tail_cactus Aporocactus_flagelliformis,commonly cultivated tropical American cactus having slender creeping stems and very large showy crimson flowers that bloom for several days
7631,rattan rattan_cane,the stem of various climbing palms of the genus Calamus and related genera used to make wickerwork and furniture and canes
7632,rattan rattan_palm Calamus_rotang,climbing palm of Sri Lanka and southern India remarkable for the great length of the stems which are used for malacca canes
7633,rattle,loosely connected horny sections at the end of a rattlesnake's tail
7634,rattlesnake_fern Botrychium_virginianum,American fern whose clustered sporangia resemble a snake's rattle
7635,rattlesnake_orchid,any of various orchids of the genus Pholidota having numerous white to brown flowers in spiraling racemes clothed in slightly inflated bracts and resembling a rattlesnake's tail
7636,rattlesnake_plantain helleborine,any of several small temperate and tropical orchids having mottled or striped leaves and spikes of small yellowish-white flowers in a twisted raceme
7637,rattlesnake_root,a plant of the genus Nabalus
7638,rattlesnake_root Prenanthes_purpurea,herb of central and southern Europe having purple florets
7639,rattlesnake_weed Hieracium_venosum,a hawkweed with a rosette of purple-veined basal leaves; Canada to northern Georgia and Kentucky
7640,rauli_beech Nothofagus_procera,large Chilean timber tree yielding coarse lumber
7641,rauwolfia rauvolfia,any shrub or small tree of the genus Rauwolfia having leaves in whorls and cymose flowers; yield substances used medicinally especially as emetics or purgatives or antihypertensives
7642,raw_weather,unpleasantly cold and damp weather
7643,ray,a branch of an umbel or an umbelliform inflorescence
7644,ray,any of the stiff bony spines in the fin of a fish
7645,ray_flower ray_floret,small flower with a flat strap-shaped corolla usually occupying the peripheral rings of a composite flower
7646,reactance,opposition to the flow of electric current resulting from inductance and capacitance (rather than resistance)
7647,reaction,(mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body; "every action has an equal and opposite reaction"
7648,reaction,a response that reveals a person's feelings or attitude; "he was pleased by the audience's reaction to his performance"; "John feared his mother's reaction when she saw the broken lamp"
7649,reaction response,a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent; "a bad reaction to the medicine"; "his responses have slowed with age"
7650,reaction_formation,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them; "his strict morality is just a reaction formation to hide his sexual drive"
7651,reaction_propulsion,propulsion that results from the ejection at high velocity of a mass of gas to which the vehicle reacts with an equal and opposite momentum
7652,reagin,an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen); attaches to cell membranes causing the release of histamine and other substances responsible for the local inflammation characteristic of an allergy
7653,real-time_processing real-time_operation,data processing fast enough to keep up with an outside process
7654,rebound,a reaction to a crisis or setback or frustration; "he is still on the rebound from his wife's death"
7655,receptacle,enlarged tip of a stem that bears the floral parts
7656,receptor,a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
7657,reciprocal_cross reciprocal,hybridization involving a pair of crosses that reverse the sexes associated with each genotype
7658,recognition,(biology) the ability of one molecule to attach to another molecule that has a complementary shape; "molecular recognition drives all of biology, for instance, hormone and receptor or antibody-antigen interactions or the organization of molecules into larger biologically active entities"
7659,recombinant,a cell or organism in which genetic recombination has occurred
7660,recombinant_protein,a protein derived from recombinant DNA
7661,rectal_artery arteria_rectalis,one of the arteries supplying the rectal area
7662,rectification,(chemistry) the process of refinement or purification of a substance by distillation
7663,rectum,the terminal section of the alimentary canal; from the sigmoid flexure to the anus
7664,rectus,any of various straight muscles
7665,red-flowered_silky_oak Grevillea_banksii,tall shrub with cylindrical racemes of red flowers and pinnatifid leaves silky and grey beneath; eastern Australia
7666,red-hot_poker Kniphofia_praecox,widely cultivated hybrid poker plant
7667,red-skinned_onion Allium_haematochiton,onion with white to deep red tunic; California
7668,red_Clintonia Andrew's_clintonia Clintonia_andrewsiana,plant with nearly leafless stalk topped by a cluster of red or reddish lavender flowers; California to Oregon
7669,red_alder Oregon_alder Alnus_rubra,large tree of Pacific coast of North America having hard red wood much used for furniture
7670,red_angel's_trumpet Brugmansia_sanguinea Datura_sanguinea,arborescent South American shrub having very large orange-red flowers
7671,red_ash downy_ash Fraxinus_pennsylvanica,smallish American tree with velvety branchlets and lower leaf surfaces
7672,red_beech brown_oak booyong crow's_foot stave_wood silky_elm Heritiera_trifoliolata Terrietia_trifoliolata,large tree of Australasia
7673,red_bryony wild_hop Bryonia_dioica,bryony having fleshy roots pale green flowers and very small red berries; Europe; North Africa; western Asia
7674,red_buckeye,a shrub buckeye of southern United States
7675,red_cabbage,cabbage plant with a compact head of reddish purple leaves
7676,red_campion red_bird's_eye Silene_dioica Lychnis_dioica,biennial European catchfly having red or pink flowers; sometimes placed in genus Lychnis
7677,red_clover purple_clover Trifolium_pratense,erect to decumbent short-lived perennial having red-purple to pink flowers; the most commonly grown forage clover
7678,red_currant,small red berries used primarily in jams and jellies
7679,red_currant garden_current Ribes_rubrum,cultivated European current bearing small edible red berries
7680,red_dwarf red_dwarf_star,a small, old, relatively cool star; approximately 100 times the mass of Jupiter
7681,red_fox Celosia_argentea,weedy annual with spikes of silver-white flowers
7682,red_giant red_giant_star,a large, old, luminous star; has a relatively low surface temperature and a diameter large relative to the sun
7683,red_ginger Alpinia_purpurata,an ornamental ginger native to Pacific islands
7684,red_goosefoot French_spinach Chenopodium_rubrum,common Eurasian weed; naturalized in United States
7685,red_gum marri Eucalyptus_calophylla,very large red gum tree
7686,red_gum peppermint peppermint_gum Eucalyptus_amygdalina,red gum tree of Tasmania
7687,red_haw Crataegus_pedicellata Crataegus_coccinea,American red-fruited hawthorn with dense corymbs of pink-red flowers
7688,red_haw downy_haw Crataegus_mollis Crataegus_coccinea_mollis,American red-fruited hawthorn with stems and leaves densely covered with short woolly hairs
7689,red_helleborine Cephalanthera_rubra,orchid of Mediterranean and Asia having a lax spike of bright rose-pink flowers
7690,red_kauri Agathis_lanceolata,New Zealand tree with glossy leaves and scaly reddish-brown bark
7691,red_lauan red_lauan_tree Shorea_teysmanniana,valuable Philippine timber tree
7692,red_maids redmaids Calandrinia_ciliata,succulent carpet-forming plant having small brilliant reddish-pink flowers; southwestern United States
7693,red_maple scarlet_maple swamp_maple Acer_rubrum,maple of eastern and central America; five-lobed leaves turn scarlet and yellow in autumn
7694,red_marrow red_bone_marrow,bone marrow of children and some adult bones that is required for the formation of red blood cells
7695,red_morning-glory star_ipomoea Ipomoea_coccinea,annual herb having scarlet flowers; the eastern United States
7696,red_mulberry Morus_rubra,North American mulberry having dark purple edible fruit
7697,red_oak,any of numerous American oaks having 4 stamens in each floret, acorns requiring two years to mature and leaf veins usually extending beyond the leaf margin to form points or bristles
7698,red_osier red_osier_dogwood red_dogwood American_dogwood redbrush Cornus_stolonifera,common North American shrub with reddish purple twigs and white flowers
7699,red_pine Canadian_red_pine Pinus_resinosa,pine of eastern North America having long needles in bunches of two and reddish bark
7700,red_raspberry,any of several raspberries bearing red fruit
7701,red_sandalwood red_sanders red_sanderswood red_saunders Pterocarpus_santalinus,tree of India and East Indies yielding a hard fragrant timber prized for cabinetwork and dark red heartwood used as a dyewood
7702,red_shift redshift,(astronomy) a shift in the spectra of very distant galaxies toward longer wavelengths (toward the red end of the spectrum); generally interpreted as evidence that the universe is expanding
7703,red_shrubby_penstemon redwood_penstemon,low branching dark green shrub with bunches of brick-red flowers at ends of branches; coastal ranges and foothills of northern California
7704,red_silk-cotton_tree simal Bombax_ceiba Bombax_malabarica,East Indian silk cotton tree yielding fibers inferior to kapok
7705,red_spruce eastern_spruce yellow_spruce Picea_rubens,medium-sized spruce of eastern North America; chief lumber spruce of the area; source of pulpwood
7706,red_trillium toadshade sessile_trillium Trillium_sessile,trillium of northeastern United States with sessile leaves and red or purple flowers having a pungent odor
7707,red_valerian French_honeysuckle Centranthus_ruber,European herb with small fragrant crimson or white spurred flowers
7708,redberry red-berry Rhamnus_croceus,small spiny evergreen shrub of western United States and Mexico with minute flowers and bright red berries
7709,redbud Cercis_canadensis,small shrubby tree of eastern North America similar to the Judas tree having usually pink flowers; found in damp sheltered underwood
7710,redeposition,deposition from one deposit to another
7711,redstem_storksbill alfilaria alfileria filaree filaria clocks pin_grass pin_clover Erodium_cicutarium,European weed naturalized in southwestern United States and Mexico having reddish decumbent stems with small fernlike leaves and small deep reddish-lavender flowers followed by slender fruits that stick straight up; often grown for forage
7712,reducing,loss of excess weight (as by dieting); becoming slimmer; "a doctor supervised her reducing"
7713,reductase,an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance
7714,reduction reducing,any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent
7715,reed,tall woody perennial grasses with hollow slender stems especially of the genera Arundo and Phragmites
7716,reed_canary_grass gardener's_garters lady's_laces ribbon_grass Phalaris_arundinacea,perennial grass of marshy meadows and ditches having broad leaves; Europe and North America
7717,reed_grass,any of various tall perennial grasses of the genus Calamagrostis having feathery plumes; natives of marshland fens and wet woodlands of temperate northern hemisphere
7718,reed_meadow_grass Glyceria_grandis,a pasture grass of moist places throughout North America
7719,reed_rhapis slender_lady_palm Rhapis_humilis,Chinese lady palm with more slender stems and finer sheath fibers than Rhapis excelsa
7720,refilling replenishment replacement renewal,filling again by supplying what has been used up
7721,refining refinement purification,the process of removing impurities (as from oil or metals or sugar etc.)
7722,reflation,inflation of currency after a period of deflation; restore the system to a previous state
7723,reflection reflexion,the phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface
7724,reflex reflex_response reflex_action instinctive_reflex innate_reflex inborn_reflex unconditioned_reflex physiological_reaction,an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus
7725,reflex_arc,the neural path of a reflex
7726,refraction,the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another
7727,refrigeration infrigidation,the process of cooling or freezing (e.g., food) for preservative purposes
7728,regeneration,(biology) growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs
7729,regnellidium Regnellidium_diphyllum,small latex-containing aquatic fern of southern Brazil
7730,regression,(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which you flee from reality by assuming a more infantile state
7731,regulation,(embryology) the ability of an early embryo to continue normal development after its structure has been somehow damaged or altered
7732,rein_orchid rein_orchis,any of several American wildflowers with a kidney-shaped lip
7733,rejection,(medicine) an immunological response that refuses to accept substances or organisms that are recognized as foreign; "rejection of the transplanted liver"
7734,rejuvenation greening,the phenomenon of vitality and freshness being restored; "the annual rejuvenation of the landscape"
7735,relative congener congenator congeneric,an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus)
7736,relaxation,(physiology) the gradual lengthening of inactive muscle or muscle fibers
7737,relaxation relaxation_behavior,(physics) the exponential return of a system to equilibrium after a disturbance
7738,release,a process that liberates or discharges something; "there was a sudden release of oxygen"; "the release of iodine from the thyroid gland"
7739,relict,an organism or species surviving as a remnant of an otherwise extinct flora or fauna in an environment much changed from that in which it originated
7740,reluctance,(physics) opposition to magnetic flux (analogous to electric resistance)
7741,renal_artery arteria_renalis,an artery originating from the abdominal aorta and supplying the kidneys and adrenal glands and ureters
7742,renal_cortex,the cortex of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules
7743,renal_vein vena_renalis,veins that accompany renal arteries; open into the vena cava at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra
7744,reniform_leaf,a simple kidney-shaped leaf
7745,renin,a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure
7746,rennin chymosin,an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
7747,repercussion reverberation,a remote or indirect consequence of some action; "his declaration had unforeseen repercussions"; "reverberations of the market crash were felt years later"
7748,repletion surfeit,eating until excessively full
7749,replication,(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
7750,repression,(psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious
7751,reproduction,the process of generating offspring
7752,reproduction procreation breeding facts_of_life,the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring
7753,reproductive_organ sex_organ,any organ involved in sexual reproduction
7754,reproductive_structure,the parts of a plant involved in its reproduction
7755,reproductive_system genital_system,organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring
7756,repulsion repulsive_force,the force by which bodies repel one another
7757,reseda,any plant of the genus Reseda
7758,reservoir artificial_lake man-made_lake,lake used to store water for community use
7759,reservoir source,anything (a person or animal or plant or substance) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies; "an infectious agent depends on a reservoir for its survival"
7760,residual_oil resid,oil products that remain after petroleum has been distilled
7761,resistance,any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose motion
7762,resolution,(computer science) the number of pixels per square inch on a computer-generated display; the greater the resolution, the better the picture
7763,resolving_power resolution,the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together
7764,resonance,an excited state of a stable particle causing a sharp maximum in the probability of absorption of electromagnetic radiation
7765,resorption reabsorption,the organic process in which the substance of some differentiated structure that has been produced by the body undergoes lysis and assimilation
7766,respiration,a single complete act of breathing in and out; "thirty respirations per minute"
7767,respiration internal_respiration cellular_respiration,the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs
7768,respiratory_center,the center in the medulla oblongata and pons that integrates sensory information about the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and determines the signals to be sent to the respiratory muscles
7769,respiratory_organ,any organ involved in the process of respiration
7770,respiratory_system systema_respiratorium,the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing
7771,respiratory_tract airway,the passages through which air enters and leaves the body
7772,response,a result; "this situation developed in response to events in Africa"
7773,rest_energy,the energy equivalent to the mass of a particle at rest in an inertial frame of reference; equal to the rest mass times the square of the speed of light
7774,restharrow rest-harrow Ononis_repens,European woody plant having pink flowers and unifoliate leaves and long tough roots; spreads by underground runners
7775,restharrow rest-harrow Ononis_spinosa,Eurasian plant having loose racemes of pink or purple flowers and spiny stems and tough roots
7776,resting_potential,the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse
7777,resting_spore,a spore of certain algae or fungi that lies dormant; may germinate after a prolonged period
7778,restriction_endonuclease restriction_nuclease restriction_enzyme,any of the enzymes that cut nucleic acid at specific restriction sites and produce restriction fragments; obtained from bacteria (where they cripple viral invaders); used in recombinant DNA technology
7779,restriction_fragment,the fragment of DNA that is produced by cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme
7780,resurrection_plant rose_of_Jericho Selaginella_lepidophylla,densely tufted fern ally of southwestern United States to Peru; curls up in a tight ball when dry and expands and grows under moist conditions
7781,rete_testis,network of tubules carrying sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia
7782,retem raetam juniper_bush juniper Retama_raetam Genista_raetam,desert shrub of Syria and Arabia having small white flowers; constitutes the juniper of the Old Testament; sometimes placed in genus Genista
7783,reticulation,(photography) the formation of a network of cracks or wrinkles in a photographic emulsion
7784,reticuloendothelial_system RES,a widely distributed system consisting of all the cells able to ingest bacteria or colloidal particles etc, except for certain white blood cells
7785,reticulum second_stomach,the second compartment of the stomach of a ruminant
7786,retina,the innermost light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball; it is continuous with the optic nerve
7787,retrieval,(computer science) the operation of accessing information from the computer's memory
7788,retromandibular_vein vena_retromandibularis posterior_facial_vein,posterior branch of the facial vein; formed by temporal veins in front of the ear
7789,reuptake re-uptake,a process of using up or consuming again; "psychopharmacologists discovered that amine reuptake is a process that inactivates monoamine neurotransmitters"
7790,reverse_osmosis,(chemistry) a method of producing pure water; a solvent passes through a semipermeable membrane in a direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when it is subjected to a hydrostatic pressure greater than the osmotic pressure
7791,reverse_transcriptase,a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses
7792,reversible_process,any process in which a system can be made to pass through the same states in the reverse order when the process is reversed
7793,rewa-rewa New_Zealand_honeysuckle,slender elegant tree of New Zealand having racemes of red flowers and yielding valuable mottled red timber
7794,rex_begonia king_begonia painted-leaf_begonia beefsteak_geranium Begonia_rex,any of numerous usually rhizomatous hybrid begonias derived from an East Indian plant having rough-textured leaves patterned in silver and bronze and purple and red-brown with inconspicuous flowers
7795,rheumatoid_factor,autoantibody that is usually present in the serum of people with rheumatoid arthritis
7796,rhinencephalon olfactory_brain,a center in the cerebral hemispheres that governs the sense of smell in lower animals; in humans it seems to mediate complex emotional behavior
7797,rhinion,the anterior tip at the end of the suture of the nasal bones
7798,rhinosporidiosis,fungal infection of the nose; often acquired while swimming
7799,rhizomatous_begonia,any of numerous begonias having prominent shaggy creeping stems or rhizomes
7800,rhizome rootstock rootstalk,a horizontal plant stem with shoots above and roots below serving as a reproductive structure
7801,rhododendron,any shrub of the genus Rhododendron: evergreen shrubs or small shrubby trees having leathery leaves and showy clusters of campanulate (bell-shaped) flowers
7802,rhomboid rhomboid_muscle,any of several muscles of the upper back that help move the shoulder blade
7803,rhomboid_minor_muscle lesser_rhomboid_muscle musculus_rhomboideus_minor,rhomboid muscle that draws the scapula toward the vertebral column and slightly upward
7804,rhomboideus_major_muscle greater_rhomboid_muscle musculus_rhomboideus_major,rhomboid muscle that draws the scapula toward the spinal column
7805,rhubarb rhubarb_plant,plants having long green or reddish acidic leafstalks growing in basal clumps; stems (and only the stems) are edible when cooked; leaves are poisonous
7806,rib,a riblike supporting or strengthening part of an animal or plant
7807,rib costa,any of the 12 pairs of curved arches of bone extending from the spine to or toward the sternum in humans (and similar bones in most vertebrates)
7808,rib_cage,the bony enclosing wall of the chest
7809,ribbon_fern Ophioglossum_pendulum,epiphytic fern with straplike usually twisted fronds of tropical Asia and Polynesia and America
7810,ribbon_fern spider_fern Pteris_serrulata,fern of North Africa and Azores and Canary Islands
7811,ribbon_tree ribbonwood Plagianthus_regius Plagianthus_betulinus,deciduous New Zealand tree whose inner bark yields a strong fiber that resembles flax and is called New Zealand cotton
7812,ribier,dark reddish-purple table grape of California
7813,ribonuclease ribonucleinase RNase,a transferase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid
7814,ribose,a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid
7815,ribosome,an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and then stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when it reaches a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule for use by the cell; "the ribosome is the site of protein synthesis"
7816,rice,annual or perennial rhizomatous marsh grasses; seed used for food; straw used for paper
7817,ricegrass rice_grass,any grass of the genus Oryzopsis
7818,richweed clearweed dead_nettle Pilea_pumilla,a plants of the genus Pilea having drooping green flower clusters and smooth translucent stems and leaves
7819,ricin ricin_toxin,a toxic protein extracted from castor beans; used as a chemical reagent; can be used as a bioweapon; "one milligram of ricin can kill an adult"
7820,ridge,any long raised border or margin of a bone or tooth or membrane
7821,right right_hand,the hand that is on the right side of the body; "he writes with his right hand but pitches with his left"; "hit him with quick rights to the body"
7822,right_atrium right_atrium_of_the_heart atrium_dextrum,the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus
7823,right_coronary_artery,arises from the right aortic sinus; supplies the right side of the heart
7824,right_gastric_artery ateria_gastrica_dextra,a branch of the hepatic artery that supplies the pyloric portion of the stomach on the lesser curvature
7825,right_hemisphere right_brain,the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body
7826,right_ventricle,the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk
7827,rigor_mortis,muscular stiffening that begins 2 to 4 hours after death and lasts for about 4 days
7828,rill,a small channel (as one formed by soil erosion)
7829,rima,a narrow elongated opening or fissure between two symmetrical parts
7830,rima_glottidis rima_vocalis true_glottis glottis_vera,the space between the two true vocal folds
7831,rima_vestibuli rima_respiratoria false_glottis glottis_spuria,the opening between the false vocal folds
7832,rimu imou_pine red_pine Dacrydium_cupressinum,tall New Zealand timber tree
7833,ring_finger annualry,the third finger (especially of the left hand)
7834,ringworm_bush ringworm_shrub ringworm_cassia Senna_alata Cassia_alata,tropical shrub (especially of Americas) having yellow flowers and large leaves whose juice is used as a cure for ringworm and poisonous bites; sometimes placed in genus Cassia
7835,rip riptide tide_rip crosscurrent countercurrent,a stretch of turbulent water in a river or the sea caused by one current flowing into or across another current
7836,ripening aging ageing,acquiring desirable qualities by being left undisturbed for some time
7837,river,a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek); "the river was navigable for 50 miles"
7838,river_boulder,a boulder that has been carried by a river to a place remote from its place of origin
7839,river_red_gum river_gum Eucalyptus_camaldulensis Eucalyptus_rostrata,somewhat crooked red gum tree growing chiefly along rivers; has durable reddish lumber used in heavy construction
7840,rivulet rill run runnel streamlet,a small stream
7841,roach,a roll of hair brushed back from the forehead
7842,roadkill,the dead body of an animal that has been killed on a road by a vehicle; "vultures usually feed on carrion or roadkill"
7843,robin's_plantain Erigeron_pulchellus,common perennial of eastern North America having flowers with usually violet-purple rays
7844,roble Platymiscium_trinitatis,large tree of Trinidad and Guyana having odd-pinnate leaves and violet-scented axillary racemes of yellow flowers and long smooth pods; grown as a specimen in parks and large gardens
7845,roble_beech Nothofagus_obliqua,tall deciduous South American tree
7846,robusta_coffee Rio_Nunez_coffee Coffea_robusta Coffea_canephora,native to West Africa but grown in Java and elsewhere; resistant to coffee rust
7847,rock stone,a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter; "he threw a rock at me"
7848,rock_brake,dwarf deciduous lithophytic ferns
7849,rock_cress rockcress,any of several rock-loving cresses of the genus Arabis
7850,rock_elm Ulmus_thomasii,tall widely distributed elm of eastern North America
7851,rock_geranium Heuchera_americana,plant with basal leaves mottled with white and flowers in lax panicles on erect stems
7852,rock_penstemon cliff_penstemon Penstemon_rupicola,one of the West's most beautiful wildflowers; large brilliant pink or rose flowers in many racemes above thick mats of stems and leaves; ledges and cliffs from Washington to California
7853,rock_pink Talinum_calycinum,pink-flowered perennial of rocky regions of western United States
7854,rock_polypody rock_brake American_wall_fern Polypodium_virgianum,chiefly lithophytic or epiphytic fern of North America and east Asia
7855,rock_purslane,a plant of the genus Calandrinia
7856,rock_sandwort Arenaria_stricta,low perennial tufted plant of southeastern North America
7857,rock_spikemoss dwarf_lycopod Selaginella_rupestris,tufted spikemoss forming loose spreading mats; eastern North America
7858,rocket roquette garden_rocket rocket_salad arugula Eruca_sativa Eruca_vesicaria_sativa,erect European annual often grown as a salad crop to be harvested when young and tender
7859,rocket_larkspur Consolida_ambigua Delphinium_ajacis,commonly cultivated larkspur of southern Europe having unbranched spikelike racemes of blue or sometimes purplish or pinkish flowers; sometime placed in genus Delphinium
7860,rocket_propulsion,reaction propulsion using stored oxygen for combustion; used where there is insufficient atmospheric oxygen
7861,rockrose rock_rose,any of numerous varieties of helianthemums having small rose-like yellow or white or reddish flowers
7862,rockrose rock_rose,small shrubs of scrub and dry woodland regions of southern Europe and North Africa; grown for their showy flowers and soft often downy and aromatic evergreen foliage
7863,roof,the inner top surface of a covered area or hollow space; "the roof of the cave was very high"; "I could see the roof of the bear's mouth"
7864,rooibos Aspalathus_linearis Aspalathus_cedcarbergensis,South African shrub having flat acuminate leaves and yellow flowers; leaves are aromatic when dried and used to make an herbal tea
7865,root,(botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground
7866,root,the embedded part of a bodily structure such as a tooth, nail, or hair
7867,root_canal,the passage in the root of a tooth through which its nerve and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity
7868,root_cap,thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root
7869,root_climber,a plant that climbs by its adventitious roots e.g. ivy
7870,root_hair,thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell just behind the tip; absorbs nutrients from the soil
7871,rooting,the process of putting forth roots and beginning to grow
7872,rooting_reflex,reflex consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth or cheek
7873,rootlet,small root or division of a root
7874,rootstock,root or part of a root used for plant propagation; especially that part of a grafted plant that supplies the roots
7875,roridula,either of 2 species of the genus Roridula; South African viscid perennial low-growing woody shrubs
7876,rose rosebush,any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses
7877,rose-root midsummer-men Sedum_rosea,Eurasian mountain plant with fleshy pink-tipped leaves and a cluster of yellow flowers
7878,rose_apple,fragrant oval yellowish tropical fruit used in jellies and confections
7879,rose_apple rose-apple_tree jambosa Eugenia_jambos,tropical tree of the East Indies cultivated for its edible fruit
7880,rose_chestnut ironwood ironwood_tree Mesua_ferrea,handsome East Indian evergreen tree often planted as an ornamental for its fragrant white flowers that yield a perfume; source of very heavy hardwood used for railroad ties
7881,rose_geranium sweet-scented_geranium Pelargonium_graveolens,any of several southern African geraniums having fragrant three-lobed to five-lobed leaves and pink flowers
7882,rose_globe_lily Calochortus_amoenus,globe lily with deep rose-pink or purple egg-shaped flowers on flexuous stems; western slopes of Sierra Nevada in San Joaquin Valley
7883,rose_gum Eucalypt_grandis,very tall tree of Queensland and New South Wales
7884,rose_mallow Alcea_rosea Althea_rosea,plant with terminal racemes of showy white to pink or purple flowers; the English cottage garden hollyhock
7885,rose_mallow swamp_mallow common_rose_mallow swamp_rose_mallow Hibiscus_moscheutos,showy shrub of salt marshes of the eastern United States having large rose-colored flowers
7886,rose_moss sun_plant Portulaca_grandiflora,widely cultivated in many varieties for its fleshy moss-like foliage and profusion of brightly colored flowers
7887,rose_of_Jericho resurrection_plant Anastatica_hierochuntica,small grey Asiatic desert plant bearing minute white flowers that rolls up when dry and expands when moist
7888,rose_of_Sharon Hibiscus_syriacus,Asiatic shrub or small shrubby tree having showy bell-shaped rose or purple or white flowers and usually three-lobed leaves; widely cultivated in temperate North America and Europe
7889,rosebay Rhododendron_maxima,late-spring-blooming rhododendron of eastern North America having rosy to pink-purple flowers
7890,rosebud,the bud of a rose
7891,rosebud_cherry winter_flowering_cherry Prunus_subhirtella,shrub or tree native to Japan cultivated as an ornamental for its rose-pink flowers
7892,rosebud_orchid Cleistes_rosea Pogonia_rosea,orchid of central and northern South America having 1- to 3-blossomed racemes of large showy rose-colored flowers; sometimes placed in genus Pogonia
7893,roselle rozelle sorrel red_sorrel Jamaica_sorrel Hibiscus_sabdariffa,East Indian sparsely prickly annual herb or perennial subshrub widely cultivated for its fleshy calyxes used in tarts and jelly and for its bast fiber
7894,rosemary Rosmarinus_officinalis,widely cultivated for its fragrant grey-green leaves used in cooking and in perfumery
7895,rosette,a cluster of leaves growing in crowded circles from a common center or crown (usually at or close to the ground)
7896,rosewood rosewood_tree,any of those hardwood trees of the genus Dalbergia that yield rosewood--valuable cabinet woods of a dark red or purplish color streaked and variegated with black
7897,rosilla Helenium_puberulum,a sneezeweed of southwestern United States especially southern California
7898,rosinweed Silphium_laciniatum,North American perennial having a resinous odor and yellow flowers
7899,rosita Centaurium_calycosum,erect plant with small clusters of pink trumpet-shaped flowers of southwestern United States
7900,rotator_cuff,a supporting structure of the shoulder consisting of the muscles and tendons that attach the arm to the shoulder joint and enable the arm to move
7901,rough-leaved_aster,a variety of aster
7902,rough-stemmed_goldenrod,a variety of goldenrod
7903,rough_bindweed Smilax_aspera,creeping or climbing evergreen having spiny zigzag stems with shiny leaves and racemes of pale-green flowers; Canary Islands to southern Europe and Ethiopia and India
7904,round-headed_leek Allium_sphaerocephalum,Old World leek with a spherical bulb
7905,round-leaved_rein_orchid Habenaria_orbiculata,orchid having a raceme of large greenish-white flowers on a single flower stalk growing between two elliptic or round basal leaves lying on the ground; from northern Oregon and Montana across Canada to the eastern United States
7906,round_bone,bones that are round in shape
7907,round_ligament_of_the_uterus ligamentum_teres_uteri,ligament attached to the uterus on either side in front of and below the opening of the Fallopian tube and passing through the inguinal canal to the labia majora
7908,row,a long continuous strip (usually running horizontally); "a mackerel sky filled with rows of clouds"; "rows of barbed wire protected the trenches"
7909,rowan rowan_tree European_mountain_ash Sorbus_aucuparia,Eurasian tree with orange-red berrylike fruits
7910,rowanberry,decorative red berrylike fruit of a rowan tree
7911,royal_fern royal_osmund king_fern ditch_fern French_bracken Osmunda_regalis,large deeply rooted fern of worldwide distribution with upright bipinnate compound tufted fronds
7912,royal_palm Roystonea_regia,tall feather palm of southern Florida and Cuba
7913,royal_poinciana flamboyant flame_tree peacock_flower Delonix_regia Poinciana_regia,showy tropical tree or shrub native to Madagascar; widely planted in tropical regions for its immense racemes of scarlet and orange flowers; sometimes placed in genus Poinciana
7914,rudiment,the remains of a body part that was functional at an earlier stage of life; "Meckel's diverticulum is the rudiment of the embryonic yolk sac"
7915,rue herb_of_grace Ruta_graveolens,European strong-scented perennial herb with grey-green bitter-tasting leaves; an irritant similar to poison ivy
7916,rue_anemone Anemonella_thalictroides,woodland flower native to eastern North America having cup-shaped flowers reminiscent of anemone but more delicate
7917,ruga,(anatomy) a fold or wrinkle or crease; "rugae of the stomach"
7918,rugel's_plantain broad-leaved_plantain Plantago_rugelii,North American plantain having reddish leafstalks and broad leaves
7919,rumen first_stomach,the first compartment of the stomach of a ruminant; here food is collected and returned to the mouth as cud for chewing
7920,rumination,regurgitation of small amounts of food; seen in some infants after feeding
7921,runcinate_leaf,a leaf having incised margins with the lobes or teeth curved toward the base; as a dandelion leaf
7922,running_pine Lycopodium_clavitum,a variety of club moss
7923,rush_aster,a variety of aster
7924,rush_grass rush-grass,grass having wiry stems and sheathed panicles
7925,rush_rose Helianthemum_scoparium,woody yellow-flowered perennial of southeastern United States
7926,rust rusting,the formation of reddish-brown ferric oxides on iron by low-temperature oxidation in the presence of water
7927,rusty_woodsia fragrant_woodsia oblong_woodsia Woodsia_ilvensis,a common rock-inhabiting fern of northern temperate regions having rusty-brown stipes and lanceolate pinnate fronds
7928,rutabaga turnip_cabbage swede Swedish_turnip rutabaga_plant Brassica_napus_napobrassica,a cruciferous plant with a thick bulbous edible yellow root
7929,rye,the seed of the cereal grass
7930,rye Secale_cereale,hardy annual cereal grass widely cultivated in northern Europe where its grain is the chief ingredient of black bread and in North America for forage and soil improvement
7931,rye_grass ryegrass,any of several annual or perennial Eurasian grasses
7932,sabicu Lysiloma_sabicu,West Indian tree yielding a hard dark brown wood resembling mahogany in texture and value
7933,sac,a structure resembling a bag in an animal
7934,saccule sacculus,a small sac or pouch (especially the smaller chamber of the membranous labyrinth)
7935,sacral_nerve,any of five pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the sacral region of the spinal cord
7936,sacral_plexus plexus_sacralis,a nerve plexus formed by the 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st, 2nd, 3rd sacral nerves; supplies the pelvic region and lower limbs
7937,sacral_vein vena_sacralis,vein of the sacral region
7938,sacral_vertebra,one of 5 vertebrae in the human spine that fuse in the adult to form the sacrum
7939,sacrum,wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the pelvis; its base connects with the lowest lumbar vertebra and its tip with the coccyx
7940,saddle,posterior part of the back of a domestic fowl
7941,saddle_hackle saddle_feather,a long narrow feather on the back (saddle) of a domestic fowl
7942,safe_sex,sexual activity (especially sexual intercourse) with the use of measures (such as latex condoms) to avoid the transmission of disease (especially AIDS)
7943,safflower false_saffron Carthamus_tinctorius,thistlelike Eurasian plant widely grown for its red or orange flower heads and seeds that yield a valuable oil
7944,safflower_oil,oil from safflower seeds used as food as well as in medicines and paints
7945,safflower_oil,oil from seeds of the safflower plant
7946,safflower_seed,seed of the safflower
7947,saffron saffron_crocus Crocus_sativus,Old World crocus having purple or white flowers with aromatic pungent orange stigmas used in flavoring food
7948,sage salvia,any of various plants of the genus Salvia; a cosmopolitan herb
7949,sagebrush sage_brush,any of several North American composite subshrubs of the genera Artemis or Seriphidium
7950,sagebrush_buttercup Ranunculus_glaberrimus,small early-flowering buttercup with shiny yellow flowers of western North America
7951,sagebrush_mariposa_tulip Calochortus_macrocarpus,mariposa having loose clusters of one to three handsome lilac flowers resembling umbels atop stout erect stems; arid northwestern North America east of Cascade Mountains from southern British Columbia to northern California
7952,sagittal_suture interparietal_suture sutura_sagittalis,the suture uniting the two parietal bones
7953,sagittate-leaf sagittiform_leaf,a leaf shaped like an arrow head
7954,sago,powdery starch from certain sago palms; used in Asia as a food thickener and textile stiffener
7955,sago_palm,any of various tropical Asian palm trees the trunks of which yield sago
7956,sago_palm Cycas_revoluta,dwarf palmlike cycad of Japan that yields sago
7957,saguaro sahuaro Carnegiea_gigantea,extremely large treelike cactus of desert regions of southwestern United States having a thick columnar sparsely branched trunk bearing white flowers and edible red pulpy fruit
7958,sainfoin sanfoin holy_clover esparcet Onobrychis_viciifolia Onobrychis_viciaefolia,Eurasian perennial herb having pale pink flowers and curved pods; naturalized in Britain and North America grasslands on calcareous soils; important forage crop and source of honey in Britain
7959,salad_burnet burnet_bloodwort pimpernel Poterium_sanguisorba,European garden herb with purple-tinged flowers and leaves that are sometimes used for salads
7960,salad_oil,any of several edible vegetable oils that can be used in salad dressings
7961,salai Boswellia_serrata,East Indian tree yielding a resin used medicinally and burned as incense
7962,salal shallon Gaultheria_shallon,small evergreen shrub of Pacific coast of North America having edible dark purple grape-sized berries
7963,salivary_duct,a duct through which saliva passes from the salivary gland into the mouth
7964,salivary_gland,any of three pairs of glands in the mouth and digestive system that secrete saliva for digestion
7965,salivation,the secretion of saliva
7966,sallow,any of several Old World shrubby broad-leaved willows having large catkins; some are important sources for tanbark and charcoal
7967,salmon_oil,a fatty oil obtained from the wastes in canning salmon; used in making soap and dressing leather
7968,salmonberry Rubus_spectabilis,large erect red-flowered raspberry of western North America having large pinkish-orange berries
7969,salmonberry salmon_berry thimbleberry Rubus_parviflorus,white-flowered raspberry of western North America and northern Mexico with thimble-shaped orange berries
7970,salpiglossis,any plant of the genus Salpiglossis
7971,salpinx,a tube in the uterus or the ear
7972,salsify oyster_plant,edible root of the salsify plant
7973,salsify oyster_plant vegetable_oyster Tragopogon_porrifolius,Mediterranean biennial herb with long-stemmed heads of purple ray flowers and milky sap and long edible root; naturalized throughout United States
7974,salsilla Bomarea_edulis,tropical vine having pink-and-yellow flowers spotted purple and edible roots sometimes boiled as a potato substitute; West Indies to northern South America
7975,salsilla Bomarea_salsilla,tropical vine having umbels of small purple flowers and edible roots sometimes boiled as a potato substitute; Colombia
7976,salt_marsh_mallow Kosteletzya_virginica,subshrub of southeastern United States to New York
7977,salt_reed_grass Spartina_cynosuroides,tall reedlike grass common in salt meadows
7978,salt_tree Halimodendron_halodendron Halimodendron_argenteum,spiny shrub of the Caspian salt plains and Siberia having elegant silvery, downy young foliage and mildly fragrant pink-purple blooms
7979,saltation,(geology) the leaping movement of sand or soil particles as they are transported in a fluid medium over an uneven surface
7980,saltbush,any of various shrubby plants of the genus Atriplex that thrive in dry alkaline soil
7981,saltwort Batis_maritima,low-growing strong-smelling coastal shrub of warm parts of the New World having unisexual flowers in conelike spikes and thick succulent leaves
7982,saltwort barilla glasswort kali kelpwort Salsola_kali Salsola_soda,bushy plant of Old World salt marshes and sea beaches having prickly leaves; burned to produce a crude soda ash
7983,samara key_fruit key,a winged often one-seed indehiscent fruit as of the ash or elm or maple
7984,sample,all or part of a natural object that is collected and preserved as an example of its class
7985,sand_blackberry Rubus_cuneifolius,stiff shrubby blackberry of the eastern United States (Connecticut to Florida)
7986,sand_cherry Prunus_pumila Prunus_pumilla_susquehanae Prunus_susquehanae Prunus_cuneata,small straggling American cherry growing on sandy soil and having minute scarcely edible purplish-black fruit
7987,sand_devil's_claw Proboscidea_arenaria Martynia_arenaria,alternatively placed in genus Martynia
7988,sand_dropseed Sporobolus_cryptandrus,erect smooth grass of sandy places in eastern North America
7989,sand_leek giant_garlic Spanish_garlic rocambole Allium_scorodoprasum,European leek cultivated and used like leeks
7990,sand_myrtle Leiophyllum_buxifolium,low-growing evergreen shrub of New Jersey to Florida grown for its many white star-shaped flowers and glossy foliage
7991,sand_sage silvery_wormwood Artemisia_filifolia,silver-haired shrub of central and southern United States and Mexico; a troublesome weed on rangelands
7992,sand_spurry sea_spurry Spergularia_rubra,prostrate weedy herb with tiny pink flowers; widespread throughout Europe and Asia on sand dunes and heath and coastal cliffs; naturalized in eastern North America
7993,sand_verbena,any of various plants of the genus Abronia of western North America and Mexico having flowers resembling verbena
7994,sandalwood_tree true_sandalwood Santalum_album,parasitic tree of Indonesia and Malaysia having fragrant close-grained yellowish heartwood with insect repelling properties and used, e.g., for making chests
7995,sandbar sand_bar,a bar of sand
7996,sandblast,a blast of wind laden with sand
7997,sandbur sandspur field_sandbur Cenchrus_tribuloides,grass of the eastern United States and tropical America having spikelets enclosed in prickly burs
7998,sandwort,low-growing chiefly perennial plant usually with small white flowers suitable for e.g. rock gardens
7999,sandwort Moehringia_lateriflora,low-growing herb having clusters of small white four-petaled flowers
8000,sandwort Moehringia_mucosa,loosely matted plant with moss-like foliage studded with tiny starry four-petaled white blossoms; mountains of central and southern Europe
8001,sanicle snakeroot,a plant of the genus Sanicula having palmately compound leaves and unisexual flowers in panicled umbels followed by bristly fruit; reputed to have healing powers
8002,sansevieria bowstring_hemp,grown as a houseplant for its mottled fleshy sword-shaped leaves or as a source of fiber
8003,saphenous_nerve nervus_saphenus,a branch of the femoral nerve that supplies cutaneous branches to the inner aspect of the leg and foot
8004,saphenous_vein vena_saphena,either of two chief superficial veins of the leg that drain blood from the foot
8005,sapling,young tree
8006,sapodilla sapodilla_plum sapota,tropical fruit with a rough brownish skin and very sweet brownish pulp
8007,sapodilla sapodilla_tree Manilkara_zapota Achras_zapota,large tropical American evergreen yielding chicle gum and edible fruit; sometimes placed in genus Achras
8008,saponification,a chemical reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali (especially the alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or oil to make soap)
8009,sapote mammee marmalade_plum,brown oval fruit flesh makes excellent sherbet
8010,saprobe,an organism that lives in and derives its nourishment from organic matter in stagnant or foul water
8011,saprophyte saprophytic_organism,an organism that feeds on dead organic matter especially a fungus or bacterium
8012,sarcolemma,an extensible membrane enclosing the contractile substance of a muscle fiber
8013,sarcomere,one of the segments into which a myofibril is divided
8014,sarcosome,a large mitochondrion in a striated muscle fiber
8015,sardine_oil,oil obtained from sardines and used chiefly as a lubricant and in soap
8016,sarsaparilla,any of various prickly climbing plants of the tropical American genus Smilax having aromatic roots and heart-shaped leaves
8017,sarsaparilla_root,dried root of any of various plants of the genus Smilax used as a flavoring agent
8018,sartorius sartorius_muscle musculus_sartorius,a muscle in the thigh that helps to rotate the leg into the sitting position assumed by a tailor; the longest muscle in the human body
8019,saskatoon serviceberry shadberry juneberry,edible purple or red berries
8020,sassafras sassafras_tree Sassafras_albidum,yellowwood tree with brittle wood and aromatic leaves and bark; source of sassafras oil; widely distributed in eastern North America
8021,sassafras_oil,oil from root bark of sassafras trees; used in perfumery and as a disinfectant
8022,satellite,any celestial body orbiting around a planet or star
8023,satinleaf satin_leaf caimitillo damson_plum Chrysophyllum_oliviforme,tropical American timber tree with dark hard heavy wood and small plumlike purple fruit
8024,satinwood West_Indian_satinwood Zanthoxylum_flavum,West Indian tree with smooth lustrous and slightly oily wood
8025,satinwood satinwood_tree Chloroxylon_swietenia,East Indian tree with valuable hard lustrous yellowish wood
8026,satsuma,medium-sized largely seedless mandarin orange with thin smooth skin
8027,satsuma satsuma_tree,a variety of mandarin orange
8028,satyr_orchid Coeloglossum_bracteatum,orchid with broad ovate leaves and long-bracted green very irregular flowers
8029,saucer_magnolia Chinese_magnolia Magnolia_soulangiana,large deciduous shrub or small tree having large open rosy to purplish flowers; native to Asia; prized as an ornamental in eastern North America
8030,sausage_curl,a fat sausage-shaped curl
8031,savory,any of several aromatic herbs or subshrubs of the genus Satureja having spikes of flowers attractive to bees
8032,savory Micromeria_juliana,dwarf aromatic shrub of Mediterranean regions
8033,savoy_cabbage,cabbage plant with a compact head of crinkled leaves
8034,saw_palmetto scrub_palmetto Serenoa_repens,small hardy clump-forming spiny palm of southern United States
8035,sawwort Serratula_tinctoria,European perennial whose serrate leaves yield a yellow dye
8036,saxifrage breakstone rockfoil,any of various plants of the genus Saxifraga
8037,scabious scabiosa,any of various plants of the genus Scabiosa
8038,scale,a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals
8039,scale scale_leaf,a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin
8040,scale scurf exfoliation,a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin
8041,scale_fern scaly_fern Asplenium_ceterach Ceterach_officinarum,small European fern with chaffy leathery fronds
8042,scale_wax paraffin_scale,partly refined paraffin wax
8043,scalenus scalene_muscle musculus_scalenus,any of four pairs of muscles extending from the cervical vertebrae to the second rib; involved in moving the neck and in breathing
8044,scallop_shell,a shell of a scallop
8045,scalp,the skin that covers the top of the head; "they wanted to take his scalp as a trophy"
8046,scalp_lock,a long tuft of hair left on top of the shaven head
8047,scammony Convolvulus_scammonia,twining plant of Asia Minor having cream-colored to purple flowers and long thick roots yielding a cathartic resin
8048,scammony Ipomoea_orizabensis,tropical American morning glory
8049,scanning,the process of translating photographs into a digital form that can be recognized by a computer
8050,scape flower_stalk,erect leafless flower stalk growing directly from the ground as in a tulip
8051,scaphoid_bone os_scaphoideum navicular,the largest wrist bone on the thumb side
8052,scapula shoulder_blade shoulder_bone,either of two flat triangular bones one on each side of the shoulder in human beings
8053,scapular,a feather covering the shoulder of a bird
8054,scar_tissue,the connective tissue that forms a scar; consists of fibroblasts in new scars and collagen fibers in old scars
8055,scarlet_bugler Penstemon_centranthifolius,plant with bright red tubular flowers in long narrow clusters near tips of erect stems; coastal ranges from central California southward
8056,scarlet_bush scarlet_hamelia coloradillo Hamelia_patens Hamelia_erecta,handsome shrub with showy orange to scarlet or crimson flowers; Florida and West Indies to Mexico and Brazil
8057,scarlet_clematis Clematis_texensis,woody vine of Texas having showy solitary nodding scarlet flowers
8058,scarlet_fritillary Fritillaria_recurva,western United States herb with scarlet and yellow narrow bell-shaped flowers
8059,scarlet_haw Crataegus_biltmoreana,common shrub or small tree of the eastern United States having few thorns and white flowers in corymbs followed by bright orange-red berries
8060,scarlet_lychnis maltese_cross Lychins_chalcedonica,Eurasian garden perennial having scarlet flowers in dense terminal heads
8061,scarlet_musk_flower Nyctaginia_capitata,viscid branched perennial of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico having tuberous roots and deep red flowers
8062,scarlet_oak Quercus_coccinea,medium-large deciduous tree with a thick trunk found in the eastern United States and southern Canada and having close-grained wood and deeply seven-lobed leaves turning scarlet in autumn
8063,scarlet_pimpernel red_pimpernel poor_man's_weatherglass Anagallis_arvensis,herb with scarlet or white or purple blossoms that close at approach of rainy weather
8064,scarlet_plume Euphorbia_fulgens,Mexican shrub often cultivated for its scarlet-bracted flowers
8065,scarlet_runner running_postman Kennedia_prostrata,hairy trailing or prostrate western Australian vine with bright scarlet-pink flowers
8066,scarlet_runner scarlet_runner_bean Dutch_case-knife_bean runner_bean Phaseolus_coccineus Phaseolus_multiflorus,tropical American bean with red flowers and mottled black beans similar to Phaseolus vulgaris but perennial; a preferred food bean in Great Britain
8067,scarlet_wisteria_tree vegetable_hummingbird Sesbania_grandiflora,a softwood tree with lax racemes of usually red or pink flowers; tropical Australia and Asia; naturalized in southern Florida and West Indies
8068,scatophagy,the eating of excrement or other filth
8069,scattering,the physical process in which particles are deflected haphazardly as a result of collisions
8070,scattering sprinkle sprinkling,a light shower that falls in some locations and not others nearby
8071,scented_fern Mohria_caffrorum,sweetly scented African fern with narrow bipinnate fronds
8072,scentless_camomile scentless_false_camomile scentless_mayweed scentless_hayweed corn_mayweed Tripleurospermum_inodorum Matricaria_inodorum,ubiquitous European annual weed with white flowers and finely divided leaves naturalized and sometimes cultivated in eastern North America; sometimes included in genus Matricaria
8073,schizocarp,a dry dehiscent fruit that at maturity splits into two or more parts each with a single seed
8074,schizogony,asexual reproduction by multiple fission; characteristic of many sporozoan protozoans
8075,schizopetalon Schizopetalon_walkeri,a dainty South American annual having deeply pinnatifid leaves and racemes of fringed almond-scented purple-white flowers
8076,sciatic_nerve nervus_ischiadicus,arises from the sacral plexus and passes about halfway down the thigh where it divides into the common peroneal and tibial nerves
8077,scilla squill,an Old World plant of the genus Scilla having narrow basal leaves and pink or blue or white racemose flowers
8078,scintilla,a sparkling glittering particle
8079,scintillation,(physics) a flash of light that is produced in a phosphor when it absorbs a photon or ionizing particle
8080,sclera sclerotic_coat,the whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering and protection of the eyeball
8081,scleral_veins venae_sclerales,tributaries of the anterior ciliary veins that drain the sclera of the eye
8082,sclerite,hard plate or element of the exoskeleton of some arthropods
8083,scleroprotein albuminoid,a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye
8084,sclerotium,compact usually dark-colored mass of hardened mycelium constituting a vegetative food-storage body in various true fungi; detaches when mature and can give rise to new growth
8085,scolopendrium,a fern thought to resemble a millipede
8086,scorcher,an extremely hot day
8087,scorpioid_cyme,a cyme with flowers or branches alternating in opposite ranks
8088,scorpionweed scorpion_weed phacelia,any plant of the genus Phacelia
8089,scouring_rush rough_horsetail Equisetum_hyemale Equisetum_hyemale_robustum Equisetum_robustum,evergreen erect horsetail with rough-edged stems; formerly used for scouring utensils
8090,scraping,(usually plural) a fragment scraped off of something and collected; "they collected blood scrapings for analysis"
8091,screw_augur Spiranthes_cernua,an orchid of the genus Spiranthes having tall erect densely flowered spiraling clusters of creamy white vanilla-scented flowers; widely distributed especially in low damp places of eastern and central North America
8092,screw_bean,spirally twisted sweet pod of screwbean mesquite that is used for fodder or ground into meal for feed
8093,screw_bean screwbean tornillo screwbean_mesquite Prosopis_pubescens,shrub or small tree of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico having spirally twisted pods
8094,screw_tree,a tree or shrub of the genus Helicteres
8095,scrotal_vein vena_scrotalis,veins passing from the scrotum to the pudendal veins
8096,scrotum,the external pouch that contains the testes
8097,scrub_beefwood beefwood Stenocarpus_salignus,tree or tall shrub with shiny leaves and umbels of fragrant creamy-white flowers; yields hard heavy reddish wood
8098,scrub_oak,any of various chiefly American small shrubby oaks often a dominant form on thin dry soils sometimes forming dense thickets
8099,scrub_pine Virginia_pine Jersey_pine Pinus_virginiana,common small shrubby pine of the eastern United States having straggling often twisted or branches and short needles in bunches of 2
8100,scuppernong,amber-green muscadine grape of southeastern United States
8101,scurf,(botany) a covering that resembles scales or bran that covers some plant parts
8102,scurvy_grass common_scurvy_grass Cochlearia_officinalis,a widely distributed Arctic cress reputed to have value in treatment or prevention of scurvy; a concentrated source of vitamin C
8103,scut,a short erect tail
8104,scute,large bony or horny plate as on an armadillo or turtle or the underside of a snake
8105,sea,a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land
8106,sea,turbulent water with swells of considerable size; "heavy seas"
8107,sea-level_pressure,the atmospheric pressure reduced by a formula to the pressure at sea level
8108,sea-rocket Cakile_maritima,salt-tolerant seashore annual grown for its fragrant rose or violet flowers and fleshy grey-green foliage
8109,sea_aster sea_starwort Aster_tripolium,a common European aster that grows in salt marshes
8110,sea_breeze,a cooling breeze from the sea (during the daytime)
8111,sea_dahlia Coreopsis_maritima,stout herb with flowers one to a stalk; ornamental developed from a Mexican wildflower
8112,sea_holly sea_holm sea_eryngium Eryngium_maritimum,European evergreen eryngo with twisted spiny leaves naturalized on United States east coast; roots formerly used as an aphrodisiac
8113,sea_island_cotton tree_cotton Gossypium_barbadense,small bushy tree grown on islands of the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of the southern United States; yields cotton with unusually long silky fibers
8114,sea_kale sea_cole Crambe_maritima,perennial of coastal sands and shingles of northern Europe and Baltic and Black Seas having racemes of small white flowers and large fleshy blue-green leaves often used as potherbs
8115,sea_lavender marsh_rosemary statice,any of various plants of the genus Limonium of temperate salt marshes having spikes of white or mauve flowers
8116,sea_lyme_grass European_dune_grass Elymus_arenarius Leymus_arenaria,a dune grass of the Pacific seacoast used as a sand binder
8117,sea_milkwort sea_trifoly black_saltwort Glaux_maritima,a small fleshy herb common along North American seashores and in brackish marshes having pink or white flowers
8118,sea_squill sea_onion squill Urginea_maritima,having dense spikes of small white flowers and yielding a bulb with medicinal properties
8119,sea_wormwood Seriphidium_maritimum Artemisia_maritima,plants of western and northern European coasts
8120,seabeach_sandwort Arenaria_peploides,perennial succulent herb with small solitary axillary or terminal flowers
8121,seal_oil,a pale yellow to red-brown fatty oil obtained from seal blubber; used in making soap and dressing leather and as a lubricant
8122,seaquake submarine_earthquake,an earthquake at the sea bed
8123,search lookup,an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property; "they wrote a program to do a table lookup"
8124,seashell,the shell of a marine organism
8125,seashore_mallow,any of various plants of the genus Kosteletzya predominantly of coastal habitats; grown for their flowers that resemble hibiscus
8126,seaside_alder Alnus_maritima,shrub or small tree of southeastern United States having soft light brown wood
8127,seaside_centaury,a variety of centaury found at the seaside
8128,seaside_daisy beach_aster Erigeron_glaucous,slightly succulent perennial with basal leaves and hairy sticky stems each bearing a solitary flower head with narrow pink or lavender rays; coastal bluffs Oregon to southern California
8129,seaside_goldenrod beach_goldenrod Solidago_sempervirens,vigorous showy goldenrod common along eastern coast and Gulf Coast of North America
8130,sebaceous_gland sebaceous_follicle glandulae_sebaceae,a cutaneous gland that secretes sebum (usually into a hair follicle) for lubricating hair and skin
8131,seckel seckel_pear,small yellowish- to reddish-brown pear
8132,second_wind,the return of relatively easy breathing after initial exhaustion during continuous exertion
8133,secondary_emission,the emission of electrons from a surface that is bombarded by higher energy primary electrons
8134,secretase,a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's)
8135,secretion secernment,the organic process of synthesizing and releasing some substance
8136,section,a segment of a citrus fruit; "he ate a section of the orange"
8137,section,a very thin slice (of tissue or mineral or other substance) for examination under a microscope; "sections from the left ventricle showed diseased tissue"
8138,security_blanket,anything that an adult person uses to reduce anxiety
8139,sedum,any of various plants of the genus Sedum
8140,seed,a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat or testa
8141,seed,a small hard fruit
8142,seed_fern pteridosperm,an extinct seed-producing fernlike plant of the order Cycadofilicales (or group Pteridospermae)
8143,seeded_raisin,seeded grape that has been dried
8144,seedless_raisin sultana,dried seedless grape
8145,seedling,young plant or tree grown from a seed
8146,segment,one of the parts into which something naturally divides; "a segment of an orange"
8147,sego_lily Calochortus_nuttallii,perennial plant having clusters of one to four showy white bell-shaped flowers atop erect unbranched stems; edible bulbs useful in times of scarcity; eastern Montana and western North Dakota south to northern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico
8148,segregation,(genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes
8149,self-heal heal_all Prunella_vulgaris,decumbent blue-flowered European perennial thought to possess healing properties; naturalized throughout North America
8150,self-induction,generation of an electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit by changing the current in that circuit; usually measured in henries
8151,self-stimulation self-abuse,manual stimulation of your own genital organ for sexual pleasure
8152,semi-climber,a plant that tends to climb and on occasion can grow like a vine
8153,semicircular_canal,one of three tube loops filled with fluid and in planes nearly at right angles with one another; concerned with equilibrium
8154,semilunar_valve,a heart valve with cusps shaped like half-moons; prevents blood from flowing back into the heart
8155,seminal_duct,the efferent duct of the testis in man
8156,seminal_vesicle,either of a pair of glands located on either side of the male urinary bladder that open into the vas deferens and that secrete many components of semen during ejaculation
8157,seminiferous_tubule,any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testis which are the sites where spermatozoa mature
8158,semipermeable_membrane,a membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows some molecules to pass through but not others
8159,senega,dried root of two plants of the genus Polygala containing an irritating saponin
8160,senega Polygala_alba,perennial bushy herb of central and southern United States having white flowers with green centers and often purple crest; similar to Seneca snakeroot
8161,senna,any of various plants of the genus Senna having pinnately compound leaves and showy usually yellow flowers; many are used medicinally
8162,sense_organ sensory_receptor receptor,an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation
8163,sensitive_fern bead_fern Onoclea_sensibilis,beautiful spreading fern of eastern North America and eastern Asia naturalized in western Europe; pinnately divided fronds show a slight tendency to fold when touched; pinnules enclose groups of sori in beadlike lobes
8164,sensitive_plant Mimosa_sensitiva,semi-climbing prickly evergreen shrub of tropical America having compound leaves sensitive to light and touch
8165,sensitive_plant touch-me-not shame_plant live-and-die humble_plant action_plant Mimosa_pudica,prostrate or semi-erect subshrub of tropical America, and Australia; heavily armed with recurved thorns and having sensitive soft grey-green leaflets that fold and droop at night or when touched or cooled
8166,sensitization sensitisation,(psychology) the process of becoming highly sensitive to specific events or situations (especially emotional events or situations)
8167,sensorimotor_area sensorimotor_region,an area of the cortex including the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus and combining sensory and motor functions
8168,sensorium,the areas of the brain that process and register incoming sensory information and make possible the conscious awareness of the world
8169,sensory_nerve afferent_nerve afferent,a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system
8170,sensory_system,the body's system of sense organs
8171,sepal,one of the green parts that form the calyx of a flower
8172,septum,(anatomy) a dividing partition between two tissues or cavities
8173,septum,a partition or wall especially in an ovary
8174,sequestration,the action of forming a chelate or other stable compound with an ion or atom or molecule so that it is no longer available for reactions
8175,serendipity,good luck in making unexpected and fortunate discoveries
8176,serial_operation sequential_operation consecutive_operation,the sequential execution of operations one after another
8177,serial_processing,sequential processing by two or more processing units
8178,sericea_lespedeza Lespedeza_sericea Lespedeza_cuneata,perennial widely planted as for forage and as hay crop especially on poor land
8179,sericulture,raising silkworms in order to obtain raw silk
8180,serous_membrane serosa,a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body; has two layers with a space between that is filled with serous fluid
8181,serrate_leaf,a leaf having a margin notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex
8182,serratus serratus_muscles,any of several muscles of the trunk
8183,serratus_posterior_inferior,a thin quadrilateral muscle at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar regions; acts to counteract the pull of the diaphragm on the ribs to which it is attached
8184,serratus_posterior_superior,a thin quadrilateral muscle of the upper and dorsal part of the thorax; acts to elevate the upper ribs
8185,serum_albumin,albumin occurring in blood serum; serves to maintain the somatic pressure of the blood
8186,serum_globulin,globulins occurring in blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood
8187,service_tree sorb_apple sorb_apple_tree Sorbus_domestica,medium-sized European tree resembling the rowan but bearing edible fruit
8188,servicing service,the act of mating by male animals; "the bull was worth good money in servicing fees"
8189,sesame benne benni benny Sesamum_indicum,East Indian annual erect herb; source of sesame seed or benniseed and sesame oil
8190,sesame_oil,oil obtained from sesame seeds
8191,sesamoid_bone sesamoid os_sesamoideum,any of several small round bones formed in a tendon where it passes over a joint
8192,sesbania,any of various plants of the genus Sesbania having pinnate leaves and large showy pea-like flowers
8193,seta,a stiff hair or bristle
8194,seta,stalk of a moss capsule
8195,seven_seas,an informal expression for all of the oceans of the world; "the old salt had sailed the seven seas"
8196,sex_chromosome,(genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual; "mammals normally have two sex chromosomes"
8197,sex_linkage,an association between genes in sex chromosomes that makes some characteristics appear more frequently in one sex than in the other
8198,sexual_activity sexual_practice sex sex_activity,activities associated with sexual intercourse; "they had sex in the back seat"
8199,sexual_intercourse intercourse sex_act copulation coitus coition sexual_congress sexual_relation relation carnal_knowledge,sexual activity between individuals, especially the insertion of a man's penis into a woman's vagina until orgasm and ejaculation occur
8200,sexual_love lovemaking making_love love love_life,sexual activities (often including sexual intercourse) between two people; "his lovemaking disgusted her"; "he hadn't had any love in months"; "he has a very complicated love life"
8201,sexual_reproduction amphimixis,reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete
8202,shade_tree,a tree planted or valued chiefly for its shade from sunlight
8203,shag,a matted tangle of hair or fiber; "the dog's woolly shag"
8204,shagbark shagbark_hickory shellbark shellbark_hickory Carya_ovata,North American hickory having loose grey shaggy bark and edible nuts
8205,shale_oil,oil extracted from oil shale by heating
8206,shallot,aggregate bulb of the multiplier onion
8207,shallot eschalot multiplier_onion Allium_cepa_aggregatum Allium_ascalonicum,type of onion plant producing small clustered mild-flavored bulbs used as seasoning
8208,shallu Sorghum_vulgare_rosburghii,sorghum having slender dry stalks and small hard grains; introduced into United States from India
8209,shamrock_pea Parochetus_communis,trailing trifoliate Asiatic and African herb having cobalt blue flowers
8210,shank,the part of the human leg between the knee and the ankle
8211,shank's_mare shanks'_mare shank's_pony shanks'_pony,you own legs; "I traveled on shank's mare"
8212,shaping defining,any process serving to define the shape of something
8213,shark_oil shark-liver_oil,a fatty yellow to brown oil obtained from the livers of sharks; used for dressing leather and as a source of vitamin A
8214,shasta_daisy Leucanthemum_superbum Chrysanthemum_maximum_maximum,hybrid garden flower derived from Chrysanthemum maximum and Chrysanthemum lacustre having large white flower heads resembling oxeye daisies; often placed in the genus Chrysanthemum
8215,shaving-brush_tree Pseudobombax_ellipticum,tree of Mexico to Guatemala having densely hairy flowers with long narrow petals clustered at ends of branches before leaves appear
8216,she-oak,any of several Australian trees of the genus Casuarina
8217,sheath case,an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part
8218,shedding sloughing,the process whereby something is shed
8219,sheep_fescue sheep's_fescue Festuca_ovina,cultivated for sheep pasturage in upland regions or used as a lawn grass
8220,sheep_laurel pig_laurel lambkill Kalmia_angustifolia,North American dwarf shrub resembling mountain laurel but having narrower leaves and small red flowers; poisonous to young stock
8221,sheep_plant vegetable_sheep Raoulia_lutescens Raoulia_australis,perennial prostrate mat-forming herb with hoary woolly foliage
8222,sheep_sorrel sheep's_sorrel Rumex_acetosella,small plant having pleasantly acid-tasting arrow-shaped leaves; common in dry places
8223,shell,a rigid covering that envelops an object; "the satellite is covered with a smooth shell of ice"
8224,shell,the hard largely calcareous covering of a mollusc or a brachiopod
8225,shell,the hard usually fibrous outer layer of some fruits especially nuts
8226,shell eggshell,the exterior covering of a bird's egg
8227,shell_bean shell_bean_plant,a bean plant grown primarily for its edible seed rather than its pod
8228,shellac_wax lac_wax,a hard wax separated from shellac by its insolubility in alcohol
8229,shellflower shall-flower shell_ginger Alpinia_Zerumbet Alpinia_speciosa Languas_speciosa,cultivated for its shining oblong leaves and arching clusters of white flowers with pink shading and crinkled yellow lips with variegated magenta stripes
8230,shepherd's_purse shepherd's_pouch Capsella_bursa-pastoris,white-flowered annual European herb bearing triangular notched pods; nearly cosmopolitan as an introduced weed
8231,shield_fern buckler_fern,any of various ferns of the genera Dryopteris or Polystichum or Lastreopsis having somewhat shield-shaped coverings on the sori
8232,shin,the front part of the human leg between the knee and the ankle
8233,shingle_oak laurel_oak Quercus_imbricaria,small deciduous tree of eastern and central United States having leaves that shine like laurel; wood is used in western states for shingles
8234,shingle_tree Acrocarpus_fraxinifolius,East Indian timber tree with hard durable wood used especially for tea boxes
8235,shining_clubmoss Lycopodium_lucidulum,a variety of club moss
8236,shining_willow Salix_lucida,common North American shrub with shiny lanceolate leaves
8237,shit dump,a coarse term for defecation; "he took a shit"
8238,shittah shittah_tree,source of a wood mentioned frequently in the Bible; probably a species of genus Acacia
8239,shoal shallow,a stretch of shallow water
8240,shock seismic_disturbance,an instance of agitation of the earth's crust; "the first shock of the earthquake came shortly after noon while workers were at lunch"
8241,shoot,a new branch
8242,shore_boulder,a boulder found on a shore remote from its place of origin
8243,shore_pine lodgepole lodgepole_pine spruce_pine Pinus_contorta,shrubby two-needled pine of coastal northwestern United States; red to yellow-brown bark fissured into small squares
8244,short-spurred_fragrant_orchid Gymnadenia_odoratissima,similar to Gymnadenia conopsea but with smaller flowers on shorter stems and having much shorter spurs
8245,short_bone os_breve,a bone that is of approximately equal dimension in all directions
8246,short_gastric_artery arteria_gastrica_breves vasa_brevis,several small arteries branching off of the splenic artery and going to the greater curvature of the stomach
8247,short_saphenous_vein,a vein running from the foot up the back of the leg to the knee
8248,short_wave,a radio wave with a wavelength less than 100 meters (a frequency greater than 3 megahertz)
8249,shortening,fat such as butter or lard used in baked goods
8250,shortgrass short-grass,any of various grasses that are short and can tolerate drought conditions; common on the dry upland plains just east of the Rocky Mountains
8251,shortia,any plant of the genus Shortia; evergreen perennial herbs with smooth leathery basal leaves and showy white solitary flowers
8252,shortleaf_pine short-leaf_pine shortleaf_yellow_pine Pinus_echinata,large pine of southern United States having short needles in bunches of 2-3 and red-brown bark when mature
8253,shoulder,the part of the body between the neck and the upper arm
8254,shoulder shoulder_joint articulatio_humeri,a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and a cavity of the scapula
8255,shoulder_girdle pectoral_arch,the bony arch formed by the collarbones and shoulder blades in humans
8256,shower rain_shower,a brief period of precipitation; "the game was interrupted by a brief shower"
8257,showy_daisy Erigeron_speciosus,plant having branching leafy stems each branch with an especially showy solitary flower head with many narrow pink or lavender or white rays; northwestern United States mountains
8258,showy_goldenrod,a variety of goldenrod
8259,showy_milkweed Asclepias_speciosa,milkweed of southern North America having large starry purple and pink flowers
8260,showy_orchis purple_orchis purple-hooded_orchis Orchis_spectabilis,North American orchid having a spike of violet-purple flowers mixed with white; sepals and petals form a hood
8261,showy_sunflower Helianthus_laetiflorus,tall rough-leaved perennial with a few large flower heads; central United States
8262,shrub bush,a low woody perennial plant usually having several major stems
8263,shrubby_St_John's_wort Hypericum_prolificum Hypericum_spathulatum,stiff shrub having oblong entire leaves and dense cymes of yellow flowers
8264,shrubby_penstemon lowbush_penstemon Penstemon_fruticosus,low bushy plant with large showy pale lavender or blue-violet flowers in narrow clusters at ends of stems
8265,shrublet,dwarf shrub
8266,shunt,a passage by which a bodily fluid (especially blood) is diverted from one channel to another; "an arteriovenus shunt"
8267,sialolith salivary_calculus,a stone formed in the salivary gland
8268,sickle_alfalfa sickle_lucerne sickle_medick Medicago_falcata,European medic naturalized in North America having yellow flowers and sickle-shaped pods
8269,sickle_feather,one of the long curved tail feathers of a rooster
8270,sicklepod Arabis_Canadensis,North American rock cress having very long curved pods
8271,sicklepod Senna_obtusifolia Cassia_tora,cosmopolitan tropical herb or subshrub with yellow flowers and slender curved pods; a weed; sometimes placed in genus Cassia
8272,sickleweed_golden_aster,a variety of golden aster
8273,side,either the left or right half of a body; "he had a pain in his side"
8274,side_effect fallout,any adverse and unwanted secondary effect; "a strategy to contain the fallout from the accounting scandal"
8275,sideburn burnside mutton_chop side-whiskers,facial hair that has grown down the side of a man's face in front of the ears (especially when the rest of the beard is shaved off)
8276,siderite,a meteorite consisting principally of nickel and iron
8277,siesta,a nap in the early afternoon (especially in hot countries)
8278,sieva_bean butter_bean butter-bean_plant lima_bean Phaseolus_lunatus,bush bean plant cultivated especially in southern United States having small flat edible seeds
8279,sieve_tube,tube formed by cells joined end-to-end through which nutrients flow in flowering plants and brown algae
8280,sigmoid_colon sigmoid_flexure,the s-shaped curve between the descending colon and the rectum
8281,sigmoid_sinus sinus_sigmoideus,an S-shaped dural sinus on the temporal and occipital bones
8282,sigmoid_vein vena_sigmoideus,tributaries of the inferior mesenteric vein; drains the sigmoid colon
8283,signal,an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes
8284,silene campion catchfly,any plant of the genus Silene
8285,silicle,short broad silique occurring in some cruciferous plants
8286,silique siliqua,narrow elongated seed capsule peculiar to the family Cruciferae
8287,silk_gland serictery sericterium,silk-producing gland of insects (especially of a silkworm) or spiders
8288,silk_oak,any of several Australian timber trees having usually fernlike foliage and mottled wood used in cabinetry and veneering
8289,silk_tree Albizia_julibrissin Albizzia_julibrissin,attractive domed or flat-topped Asiatic tree having bipinnate leaves and flowers with long silky stamens
8290,silk_vine Periploca_graeca,deciduous climber for arches and fences having ill-scented but interesting flowers and poisonous yellow fruits; cultivated for its dark shining foliage; southeastern Europe to Asia Minor
8291,silky_cornel silky_dogwood Cornus_amomum,shrub of eastern North America having purplish stems and blue fruit
8292,silky_dogwood Cornus_obliqua,shrub of eastern North America closely resembling silky cornel
8293,silky_oak Grevillea_robusta,medium to tall fast-growing tree with orange flowers and feathery bipinnate leaves silky-hairy beneath; eastern Australia
8294,silky_wisteria Wisteria_venusta,a wisteria of China having white flowers
8295,sill,(geology) a flat (usually horizontal) mass of igneous rock between two layers of older sedimentary rock
8296,silver-bell_tree silverbell_tree snowdrop_tree opossum_wood Halesia_carolina Halesia_tetraptera,medium-sized tree of West Virginia to Florida and Texas
8297,silver_ash,any of various timber trees of the genus Flindersia
8298,silver_beech Nothofagus_menziesii,New Zealand beech with usually pale silvery bark
8299,silver_bell,any of various deciduous trees of the genus Halesia having white bell-shaped flowers
8300,silver_birch common_birch European_white_birch Betula_pendula,European birch with silvery white peeling bark and markedly drooping branches
8301,silver_fern Pityrogramma_argentea,fern of southern tropical Africa having fronds with white undersides
8302,silver_fern Pityrogramma_calomelanos,tropical American fern having fronds with white undersides
8303,silver_fir,any of various true firs having leaves white or silvery white beneath
8304,silver_grass,of Australia and New Zealand
8305,silver_lace_vine China_fleece_vine Russian_vine Polygonum_aubertii,twining perennial vine having racemes of fragrant greenish flowers; western China to Russia
8306,silver_lime silver_linden Tilia_tomentosa,large tree native to eastern Europe and Asia Minor having leaves with white tomentum on the under side; widely cultivated as an ornamental
8307,silver_maple Acer_saccharinum,a common North American maple tree; five-lobed leaves are light green above and silvery white beneath; source of hard close-grained but brittle light-brown wood
8308,silver_oak Grevillela_parallela,small slender tree with usually entire grey-green pendulous leaves and white or cream-colored flowers; northern Australia
8309,silver_sage silver_sagebrush grey_sage gray_sage Seriphidium_canum Artemisia_cana,low much-branched perennial of western United States having silvery leaves; an important browse and shelter plant
8310,silver_tree Leucadendron_argenteum,small South African tree with long silvery silky foliage
8311,silver_tree Tarrietia_argyrodendron,Australian timber tree
8312,silver_tree_fern sago_fern black_tree_fern Cyathea_medullaris,a showy tree fern of New Zealand and Australia having a crown of pinnated fronds with whitish undersides
8313,silver_wattle mimosa Acacia_dealbata,evergreen Australasian tree having white or silvery bark and young leaves and yellow flowers
8314,silver_willow silky_willow Salix_alba_sericea Salix_sericea,North American willow with greyish silky pubescent leaves that usually blacken in drying
8315,silverberry silver_berry silverbush silver-bush Elaeagnus_commutata,deciduous unarmed North American shrub with silvery leaves and fruits
8316,silverrod Solidago_bicolor,plant of eastern North America having creamy white flowers
8317,silversword Argyroxiphium_sandwicense,low-growing plant found only in volcanic craters on Hawaii having rosettes of narrow pointed silver-green leaves and clusters of profuse red-purple flowers on a tall stem
8318,silvervine silver_vine Actinidia_polygama,ornamental vine of eastern Asia having yellow edible fruit and leaves with silver-white markings
8319,silverweed,any of various twining shrubs of the genus Argyreia having silvery leaves and showy purple flowers
8320,silverweed goose-tansy goose_grass Potentilla_anserina,low-growing perennial having leaves silvery beneath; northern United States; Europe; Asia
8321,silvery_spleenwort Deparia_acrostichoides Athyrium_thelypteroides,fern with elongate silvery outgrowths enclosing the developing spores
8322,silvery_spleenwort glade_fern narrow-leaved_spleenwort Athyrium_pycnocarpon Diplazium_pycnocarpon,North American fern with narrow fronds on yellowish leafstalks
8323,simoom simoon samiel,a violent hot sand-laden wind on the deserts of Arabia and North Africa
8324,simple,any herbaceous plant having medicinal properties
8325,simple_eye stemma ocellus,an eye having a single lens
8326,simple_fruit bacca,an indehiscent fruit derived from a single ovary having one or many seeds within a fleshy wall or pericarp: e.g. grape; tomato; cranberry
8327,simple_leaf,a leaf that is not divided into parts
8328,simple_pistil,consists of one carpel
8329,simple_protein,a protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed
8330,sinciput,the front part of the head or skull (including the forehead)
8331,single-leaf single-leaf_pine single-leaf_pinyon Pinus_monophylla,pinon of southwestern United States having solitary needles and often many stems; important as a nut pine
8332,single_nucleotide_polymorphism SNP,(genetics) genetic variation in a DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered; SNPs are usually considered to be point mutations that have been evolutionarily successful enough to recur in a significant proportion of the population of a species
8333,singletary_pea Caley_pea rough_pea wild_winterpea Lathyrus_hirsutus,a weak-stemmed winter annual native to Mediterranean region for long established in southern United States; cultivated as a cover and pasture crop
8334,sink,(technology) a process that acts to absorb or remove energy or a substance from a system; "the ocean is a sink for carbon dioxide"
8335,sinking_spell,a temporary decline in health or value
8336,sinus,any of various air-filled cavities especially in the bones of the skull
8337,sinusoid,tiny endothelium-lined passages for blood in the tissue of an organ
8338,sip,a small drink
8339,siphon syphon,a tubular organ in an aquatic animal (especially in mollusks) through which water can be taken in or expelled
8340,siris siris_tree Albizia_lebbeck Albizzia_lebbeck,large spreading Old World tree having large leaves and globose clusters of greenish-yellow flowers and long seed pods that clatter in the wind
8341,sisal Agave_sisalana,Mexican or West Indian plant with large fleshy leaves yielding a stiff fiber used in e.g. rope
8342,siskiyou_lewisia Lewisia_cotyledon,evergreen perennial having a dense basal rosette of long spatula-shaped leaves and panicles of pink or white-and-red-striped or pink-purple flowers; found on cliffs and in rock crevices in mountains of southwestern Oregon and northern California
8343,sissoo sissu sisham Dalbergia_sissoo,East Indian tree whose leaves are used for fodder; yields a compact dark brown durable timber used in shipbuilding and making railroad ties
8344,sitter,an organism (person or animal) that sits
8345,skeletal_muscle striated_muscle,a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so move parts of the skeleton; a muscle that is characterized by transverse stripes
8346,skeletal_structure,any structure created by the skeleton of an organism
8347,skeletal_system skeleton frame systema_skeletale,the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal
8348,skeleton_fork_fern Psilotum_nudum,pantropical epiphytic or terrestrial whisk fern with usually dull yellow branches and minute leaves; America; Japan; Australia
8349,ski_wax,wax used on the bottom of skis
8350,skim,a thin layer covering the surface of a liquid; "there was a thin skim of oil on the water"
8351,skin tegument cutis,a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch; "your skin is the largest organ of your body"
8352,skin_effect,the tendency of high-frequency alternating current to distribute near the surface of a conductor
8353,skin_graft,a piece of skin taken from a donor area and surgically grafted at the site of an injury or burn
8354,skull,the bony skeleton of the head of vertebrates
8355,skullcap helmetflower,a herbaceous plant of the genus Scutellaria which has a calyx that, when inverted, resembles a helmet with its visor raised
8356,skunkweed skunk-weed Polemonium_viscosum,tall herb of the Rocky Mountains having sticky leaves and an offensive smell
8357,sky_glow,illumination of the night sky in urban areas
8358,sky_wave,a radio wave that is reflected back to earth by the ionosphere or a communications satellite; permits transmission around the curve of the earth's surface
8359,sleep_talking somniloquy somniloquism,uttering speech while asleep
8360,sleeping,the suspension of consciousness and decrease in metabolic rate
8361,sleepwalking somnambulism somnambulation noctambulism noctambulation,walking by a person who is asleep
8362,sleet,partially melted snow (or a mixture of rain and snow)
8363,slender_centaury,a slender variety of centaury
8364,slender_knapweed,a variety of knapweed
8365,slender_wheatgrass Agropyron_trachycaulum Agropyron_pauciflorum Elymus_trachycaulos,North American grass cultivated in western United States as excellent forage crop
8366,slender_wild_oat Avena_barbata,oat of southern Europe and southwestern Asia
8367,slice,a thin flat piece cut off of some object
8368,slippage,a decrease of transmitted power in a mechanical system caused by slipping
8369,slippage,decline from a standard level of performance or achievement
8370,slipper_spurge slipper_plant,any of several tropical American shrubby succulent plants resembling cacti but having foot-shaped bracts
8371,slippery_elm red_elm Ulmus_rubra,North American elm having rough leaves that are red when opening; yields a hard wood
8372,slipskin_grape,a grape whose skin slips readily from the pulp
8373,slipstream airstream race backwash wash,the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller
8374,sloe,small sour dark purple fruit of especially the Allegheny plum bush
8375,slough,any outer covering that can be shed or cast off (such as the cast-off skin of a snake)
8376,slump slack drop-off falloff falling_off,a noticeable deterioration in performance or quality; "the team went into a slump"; "a gradual slack in output"; "a drop-off in attendance"; "a falloff in quality"
8377,small,the slender part of the back
8378,small-leaved_linden small-leaved_lime Tilia_cordata,large spreading European linden with small dark green leaves; often cultivated as an ornamental
8379,small_cane switch_cane Arundinaria_tecta,small cane of watery or moist areas in southern United States
8380,small_intestine,the longest part of the alimentary canal; where digestion is completed
8381,small_white_aster,a variety of aster
8382,smear cytologic_smear cytosmear,a thin tissue or blood sample spread on a glass slide and stained for cytologic examination and diagnosis under a microscope
8383,smilax Asparagus_asparagoides,fragile twining plant of South Africa with bright green flattened stems and glossy foliage popular as a floral decoration
8384,smilo smilo_grass Oryzopsis_miliacea,perennial mountain rice native to Mediterranean region and introduced into North America
8385,smoke fume,a cloud of fine particles suspended in a gas
8386,smoke smoking,a hot vapor containing fine particles of carbon being produced by combustion; "the fire produced a tower of black smoke that could be seen for miles"
8387,smoke smoking,the act of smoking tobacco or other substances; "he went outside for a smoke"; "smoking stinks"
8388,smoke_bush,any of various shrubs of the genus Conospermum with panicles of mostly white woolly flowers
8389,smoke_tree Dalea_spinosa,greyish-green shrub of desert regions of southwestern United States and Mexico having sparse foliage and terminal spikes of bluish violet flowers; locally important as source of a light-colored honey of excellent flavor
8390,smoke_tree smoke_bush,any of several shrubs or shrubby trees of the genus Cotinus
8391,smooth-leaved_elm European_field_elm Ulmus_carpinifolia,European elm with lustrous smooth leaves used as an ornamental
8392,smooth_alder hazel_alder Alnus_serrulata,common shrub of the eastern United States with smooth bark
8393,smooth_aster,a variety of aster
8394,smooth_crabgrass Digitaria_ischaemum,a weed
8395,smooth_darling_pea Swainsona_galegifolia,erect or trailing perennial of eastern Australia having axillary racemes of blue to purple or red flowers
8396,smooth_lip_fern Alabama_lip_fern Cheilanthes_alabamensis,southeastern United States to northern Mexico and Jamaica
8397,smooth_muscle,muscle tissue that does not appear striated under the microscope; has the form of thin layers or sheets
8398,smooth_muscle involuntary_muscle,a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart)
8399,smooth_sumac scarlet_sumac vinegar_tree Rhus_glabra,common nonpoisonous shrub of eastern North America with waxy compound leaves and green paniculate flowers followed by red berries
8400,smooth_winterberry_holly,a holly shrub
8401,smooth_woodsia Woodsia_glabella,rock-inhabiting fern of Arctic and subarctic Europe to eastern Asia
8402,smoothbark,any of several Australian eucalypts having the bark smooth except at or near the base of the trunk
8403,smother,a stifling cloud of smoke
8404,smut_grass blackseed carpet_grass Sporobolus_poiretii,grass native to West Indies but common in southern United States having tufted wiry stems often infested with a dark fungus
8405,snag,a dead tree that is still standing, usually in an undisturbed forest; "a snag can provide food and a habitat for insects and birds"
8406,snailflower snail-flower snail_flower snail_bean corkscrew_flower Vigna_caracalla Phaseolus_caracalla,perennial tropical American vine cultivated for its racemes of showy yellow and purple flowers having the corolla keel coiled like a snail shell; sometimes placed in genus Phaseolus
8407,snake's_head_fritillary guinea-hen_flower checkered_daffodil leper_lily Fritillaria_meleagris,Eurasian checkered lily with pendant flowers usually veined and checkered with purple or maroon on a pale ground and shaped like the bells carried by lepers in medieval times; widely grown as an ornamental
8408,snake_polypody Microgramma-piloselloides,epiphytic ferns with long rhizomes; tropical America
8409,snakewood Rauwolfia_serpentina,East Indian climbing shrub with twisted limbs and roots resembling serpents
8410,snapdragon,a garden plant of the genus Antirrhinum having showy white or yellow or crimson flowers resembling the face of a dragon
8411,sneeze sneezing sternutation,a symptom consisting of the involuntary expulsion of air from the nose
8412,sneezeweed,any of various plants of the genus Helenium characteristically causing sneezing
8413,sneezeweed_yarrow sneezewort Achillea_ptarmica,Eurasian herb having loose heads of button-shaped white flowers and long grey-green leaves that cause sneezing when powdered
8414,snivel sniveling,whining in a tearful manner
8415,snogging,(British informal) cuddle and kiss
8416,snore snoring stertor,the act of snoring or producing a snoring sound
8417,snout neb,a long projecting or anterior elongation of an animal's head; especially the nose
8418,snout rostrum,beaklike projection of the anterior part of the head of certain insects such as e.g. weevils
8419,snow snowfall,precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals
8420,snow-in-summer love-in-a-mist Cerastium_tomentosum,chickweed with hairy silver-grey leaves and rather large white flowers
8421,snow-on-the-mountain snow-in-summer ghost_weed Euphorbia_marginata,annual spurge of western United States having showy white-bracted flower clusters and very poisonous milk
8422,snow_gum ghost_gum white_ash Eucalyptus_coriacea Eucalyptus_pauciflora,small to medium-sized tree of Australia and Tasmania having smooth white to light-grey bark shedding in patches or strips
8423,snow_pea sugar_pea,variety of pea plant producing peas having thin flat edible pods
8424,snow_plant Sarcodes_sanguinea,a fleshy bright red saprophytic plant of the mountains of western North America that appears in early spring while snow is on the ground
8425,snowball sweet_sand_verbena Abronia_elliptica,plant having heads of fragrant white trumpet-shaped flowers; grows in sandy arid regions
8426,snowbell Styrax_obassia,small tree native to Japan
8427,snowcap,a covering of snow (as on a mountain peak)
8428,snowdrift,a mass of snow heaped up by the wind
8429,snowdrop_anemone snowdrop_windflower Anemone_sylvestris,Eurasian herb with solitary nodding fragrant white flowers
8430,snowy_orchid Habenaria_nivea,slender fringed orchid of eastern North America having white flowers
8431,snuffbox_fern meadow_fern Thelypteris_palustris_pubescens Dryopteris_thelypteris_pubescens,fern of northeastern North America
8432,snuffle sniffle snivel,the act of breathing heavily through the nose (as when the nose is congested)
8433,soak soakage soaking,the process of becoming softened and saturated as a consequence of being immersed in water (or other liquid); "a good soak put life back in the wagon"
8434,soapberry soapberry_tree,a tree of the genus Sapindus whose fruit is rich in saponin
8435,soapberry_vine,tendril-climbing vine
8436,soapweed soap-weed soap_tree Yucca_elata,tall arborescent yucca of southwestern United States
8437,soapwort hedge_pink bouncing_Bet bouncing_Bess Saponaria_officinalis,plant of European origin having pink or white flowers and leaves yielding a detergent when bruised
8438,soapwort_gentian Gentiana_saponaria,erect perennial of wet woodlands of North America having leaves and flower buds resembling those of soapwort
8439,sob sobbing,convulsive gasp made while weeping
8440,sobralia,any of various showy orchids of the genus Sobralia having leafy stems and bright-colored solitary or racemose flowers similar to those of genus Cattleya
8441,social_process,a process involved in the formation of groups of persons
8442,socket,a bony hollow into which a structure fits
8443,sodium_nitrite,nitrite used to preserve and color food especially in meat and fish products; implicated in the formation of suspected carcinogens
8444,sodomy buggery anal_sex anal_intercourse,intercourse via the anus, committed by a man with a man or woman
8445,soft_corn flour_corn squaw_corn Zea_mays_amylacea,corn having kernels almost entirely of soft starch
8446,soft_palate velum,a muscular flap that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing or speaking
8447,soft_shield_fern Polystichum_setiferum,European shield fern cultivated in many varieties
8448,soft_tree_fern Dicksonia_antarctica,of Australia and Tasmania; often cultivated; hardy in cool climates
8449,soft_wheat,wheat with soft starch kernels used in pastry and breakfast cereals
8450,softening,the process of becoming softer; "refrigeration delayed the softening of the fruit"; "he observed the softening of iron by heat"
8451,soil_erosion,the washing away of soil by the flow of water
8452,soixante-neuf sixty-nine,oral sex practiced simultaneously by two people
8453,solar_energy solar_power,energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "the amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy"
8454,solar_flare flare,a sudden eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface; associated with sunspots and radio interference
8455,solar_gravity,the gravity of the sun; "solar gravity creates extreme pressures and temperatures"
8456,solar_halo parhelic_circle parhelic_ring,a luminous halo parallel to the horizon at the altitude of the sun; caused by ice crystals in the atmosphere
8457,solar_magnetic_field,the magnetic field of the sun
8458,solar_parallax,the angle subtended by the mean equatorial radius of the Earth at a distance of one astronomical unit
8459,solar_plexus coeliac_plexus plexus_celiacus abdominal_nerve_plexus,a large plexus of sympathetic nerves in the abdomen behind the stomach
8460,solar_prominence,large eruptions of luminous hydrogen gas that rise thousands of kilometers above the chromosphere
8461,solar_radiation,radiation from the sun
8462,solar_wind,a stream of protons moving radially from the sun
8463,sole,the underside of the foot
8464,soleus soleus_muscle,a broad flat muscle in the calf of the leg under the gastrocnemius muscle
8465,solid solidness solid_state,the state in which a substance has no tendency to flow under moderate stress; resists forces (such as compression) that tend to deform it; and retains a definite size and shape
8466,solitary_pussytoes,a variety of pussytoes
8467,solvation,a chemical process in which solvent molecules and molecules or ions of the solute combine to form a compound
8468,soma haoma Sarcostemma_acidum,leafless East Indian vine; its sour milky juice formerly used to make an intoxicating drink
8469,sonic_barrier sound_barrier,the increase in aerodynamic drag as an airplane approaches the speed of sound
8470,sorb sorb_apple,acid gritty-textured fruit
8471,sorghum,economically important Old World tropical cereal grass
8472,sorgo sorgho sweet_sorghum sugar_sorghum,any of several sorghums cultivated as a source of syrup
8473,sorption,the process in which one substance takes up or holds another (by either absorption or adsorption)
8474,sorrel_tree Hibiscus_heterophyllus,Australian tree with acid foliage
8475,sorrel_tree sourwood titi Oxydendrum_arboreum,deciduous shrubby tree of eastern North America having deeply fissured bark and sprays of small fragrant white flowers and sour-tasting leaves
8476,sort sorting,an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion; "the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting"
8477,sorus,a spore-producing structure in certain lichens and fungi
8478,sorus,cluster of sporangia usually on underside of a fern frond
8479,souari souari_nut souari_tree Caryocar_nuciferum,large South American evergreen tree trifoliate leaves and drupes with nutlike seeds used as food and a source of cooking oil
8480,souari_nut,a large nutlike seed of a South American tree
8481,soul_patch Attilio,a small patch of facial hair just below the lower lip and above the chin
8482,sound,a large ocean inlet or deep bay; "the main body of the sound ran parallel to the coast"
8483,sound,mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium; "falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them"
8484,sound_pressure instantaneous_sound_pressure,the difference between the instantaneous pressure at a point in a sound field and the average pressure at that point
8485,soup-strainer toothbrush,slang for a mustache
8486,sour_cherry,acid cherries used for pies and preserves
8487,sour_cherry Eugenia_corynantha,Australian tree with sour red fruit
8488,sour_cherry sour_cherry_tree Prunus_cerasus,rather small Eurasian tree producing red to black acid edible fruit
8489,sour_dock garden_sorrel Rumex_acetosa,European sorrel with large slightly acidic sagittate leaves grown throughout north temperate zone for salad and spring greens
8490,sour_gourd,acid-tasting Australian gourd-like fruit with a woody rind and large seeds
8491,sour_gourd monkey_bread,African gourd-like fruit with edible pulp
8492,sour_gum black_gum pepperidge Nyssa_sylvatica,columnar tree of eastern North America having horizontal limbs and small leaves that emerge late in spring and have brilliant color in early fall
8493,sour_orange Seville_orange bitter_orange bitter_orange_tree bigarade marmalade_orange Citrus_aurantium,any of various common orange trees yielding sour or bitter fruit; used as grafting stock
8494,source,(technology) a process by which energy or a substance enters a system; "a heat source"; "a source of carbon dioxide"
8495,souring,the process of becoming sour
8496,soursop guanabana,large spiny tropical fruit with tart pulp related to custard apples
8497,soursop prickly_custard_apple soursop_tree Annona_muricata,small tropical American tree bearing large succulent slightly acid fruit
8498,south_wind souther southerly,a wind from the south
8499,southeaster sou'easter,a strong wind from the southeast
8500,southern_aster,a variety of aster
8501,southern_beech evergreen_beech,any of various beeches of the southern hemisphere having small usually evergreen leaves
8502,southern_blue_flag Iris_virginica,similar to blue flag; the eastern United States
8503,southern_buckthorn shittimwood shittim mock_orange Bumelia_lycioides,shrubby thorny deciduous tree of southeastern United States with white flowers and small black drupaceous fruit
8504,southern_harebell Campanula_divaricata,bellflower of southeastern United States (Maryland to Georgia) having pale blue flowers
8505,southern_live_oak Quercus_virginiana,medium-sized evergreen native to eastern North America to the east coast of Mexico; often cultivated as shade tree for it wide-spreading crown; extremely hard tough durable wood once used in shipbuilding
8506,southern_magnolia evergreen_magnolia large-flowering_magnolia bull_bay Magnolia_grandiflora,evergreen tree of southern United States having large stiff glossy leaves and huge white sweet-smelling flowers
8507,southern_red_oak swamp_red_oak turkey_oak Quercus_falcata,large round-topped deciduous tree with spreading branches having narrow falcate leaves with deeply sinuate lobes and wood similar to that of northern red oaks; New Jersey to Illinois and southward
8508,southern_spatterdock Nuphar_sagittifolium,of flowing waters of the southeastern United States; may form obstructive mats in streams
8509,southern_white_cedar coast_white_cedar Atlantic_white_cedar white_cypress white_cedar Chamaecyparis_thyoides,slow-growing medium-sized cedar of east coast of the United States; resembles American arborvitae
8510,southernwood Artemisia_abrotanum,shrubby European wormwood naturalized in North America; sometimes used in brewing beer
8511,southwester sou'wester,a strong wind from the southwest
8512,southwestern_lip_fern Cheilanthes_eatonii,lip fern of Texas to Oklahoma and Colorado and Arizona and Mexico having tall erect tufted fronds
8513,southwestern_white_pine Pinus_strobiformis,medium-size pine of northwestern Mexico; bark is dark brown and furrowed when mature
8514,sow_thistle milk_thistle,any of several Old World coarse prickly-leaved shrubs and subshrubs having milky juice and yellow flowers; widely naturalized; often noxious weeds in cultivated soil
8515,sowbane red_goosefoot Chenopodium_hybridum,herb considered fatal to swine
8516,sowbread Cyclamen_hederifolium Cyclamen_neopolitanum,common wild European cyclamen with pink flowers
8517,soy soya soybean soya_bean soybean_plant soja soja_bean Glycine_max,erect bushy hairy annual herb having trifoliate leaves and purple to pink flowers; extensively cultivated for food and forage and soil improvement but especially for its nutritious oil-rich seeds; native to Asia
8518,soy soybean soya_bean,a source of oil; used for forage and soil improvement and as food
8519,soybean_oil soyabean_oil,oil from soya beans
8520,spadix,the fleshy axis of a spike often surrounded by a spathe
8521,spaghetti_squash,squash plant bearing oval fruit with smooth yellowish skin and tender stranded flesh resembling spaghetti
8522,spall spawl,a fragment broken off from the edge or face of stone or ore and having at least one thin edge; "a truck bearing a mound of blue spalls"
8523,spallation,(physics) a nuclear reaction in which a bombarded nucleus breaks up into many particles; "some astronomers believe that the solar system was formed by spallation when the sun was a very young star"
8524,spare_tire love_handle,excess fat around the waistline
8525,spark,a small fragment of a burning substance thrown out by burning material or by friction
8526,spathe,a conspicuous bract surrounding or subtending a spadix or other inflorescence
8527,spathiphyllum peace_lily spathe_flower,any of various plants of the genus Spathiphyllum having a white or green spathe and a spike of fragrant flowers and often cultivated as an ornamental
8528,spatterdock cow_lily yellow_pond_lily Nuphar_advena,common water lily of eastern and central North America, having broad leaves and globe-shaped yellow flowers; in sluggish fresh or slightly brackish water
8529,spatulate_leaf,spatula-shaped leaf; having a broad rounded apex and narrow base
8530,spearmint Mentha_spicata,common garden herb having clusters of small purplish flowers and yielding an oil used as a flavoring
8531,specialization specialisation differentiation,(biology) the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function; "cell differentiation in the developing embryo"
8532,speciation,the evolution of a biological species
8533,specific_heat,the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade
8534,specimen,a bit of tissue or blood or urine that is taken for diagnostic purposes; "they collected a urine specimen for urinalysis"
8535,speckled_alder Alnus_rugosa,common shrub of Canada and northeastern United States having shoots scattered with rust-colored down
8536,speech_organ vocal_organ organ_of_speech,any of the organs involved in speech production
8537,spelt Triticum_spelta Triticum_aestivum_spelta,hardy wheat grown mostly in Europe for livestock feed
8538,sperm_oil,an animal oil found in the blubber of the sperm whale
8539,spermaceti,a white waxy substance from oil of the sperm whale
8540,spermatic_cord,a structure resembling a cord that suspends the testis within the scrotum and contains the vas deferens and other vessels and nerves
8541,spermatogenesis,development of spermatozoa
8542,spermatophyte phanerogam seed_plant,plant that reproduces by means of seeds not spores
8543,sphenion,the anterior tip of the parietal bone
8544,sphenoid_bone sphenoid os_sphenoidale,butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull
8545,sphenoid_fontanelle sphenoid_fontanel sphenoidal_fontanelle sphenoidal_fontanel,the irregularly shaped area on either side of the cranium where the frontal bone and the anterior tip of the parietal bone and the temporal bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone meet; corresponds to the pterion when bones have ossified
8546,spherical_aberration,an optical aberration resulting in a distorted image
8547,sphincter anatomical_sphincter sphincter_muscle,a ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening
8548,spice_tree,tree bearing aromatic bark or berries
8549,spicebush California_allspice Calycanthus_occidentalis,straggling aromatic shrub of southwestern United States having fragrant brown flowers
8550,spicebush spice_bush American_spicebush Benjamin_bush Lindera_benzoin Benzoin_odoriferum,deciduous shrub of the eastern United States having highly aromatic leaves and bark and yellow flowers followed by scarlet or yellow berries
8551,spicule spiculum,small pointed structure serving as a skeletal element in various marine and freshwater invertebrates e.g. sponges and corals
8552,spider_brake spider_fern Pteris_multifida,Asiatic fern introduced in America
8553,spider_flower spider_plant Cleome_hassleriana,native to South America but naturalized in warm parts of United States; grown for its long-lasting spider-shaped white to pink-purple flowers
8554,spider_orchid,any of several European orchids of the genus Ophrys
8555,spider_orchid Brassia_lawrenceana,South American orchid with spiderlike pale-yellow to pale-green flowers
8556,spider_orchid Brassia_verrucosa,Central American orchid having spiderlike flowers with prominent green warts
8557,spiderflower cleome,any of various often strong-smelling plants of the genus Cleome having showy spider-shaped flowers
8558,spiderwort dayflower,any plant of the family Commelinaceae
8559,spike,(botany) an indeterminate inflorescence bearing sessile flowers on an unbranched axis
8560,spike_heath Bruckenthalia_spiculifolia,small evergreen mat-forming shrub of southern Europe and Asia Minor having stiff stems and terminal clusters of small bell-shaped flowers
8561,spike_lavender French_lavender Lavandula_latifolia,Mediterranean plant with pale purple flowers that yields spike lavender oil
8562,spike_lavender_oil spike_oil,pale yellow essential oil obtained from spike lavender used in scenting soaps and cosmetics
8563,spikemoss spike_moss little_club_moss,any of numerous fern allies of the genus Selaginella
8564,spillover,(economics) any indirect effect of public expenditure
8565,spinach spinach_plant prickly-seeded_spinach Spinacia_oleracea,southwestern Asian plant widely cultivated for its succulent edible dark green leaves
8566,spinal_canal vertebral_canal canalis_vertebralis,the canal in successive vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes
8567,spinal_column vertebral_column spine backbone back rachis,the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord; "the fall broke his back"
8568,spinal_cord medulla_spinalis,a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain; a long tubelike structure extending from the base of the brain through the vertebral canal to the upper lumbar region
8569,spinal_nerve nervus_spinalis,any of the 31 pairs of nerves emerging from each side of the spinal cord (each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal)
8570,spinal_nerve_root,one of two roots of the spinal nerves
8571,spinal_nerve_roots,either of two roots of the spinal nerves
8572,spinal_vein vena_spinalis,veins that drain the spinal cord
8573,spindle_tree spindleberry spindleberry_tree,any shrubby trees or woody vines of the genus Euonymus having showy usually reddish berries
8574,spindlelegs spindleshanks,long thin legs
8575,spine,a sharp rigid animal process or appendage; as a porcupine quill or a ridge on a bone or a ray of a fish fin
8576,spine thorn prickle pricker sticker spikelet,a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf
8577,spiny_talinum Talinum_spinescens,low cushion-forming plant with rose to crimson-magenta flowers and leaf midribs that persist as spines when the leaves die; southwestern United States
8578,spiracle,a breathing orifice
8579,spiral,a continuously accelerating change in the economy
8580,spirea spiraea,any rosaceous plant of the genus Spiraea; has sprays of small white or pink flowers
8581,spirea spiraea Astilbe_japonica,a Japanese shrub that resembles members of the genus Spiraea; widely cultivated in many varieties for its dense panicles of flowers in many colors; often forced by florists for Easter blooming
8582,spit_curl kiss_curl,a spiral curl plastered on the forehead or cheek
8583,splanchnic_nerve,any of several nerves of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system that innervate viscera and blood vessels
8584,spleen lien,a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm; produces cells involved in immune responses
8585,spleenwort,any of various chiefly rock-inhabiting ferns of the genus Asplenium
8586,splenic_vein vena_lienalis,a vein formed by several small veins on the surface of the spleen; joins the superior mesenteric to form the portal vein
8587,splenius splenius_muscle,either of two flat muscles that extend from the upper vertebrae to the base of the skull and serve to rotate or flex or extend the head and neck
8588,splint,a thin sliver of wood; "he lit the fire with a burning splint"
8589,splint_bone,a rudimentary metacarpal or metatarsal bone on either side of the cannon bone in the leg of a horse or related animal
8590,splinter sliver,a small thin sharp bit or wood or glass or metal; "he got a splinter in his finger"; "it broke into slivers"
8591,spoilage spoiling,the process of becoming spoiled
8592,spontaneous_combustion,ignition of a substance (as oily rags) resulting from an internal oxidation process
8593,sporangiophore,stalk bearing one or more sporangia
8594,sporangium spore_case spore_sac,organ containing or producing spores
8595,spore,a small usually single-celled asexual reproductive body produced by many nonflowering plants and fungi and some bacteria and protozoans and that are capable of developing into a new individual without sexual fusion; "a sexual spore is formed after the fusion of gametes"
8596,sporocarp spore_case,specialized leaf branch in certain aquatic ferns that encloses the sori or clusters of sporangia
8597,sporophore,a spore-bearing branch or organ: the part of the thallus of a sporophyte that develops spores; in ferns and mosses and liverworts is practically equivalent to the sporophyte
8598,sporophyll sporophyl,leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia
8599,sporotrichosis,a chronic fungal infection of the skin and lymph nodes
8600,spotted_coral_root Corallorhiza_maculata,common coral root having yellowish- or reddish- or purplish-brown leafless stems bearing loose racemes of similarly colored flowers with white purple-spotted lips; Guatemala to Canada
8601,spotted_gum Eucalyptus_maculata,large gum tree with mottled bark
8602,spreading_fleabane Erigeron_divergens,well-branched plant with hairy leaves and stems each with a solitary flower head with narrow white or pink or lavender rays; western North America
8603,spreading_pogonia funnel-crest_rosebud_orchid Cleistes_divaricata Pogonia_divaricata,orchid of northeastern United States with magenta-pink flowers having funnel-shaped lip; sometimes placed in genus Pogonia
8604,spring_beauty Clatonia_lanceolata,small slender plant having one pair of succulent leaves at the middle of the stem and a loose raceme of white or pink or rose bowl-shaped flowers and an edible corm
8605,spring_cress Cardamine_bulbosa,small white-flowered cress common in wet places in eastern North America
8606,spring_squill Scilla_verna sea_onion,European scilla with small blue or purple flowers
8607,spring_vetch Vicia_sativa,herbaceous climbing plant valuable as fodder and for soil-building
8608,spring_vetchling spring_vetch Lathyrus_vernus,bushy European perennial having nodding racemose violet-blue flowers
8609,sprites red_sprites,atmospheric electricity (lasting 10 msec) appearing as globular flashes of red (pink to blood-red) light rising to heights of 60 miles (sometimes seen together with elves)
8610,sprout,any new growth of a plant such as a new branch or a bud
8611,spruce,any coniferous tree of the genus Picea
8612,spruce_pine Pinus_glabra,large two-needled pine of southeastern United States with light soft wood
8613,spur,tubular extension at the base of the corolla in some flowers
8614,spurge,any of numerous plants of the genus Euphorbia; usually having milky often poisonous juice
8615,spurge_laurel wood_laurel Daphne_laureola,bushy Eurasian shrub with glossy leathery oblong leaves and yellow-green flowers
8616,spurge_nettle tread-softly devil_nettle pica-pica Cnidoscolus_urens Jatropha_urens Jatropha_stimulosus,a stinging herb of tropical America
8617,spurred_gentian,any of various plants of the genus Halenia having flowers with spurred lobes
8618,squall,sudden violent winds; often accompanied by precipitation
8619,squall_line,a cold front along which squalls or thunderstorms are likely
8620,squama,a protective structure resembling a scale
8621,squamule,a minute scale
8622,squash squash_vine,any of numerous annual trailing plants of the genus Cucurbita grown for their fleshy edible fruits
8623,squaw_grass bear_grass Xerophyllum_tenax,plant of western North America having woody rhizomes and tufts of stiff grasslike basal leaves and spikes of creamy white flowers
8624,squawbush squaw-bush skunkbush Rhus_trilobata,deciduous shrub of California with unpleasantly scented usually trifoliate leaves and edible fruit
8625,squill,bulb of the sea squill, which is sliced, dried, and used as an expectorant
8626,squirrel's-foot_fern ball_fern Davalia_bullata Davalia_bullata_mariesii Davallia_Mariesii,feathery fern of tropical Asia and Malaysia
8627,squirrel_corn Dicentra_canadensis,American plant with cream-colored flowers and tuberous roots resembling kernels of corn
8628,squirreltail_barley foxtail_barley squirreltail_grass Hordeum_jubatum,barley grown for its highly ornamental flower heads with delicate long silky awns; North America and northeastern Asia
8629,squirting_cucumber exploding_cucumber touch-me-not Ecballium_elaterium,Mediterranean vine having oblong fruit that when ripe expels its seeds and juice violently when touched
8630,stachyose,a tetrasaccharide found in the tubers of the Chinese artichoke
8631,staff_tree,any small tree or twining shrub of the genus Celastrus
8632,stagflation,a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)
8633,staggerbush stagger_bush Lyonia_mariana,deciduous shrub of coastal plain of the eastern United States having nodding pinkish-white flowers; poisonous to stock
8634,staghorn_fern,any of various tropical ferns of the genus Platycerium having large flat lobed fronds often resembling the antlers of a stag
8635,staghorn_sumac velvet_sumac Virginian_sumac vinegar_tree Rhus_typhina,deciduous shrubby tree or eastern North America with compound leaves that turn brilliant red in fall and dense panicles of greenish yellow flowers followed by crimson acidic berries
8636,stalk stem,a slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus or a plant part or plant organ
8637,stamen,the male reproductive organ of a flower
8638,stand_oil,a thick oil comprised of linseed, tung, or soya oils which have been heated to over 300 C
8639,standee,someone who stands in a place where one might otherwise sit (as a spectator who uses standing room in a theater or a passenger on a crowded bus or train); "the allowed number of standees is posted"
8640,stander,an organism (person or animal) that stands; "a crowd of sitters and standers"
8641,stanhopea,any of various orchids of the genus Stanhopea having a single large leaf and loose racemes of large fragrant flowers of various colors; Mexico to Brazil
8642,stapelia carrion_flower starfish_flower,any of various plants of the genus Stapelia having succulent leafless toothed stems resembling cacti and large foul-smelling (often star-shaped) flowers
8643,stapes stirrup,the stirrup-shaped ossicle that transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea
8644,star,(astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior
8645,star,any celestial body visible (as a point of light) from the Earth at night
8646,star-of-Bethlehem,any of several perennial plants of the genus Ornithogalum native to the Mediterranean and having star-shaped flowers
8647,star-thistle caltrop Centauria_calcitrapa,Mediterranean annual or biennial herb having pinkish to purple flowers surrounded by spine-tipped scales; naturalized in America
8648,star_anise Chinese_anise Illicium_verum,small tree of China and Vietnam bearing anise-scented star-shaped fruit used in food and medicinally as a carminative
8649,star_anise Illicium_anisatum,small shrubby tree of Japan and Taiwan; flowers are not fragrant
8650,star_apple caimito Chrysophyllum_cainito,evergreen tree of West Indies and Central America having edible purple fruit star-shaped in cross section and dark green leaves with golden silky undersides
8651,star_begonia star-leaf_begonia Begonia_heracleifolia,rhizomatous begonia having leaves with pointed lobes suggestive of stars and pink flowers
8652,star_grass,any plant of the genus Hypoxis having long grasslike leaves and yellow star-shaped flowers: Africa; Australia; southern Asia; North America
8653,star_jasmine confederate_jasmine Trachelospermum_jasminoides,evergreen Chinese woody climber with shiny dark green leaves and intensely fragrant white flowers
8654,star_magnolia Magnolia_stellata,deciduous shrubby magnolia from Japan having fragrant white starlike flowers blooming before leaves unfold; grown as an ornamental in United States
8655,star_saxifrage starry_saxifrage Saxifraga_stellaris,small often mat-forming alpine plant having small starlike white flowers; Europe
8656,star_tulip elegant_cat's_ears Calochortus_elegans,small plant with slender bent stems bearing branched clusters of a few white star-shaped flowers with petals shaped like cat's ears; southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon to Montana
8657,starch amylum,a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice; an important foodstuff and used otherwise especially in adhesives and as fillers and stiffeners for paper and textiles
8658,starflower sleepy_dick summer_snowflake Ornithogalum_umbellatum,common Old World herb having grasslike leaves and clusters of star-shaped white flowers with green stripes; naturalized in the eastern United States
8659,starlet,a small star
8660,starlight,the light of the stars
8661,starter,a culture containing yeast or bacteria that is used to start the process of fermentation or souring in making butter or cheese or dough; "to make sourdough you need a starter"
8662,startle jump start,a sudden involuntary movement; "he awoke with a start"
8663,startle_reflex Moro_reflex,a normal reflex of young infants; a sudden loud noise causes the child to stretch out the arms and flex the legs
8664,startle_response startle_reaction,a complicated involuntary reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus (especially a loud noise); involves flexion of most skeletal muscles and a variety of visceral reactions
8665,starved_aster calico_aster,a variety of aster
8666,state_of_matter state,(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container); "the solid state of water is called ice"
8667,static_electricity,electricity produced by friction
8668,stele,the usually cylindrical central vascular portion of the axis of a vascular plant
8669,stelis,any of various small tropical American orchids of the genus Stelis having long slender racemes of numerous small to minute flowers
8670,stellar_parallax,the heliocentric parallax of a star
8671,stellate_venule,a star-shaped group of venules in the renal cortex
8672,stemless_carline_thistle Carlina_acaulis,stemless perennial having large flowers with white or purple-brown florets nestled in a rosette of long spiny leaves hairy beneath; of alpine regions of southern and eastern Europe
8673,stemless_golden_weed Stenotus_acaulis Haplopappus_acaulis,dark green erect herb of northwestern United States and southwestern Canada having stiff leaves in dense tufts and yellow flower heads; sometimes placed in genus Haplopappus
8674,stemless_hymenoxys Tetraneuris_acaulis Hymenoxys_acaulis,perennial having tufted basal leaves and short leafless stalks each bearing a solitary yellow flower head; dry hillsides and plains of west central North America
8675,stephanion,the craniometric point on the coronal suture above the acoustic meatus
8676,stephanotis,any of various evergreen climbing shrubs of the genus Stephanotis having fragrant waxy flowers
8677,stepping_stone,a stone in a marsh or shallow water that can be stepped on in crossing
8678,sterculia,any tree of the genus Sterculia
8679,sternocleidomastoid sternocleidomastoid_muscle sternocleido_mastoideus musculus_sternocleidomastoideus,one of two thick muscles running from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid and occipital bone; turns head obliquely to the opposite side; when acting together they flex the neck and extend the head
8680,sternocleidomastoid_vein vena_sternocleidomastoidea,drains the sternocleidomastoid muscle; empties into the internal jugular vein
8681,sternum breastbone,the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs
8682,stevia,any plant of the genus Piqueria or the closely related genus Stevia
8683,stevia,any plant of the genus Stevia or the closely related genus Piqueria having glutinous foliage and white or purplish flowers; Central and South America
8684,stick,a small thin branch of a tree
8685,stickweed,any of several herbaceous plants having seeds that cling to clothing
8686,sticky_aster Machaeranthera_bigelovii,wild aster having leafy stems and flower heads with narrow bright reddish-lavender or purple rays; western Colorado to Arizona
8687,sticky_geranium Geranium_viscosissimum,geranium of western North America having pinkish-purple flowers in open clusters
8688,stiff_aster Aster_linarifolius,wiry tufted perennial of the eastern United States with stiff erect rough stems, linear leaves and large violet flowers
8689,stiffening rigidifying rigidification,the process of becoming stiff or rigid
8690,stifle knee,joint between the femur and tibia in a quadruped; corresponds to the human knee
8691,stigma,an external tracheal aperture in a terrestrial arthropod
8692,stigma,the apical end of the style where deposited pollen enters the pistil
8693,stillness windlessness,calmness without winds
8694,stimulation,(physiology) the effect of a stimulus (on nerves or organs etc.)
8695,stinger,a sharp organ of offense or defense (as of a wasp or stingray or scorpion) often connected with a poison gland
8696,stinging_hair,a multicellular hair in plants like the stinging nettle that expels an irritating fluid
8697,stinging_nettle Urtica_dioica,perennial Eurasian nettle established in North America having broad coarsely toothed leaves with copious stinging hairs
8698,stink_bell Fritillaria_agrestis,a malodorous California herb with bell-shaped flowers; a common weed in grainfields
8699,stinker,anything that gives off an offensive odor (especially a cheap cigar)
8700,stinking_cedar stinking_yew Torrey_tree Torreya_taxifolia,rare small evergreen of northern Florida; its glossy green leaves have an unpleasant fetid smell when crushed
8701,stinking_goosefoot Chenopodium_vulvaria,European goosefoot with strong-scented foliage; adventive in eastern North America
8702,stinking_iris gladdon gladdon_iris stinking_gladwyn roast_beef_plant Iris_foetidissima,iris with purple flowers and foul-smelling leaves; southern and western Europe and North Africa
8703,stipe,supporting stalk or stem-like structure especially of a pistil or fern frond or supporting a mushroom cap
8704,stipule,a small leafy outgrowth at the base of a leaf or its stalk; usually occurring in pairs and soon shed
8705,stitchwort greater_stitchwort starwort Stellaria_holostea,low-growing north temperate herb having small white star-shaped flowers; named for its alleged ability to ease sharp pains in the side
8706,stock,a plant or stem onto which a graft is made; especially a plant grown specifically to provide the root part of grafted plants
8707,stock caudex,persistent thickened stem of a herbaceous perennial plant
8708,stock gillyflower,any of several Old World plants cultivated for their brightly colored flowers
8709,stokes'_aster cornflower_aster Stokesia_laevis,erect perennial of southeastern United States having large heads of usually blue flowers
8710,stolon runner offset,a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at its tips
8711,stoma,a mouth or mouthlike opening (especially one created by surgery on the surface of the body to create an opening to an internal organ)
8712,stomach tummy tum breadbasket,an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion
8713,stone pit endocarp,the hard inner (usually woody) layer of the pericarp of some fruits (as peaches or plums or cherries or olives) that contains the seed; "you should remove the stones from prunes before cooking"
8714,stone_bramble Rubus_saxatilis,European trailing bramble with red berrylike fruits
8715,stone_parsley Sison_amomum,a slender roadside herb of western Europe and Mediterranean areas that has foliage resembling parsley and has white flowers with aromatic seeds
8716,stone_pine umbrella_pine European_nut_pine Pinus_pinea,medium-sized two-needled pine of southern Europe having a spreading crown; widely cultivated for its sweet seeds that resemble almonds
8717,stonecress stone_cress,any Old World herb of the genus Aethionema; native of sunny limestone habitats
8718,stonecrop,any of various northern temperate plants of the genus Sedum having fleshy leaves and red or yellow or white flowers
8719,stool,(forestry) the stump of a tree that has been felled or headed for the production of saplings
8720,storage,(computer science) the process of storing information in a computer memory or on a magnetic tape or disk
8721,storksbill heron's_bill,any of various plants of the genus Erodium
8722,storm violent_storm,a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightning
8723,storm_cloud,a heavy dark cloud presaging rain or a storm
8724,storminess,the state of being stormy; "he dreaded the storminess of the North Atlantic in winter"
8725,stovepiping,retrieval of information from unconnected databases; the situation that exists when it is necessary to climb out of one database in order to climb down into another; sometimes used for protection against wandering hackers
8726,straight_chain,an open chain of atoms with no side chains
8727,straight_sinus tentorial_sinus sinus_rectus,an unpaired sinus of the dura mater
8728,strait sound,a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water
8729,strange_particle,an elementary particle with non-zero strangeness
8730,strange_quark squark,a quark with an electric charge of -1/3 and a mass 988 times that of an electron and a strangeness of -1
8731,strap_fern,fern with long narrow strap-shaped leaves
8732,stratification,forming or depositing in layers
8733,stratus stratus_cloud,a large dark low cloud
8734,strawberry,any of various low perennial herbs with many runners and bearing white flowers followed by edible fruits having many small achenes scattered on the surface of an enlarged red pulpy berry
8735,strawberry,sweet fleshy red fruit
8736,strawberry_blite strawberry_pigweed Indian_paint Chenopodium_capitatum,European annual with clusters of greenish flowers followed by red pulpy berrylike fruit; naturalized North America
8737,strawberry_bush wahoo Euonymus_americanus,upright deciduous plant with crimson pods and seeds; the eastern United States from New York to Florida and Texas
8738,strawberry_geranium strawberry_saxifrage mother-of-thousands Saxifraga_stolonifera Saxifraga_sarmentosam,eastern Asiatic saxifrage with racemes of small red-and-white flowers; spreads by numerous creeping stolons
8739,strawberry_tomato dwarf_cape_gooseberry Physalis_pruinosa,stout hairy annual of eastern North America with sweet yellow fruits
8740,strawberry_tree Irish_strawberry Arbutus_unedo,small evergreen European shrubby tree bearing many-seeded scarlet berries that are edible but bland; of Ireland, southern Europe, Asia Minor
8741,strawflower,any of various plants of the genus Helipterum
8742,strawflower cornflower Uvularia_grandiflora,plant of southern and southeastern United States grown for its yellow flowers that can be dried
8743,strawflower golden_everlasting yellow_paper_daisy Helichrysum_bracteatum,Australian plant naturalized in Spain having flowers of lemon yellow to deep gold; the frequent choice of those who love dried flowers
8744,stream watercourse,a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth
8745,stream_orchid chatterbox giant_helleborine Epipactis_gigantea,orchid growing along streams or ponds of western North America having leafy stems and 1 greenish-brown and pinkish flower in the axil of each upper leaf
8746,streamer,light that streams; "streamers of flames"
8747,streamline_flow,flow of a gas or liquid in which the velocity at any point is relatively steady
8748,streptocarpus,any of various plants of the genus Streptocarpus having leaves in a basal rosette and flowers like primroses
8749,streptodornase,an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase)
8750,streptokinase,an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism
8751,stress,(physics) force that produces strain on a physical body; "the intensity of stress is expressed in units of force divided by units of area"
8752,stress_incontinence,urinary incontinence that occurs when involuntary pressure is put on the bladder by coughing or laughing or sneezing or lifting or straining
8753,stretch_receptor,a receptor in a muscle that responds to stretching of the muscle tissue
8754,stretch_reflex myotactic_reflex,reflex contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled; important in maintaining erect posture
8755,striate_cortex striate_area first_visual_area area_17_of_Brodmann Brodmann's_area_17,the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision
8756,striated_muscle_tissue,muscle tissue characterized by transverse stripes
8757,string cosmic_string,(cosmology) a hypothetical one-dimensional subatomic particle having a concentration of energy and the dynamic properties of a flexible loop
8758,stringybark,any of several Australian eucalypts having fibrous inner bark
8759,strip,a relatively long narrow piece of something; "he felt a flat strip of muscle"
8760,striped_coral_root Corallorhiza_striata,nearly leafless wildflower with erect reddish-purple stems bearing racemes of pale pinkish and brownish-striped flowers; western Canada to Mexico
8761,striped_gentian Gentiana_villosa,a perennial marsh gentian of eastern North America
8762,stroma,a mass of fungal tissue that has spore-bearing structures embedded in it or on it
8763,stroma,the dense colorless framework of a chloroplast
8764,stroma,the supporting tissue of an organ (as opposed to parenchyma)
8765,strong_breeze,wind moving 25-31 knots; 6 on the Beaufort scale
8766,strong_gale,wind moving 47-54 knots; 9 on the Beaufort scale
8767,strong_interaction strong_force color_force,(physics) the interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in the nuclei of atoms; mediated by gluons
8768,strophanthus,any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Strophanthus having whorled leaves and showy flowers of various colors in dense and corymbose clusters; some have poisonous seeds
8769,structure anatomical_structure complex_body_part bodily_structure body_structure,a particular complex anatomical part of a living thing and its construction and arrangement; "he has good bone structure"
8770,stub,a short piece remaining on a trunk or stem where a branch is lost
8771,stubble,short stiff hairs growing on a man's face when he has not shaved for a few days
8772,stump,the part of a limb or tooth that remains after the rest is removed
8773,stump tree_stump,the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled
8774,style,(botany) the narrow elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma
8775,style,a slender bristlelike or tubular process; "a cartilaginous style"
8776,stylet,small needlelike appendage; especially the feeding organ of a tardigrade
8777,styloid_process,extends from the base of the temporal bone
8778,stylomastoid_vein vena_stylomastoidea,a vein that drains the tympanic cavity and empties into the retromandibular vein
8779,stylopodium,an enlargement at the base of the style in some Umbelliferae
8780,styrax,any shrub or small tree of the genus Styrax having fragrant bell-shaped flowers that hang below the dark green foliage
8781,subalpine_larch Larix_lyallii,medium-sized larch of the Rocky Mountains; closely related to Larix occidentalis
8782,subclavian_artery arteria_subclavia,either of two arteries that supply blood to the neck and arms
8783,subclavian_vein vena_subclavia,a continuation of the axillary vein; joins the internal jugular to form the brachiocephalic vein
8784,subduction,a geological process in which one edge of a crustal plate is forced sideways and downward into the mantle below another plate
8785,subject content depicted_object,something (a person or object or scene) selected by an artist or photographer for graphic representation; "a moving picture of a train is more dramatic than a still picture of the same subject"
8786,sublingual_gland sublingual_salivary_gland,a small salivary gland that produces mucin (the viscous component of saliva); in human beings it is located on either side of the mouth under the tongue
8787,sublingual_vein vena_sublingualis,a tributary of the lingual vein
8788,submaxillary_gland submaxillary_salivary_gland submandibular_gland submandibular_salivary_gland mandibular_gland,a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue
8789,submucosa,the connective tissue beneath mucous membrane
8790,subshrub suffrutex,low-growing woody shrub or perennial with woody base
8791,substance,material of a particular kind or constitution; "the immune response recognizes invading substances"
8792,substantia_nigra nucleus_niger locus_niger,a layer of deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain; associated with the striate body; is involved in metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and with Huntington's disease
8793,subthalamic_nucleus,an oval mass of grey matter located in the caudal part of the subthalamus; associated with the striate body
8794,subthalamus,the ventral part of the thalamus
8795,succession ecological_succession,(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established
8796,succulent,a plant adapted to arid conditions and characterized by fleshy water-storing tissues that act as water reservoirs
8797,sucker,a shoot arising from a plant's roots
8798,sucker,an organ specialized for sucking nourishment or for adhering to objects by suction
8799,sucking suck suction,the act of sucking
8800,suckling_reflex,reflex behavior in newborn mammals; includes finding and grasping the nipple in the mouth and sucking on it and swallowing the milk
8801,sucrose saccharose,a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent
8802,suction,a force over an area produced by a pressure difference
8803,suet,hard fat around the kidneys and loins in beef and sheep
8804,sugar-bush sugar_sumac Rhus_ovata,evergreen shrub of southeastern United States with spikes of reddish yellow flowers and glandular hairy fruits
8805,sugar_beet,form of the common beet having a sweet white root from which sugar is obtained
8806,sugar_maple rock_maple Acer_saccharum,maple of eastern and central North America having three-lobed to five-lobed leaves and hard close-grained wood much used for cabinet work especially the curly-grained form; sap is chief source of maple syrup and maple sugar; many subspecies
8807,sugar_palm gomuti gomuti_palm Arenga_pinnata,Malaysian feather palm with base densely clothed with fibers; yields a sweet sap used in wine and trunk pith yields sago
8808,sugar_snap_pea snap_pea,variety of pea plant producing peas having crisp rounded edible pods
8809,sugarberry Celtis_laevigata,deciduous shade tree with small black berries; southern United States; yields soft yellowish wood
8810,sugarberry hackberry,small edible dark purple to black berry with large pits; southern United States
8811,sugarcane sugar_cane,juicy canes whose sap is a source of molasses and commercial sugar; fresh canes are sometimes chewed for the juice
8812,sugarcane sugar_cane Saccharum_officinarum,tall tropical southeast Asian grass having stout fibrous jointed stalks; sap is a chief source of sugar
8813,suksdorfia,any of several American plants of the genus Suksdorfia having orbicular to kidney-shaped somewhat succulent leaves and white or rose or violet flowers in terminal panicles
8814,sulcus,(anatomy) any of the narrow grooves in an organ or tissue especially those that mark the convolutions on the surface of the brain
8815,sulfur_paintbrush Castilleja_sulphurea,plant of moist highland meadows having ragged clusters of pale yellow flowers
8816,sultana,pale yellow seedless grape used for raisins and wine
8817,sultriness,oppressively hot and humid weather
8818,sum total totality aggregate,the whole amount
8819,sumac sumach shumac,a shrub or tree of the genus Rhus (usually limited to the non-poisonous members of the genus)
8820,summation,(physiology) the process whereby multiple stimuli can produce a response (in a muscle or nerve or other part) that one stimulus alone does not produce
8821,summer_cypress burning_bush fire_bush fire-bush belvedere Bassia_scoparia Kochia_scoparia,densely branched Eurasian plant; foliage turns purple-red in autumn
8822,summer_hyacinth cape_hyacinth Hyacinthus_candicans Galtonia_candicans,southern African herb with white bell-shaped flowers
8823,summer_savory Satureja_hortensis Satureia_hortensis,erect annual herb with oval leaves and pink flowers; used to flavor e.g. meats or soups or salads; southeastern Europe and naturalized elsewhere
8824,summer_squash summer_squash_vine Cucurbita_pepo_melopepo,any of various usually bushy plants producing fruit that is eaten while immature and before the rind or seeds harden
8825,sun,any star around which a planetary system revolves
8826,sun Sun,the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system; "the sun contains 99.85% of the mass in the solar system"; "the Earth revolves around the Sun"
8827,sun_pitcher,any of several herbs of Guiana highlands having racemes of nodding white or pink flowers; trap and digest insects in pitcher-shaped leaves with spoon-shaped caps
8828,sun_spurge wartweed wartwort devil's_milk Euphorbia_helioscopia,not unattractive European weed whose flowers turn toward the sun
8829,sunbeam sunray,a ray of sunlight
8830,sunburst,a sudden emergence of the sun from behind clouds
8831,sundew sundew_plant daily_dew,any of various bog plants of the genus Drosera having leaves covered with sticky hairs that trap and digest insects; cosmopolitan in distribution
8832,sundrops Oenothera_fruticosa,a day-flowering biennial or perennial of the genus Oenothera
8833,sunflower helianthus,any plant of the genus Helianthus having large flower heads with dark disk florets and showy yellow rays
8834,sunflower_oil sunflower-seed_oil,oil from sunflower seeds
8835,sunflower_seed,edible seed of sunflowers; used as food and poultry feed and as a source of oil
8836,sunken_arch fallen_arch,an instep flattened so the entire sole rests on the ground
8837,sunlight sunshine sun,the rays of the sun; "the shingles were weathered by the sun and wind"
8838,sunray Enceliopsis_nudicaulis,herb having a basal cluster of grey-green leaves and leafless stalks each with a solitary broad yellow flower head; desert areas Idaho to Arizona
8839,sunray sun-ray,a ray of artificial ultraviolet light from a sunray lamp
8840,sunrise,atmospheric phenomena accompanying the daily appearance of the sun
8841,sunset,atmospheric phenomena accompanying the daily disappearance of the sun
8842,superconductivity,the disappearance of electrical resistance at very low temperatures
8843,superficial_epigastric_vein vena_epigastrica_superficialis,empties into the great saphenous vein
8844,superficial_middle_cerebral_vein,a large vein along the line of the Sylvian fissure to the cavernous sinus
8845,superficial_temporal_vein,join the middle temporal vein to empty into the retromandibular vein
8846,supergiant,an extremely bright star of very large diameter and low density
8847,superior_alveolar_artery arteria_alveolaris_superior,the alveolar artery that supplies the upper teeth
8848,superior_cerebellar_artery,the superior branch of the cerebellar artery
8849,superior_cerebral_vein vena_cerebrum_superior,a cerebral vein that drains the dorsal convexity of the cerebral hemisphere and empties into the cavernous sinus
8850,superior_colliculus,an essential visual center between the retina and the striate cortex
8851,superior_epigastric_veins venae_epigastricae_superiores,veins that accompany the superior epigastric artery
8852,superior_labial_artery arteria_labialis_superior,an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the upper lip
8853,superior_labial_vein vena_labialis_superior,a tributary of the facial vein that drains the upper lip
8854,superior_mesenteric_artery,originates from the upper part of the aorta that supplies the small intestines and the cecum and the colon
8855,superior_ophthalmic_vein,a vein that begins at the inner angle of the eye socket and passes through the superior orbital fissure to empty into the cavernous sinus
8856,superior_planet,any of the planets whose orbit lies outside the earth's orbit
8857,superior_pulmonary_vein vena_pulmonalis_superior,either of two pulmonary veins (left and right) returning blood from the superior lobes of the lungs
8858,superior_rectus_muscle superior_rectus rectus_superior,the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball upward and medially
8859,superior_thalamostriate_vein,a long vein that helps to form the internal cerebral vein
8860,superior_thyroid_vein,a vein on each side that drains the upper part of the thyroid and empties into the internal jugular vein
8861,superior_vena_cava precava,receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart; formed from the azygos and both brachiocephalic veins
8862,supernova,a star that explodes and becomes extremely luminous in the process
8863,superoxide superoxide_anion,the univalent anion O2-; "much of the O2 supporting cellular respiration is reduced to the superoxide anion O2-"
8864,superoxide_dismutase SOD,an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; "oxygen free radicals are normally removed in our bodies by the superoxide dismutase enzymes"
8865,superposition,(geology) the deposition of one geological stratum on another
8866,superstring,a hypothetical particle that is the elementary particle in a theory of space-time
8867,supertwister,the most powerful tornado which can create enormously devastating damage; "supertwisters are fortunately rare"
8868,supinator,a muscle (especially in the forearm) that produces or assists in supination
8869,supping,ingestion of liquid food with a spoon or by drinking
8870,supply,offering goods and services for sale
8871,suppression,the failure to develop some part or organ
8872,supraorbital_ridge supraorbital_torus superciliary_ridge superciliary_arch,a ridge on the frontal bone above the eye socket
8873,supraorbital_vein vena_supraorbitalis,drains the front of the scalp; unites with the supratrochlear vein to form the angular vein
8874,supratrochlear_vein vena_supratrochlearis,drains the front of the scalp; unites with the supraorbital vein to form the angular vein
8875,surface_tension,a phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by intermolecular forces
8876,survival survival_of_the_fittest natural_selection selection,a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
8877,suture sutura fibrous_joint,an immovable joint (especially between the bones of the skull)
8878,swallow drink deglutition,the act of swallowing; "one swallow of the liquid was enough"; "he took a drink of his beer and smacked his lips"
8879,swamp_ash Fraxinus_caroliniana,small ash of swampy areas of southeastern United States
8880,swamp_azalea swamp_honeysuckle white_honeysuckle Rhododendron_viscosum,shrub growing in swamps throughout the eastern United States and having small white to pinkish flowers resembling honeysuckle
8881,swamp_birch water_birch mountain_birch Western_paper_birch Western_birch Betula_fontinalis,birch of western United States resembling the paper birch but having brownish bark
8882,swamp_candles Lysimachia_terrestris,North American plant with spikes of yellow flowers, found in wet places
8883,swamp_chestnut_oak Quercus_michauxii,medium to large deciduous tree of moist areas of southeastern United States similar to the basket oak
8884,swamp_cottonwood black_cottonwood downy_poplar swamp_poplar Populus_heterophylla,North American poplar with large rounded scalloped leaves and brownish bark and wood
8885,swamp_dewberry swamp_blackberry Rubus_hispidus,of eastern North America
8886,swamp_fly_honeysuckle,a variety of fly honeysuckle
8887,swamp_gum Eucalypt_ovata,medium-sized tree of southern Australia
8888,swamp_horsetail water_horsetail Equisetum_fluviatile,Eurasia; northern North America to Virginia
8889,swamp_laurel bog_laurel bog_kalmia Kalmia_polifolia,laurel of bogs of northwestern United States having small purple flowers and pale leaves that are glaucous beneath
8890,swamp_milkweed Asclepias_incarnata,densely branching perennial of the eastern United States with white to crimson or purple flowers
8891,swamp_oak Viminaria_juncea Viminaria_denudata,Australian leafless shrub resembling broom and having small yellow flowers
8892,swamp_pine,any of several pines that prefer or endure moist situations such as loblolly pine or longleaf pine
8893,swamp_sunflower Helianthus_angustifolius,sunflower of eastern North America having narrow leaves and found in bogs
8894,swamp_white_oak swamp_oak Quercus_bicolor,large deciduous oak of the eastern United States with a flaky bark and leaves that have fewer lobes than other white oaks; yields heavy strong wood used in construction; thrives in wet soil
8895,swamp_willow black_willow Salix_nigra,North American shrubby willow having dark bark and linear leaves growing close to streams and lakes
8896,swampy_beggar-ticks Bidens_connata,bur marigold of eastern and northern United States and Canada common in wet pastures and meadows
8897,swan's_down,down of the swan
8898,swan_orchid swanflower swan-flower swanneck swan-neck,any of several orchids of the genus Cycnoches having slender arching columns of flowers suggesting the neck of a swan
8899,sweat,condensation of moisture on a cold surface; "the cold glasses were streaked with sweat"
8900,sweat_duct,a small duct that conveys sweat from a sudoriferous gland to the surface of the skin
8901,sweat_gland sudoriferous_gland,any of the glands in the skin that secrete perspiration
8902,sweet_William Dianthus_barbatus,Eurasian pink widely cultivated for its flat-topped dense clusters of varicolored flowers
8903,sweet_alyssum sweet_alison Lobularia_maritima,perennial European plant having clusters of small fragrant usually white flowers; widely grown in gardens
8904,sweet_bay swamp_bay swamp_laurel Magnolia_virginiana,shrub or small tree having rather small fragrant white flowers; abundant in southeastern United States
8905,sweet_bells Leucothoe_racemosa,bushy deciduous shrub of the eastern United States with long racemes of pinkish flowers
8906,sweet_birch cherry_birch black_birch Betula_lenta,common birch of the eastern United States having spicy brown bark yielding a volatile oil and hard dark wood used for furniture
8907,sweet_buckeye,a tall and often cultivated buckeye of the central United States
8908,sweet_calabash,apple-sized passion fruit of the West Indies
8909,sweet_calabash Passiflora_maliformis,West Indian passionflower with edible apple-sized fruit
8910,sweet_cassava Manihot_dulcis,South American plant with roots used as a vegetable and herbage used for stock feed
8911,sweet_cherry Prunus_avium,large Eurasian tree producing small dark bitter fruit in the wild but edible sweet fruit under cultivation
8912,sweet_cherry black_cherry,any of several fruits of cultivated cherry trees that have sweet flesh
8913,sweet_cicely Myrrhis_odorata,European herb with soft ferny leaves and white flowers
8914,sweet_coltsfoot Petasites_sagitattus,American sweet-scented herb
8915,sweet_corn sugar_corn green_corn sweet_corn_plant Zea_mays_rugosa Zea_saccharata,a corn plant developed in order to have young ears that are sweet and suitable for eating
8916,sweet_false_chamomile wild_chamomile German_chamomile Matricaria_recutita Matricaria_chamomilla,annual Eurasian herb similar in fragrance and medicinal uses to chamomile though taste is more bitter and effect is considered inferior
8917,sweet_fern Comptonia_peregrina Comptonia_asplenifolia,deciduous shrub of eastern North America with sweet scented fernlike leaves and tiny white flowers
8918,sweet_four_o'clock maravilla Mirabilis_longiflora,leafy wildflower having fragrant slender white or pale pink trumpet-shaped flowers; southwestern United States and northern Mexico
8919,sweet_gale Scotch_gale Myrica_gale,bog shrub of north temperate zone having bitter-tasting fragrant leaves
8920,sweet_gum sweet_gum_tree bilsted red_gum American_sweet_gum Liquidambar_styraciflua,a North American tree of the genus Liquidambar having prickly spherical fruit clusters and fragrant sap
8921,sweet_lemon sweet_lime Citrus_limetta,lemon tree having fruit with a somewhat insipid sweetish pulp
8922,sweet_marjoram knotted_marjoram Origanum_majorana Majorana_hortensis,aromatic European plant native to Mediterranean and Turkey; not widespread in Europe
8923,sweet_melon muskmelon sweet_melon_vine Cucumis_melo,any of several varieties of vine whose fruit has a netted rind and edible flesh and a musky smell
8924,sweet_oil,mild vegetable oil when used as food; especially olive or edible rape oil
8925,sweet_orange,orange with sweet juicy pulp; often has a thin skin
8926,sweet_orange sweet_orange_tree Citrus_sinensis,probably native to southern China; widely cultivated as source of table and juice oranges
8927,sweet_pea sweetpea Lathyrus_odoratus,climbing garden plant having fragrant pastel-colored flowers
8928,sweet_pepper bell_pepper pimento pimiento paprika sweet_pepper_plant Capsicum_annuum_grossum,plant bearing large mild thick-walled usually bell-shaped fruits; the principal salad peppers
8929,sweet_pepperbush pepper_bush summer_sweet white_alder Clethra_alnifolia,shrub of eastern and southern coastal United States having beautiful racemes of spice-scented white flowers
8930,sweet_potato sweet_potato_vine Ipomoea_batatas,pantropical vine widely cultivated in several varieties for its large sweet tuberous root with orange flesh
8931,sweet_sand_verbena Abronia_fragrans,taller than Abronia elliptica and having night-blooming flowers
8932,sweet_scabious pincushion_flower mournful_widow Scabiosa_atropurpurea,Old World annual having fragrant purple to deep crimson flower heads; naturalized in United States
8933,sweet_sultan Amberboa_moschata Centaurea_moschata,Asian plant widely grown for its sweetly fragrant pink flowers; sometimes placed in genus Centaurea
8934,sweet_sultan Centaurea_imperialis,perennial of mountains of Iran and Iraq; cultivated for its fragrant rose-pink flowers
8935,sweet_unicorn_plant Proboscidea_fragrans Martynia_fragrans,a herbaceous plant of the genus Proboscidea
8936,sweet_vetch Hedysarum_boreale,perennial of western United States having racemes of pink to purple flowers followed by flat pods that separate into nearly orbicular joints
8937,sweet_violet garden_violet English_violet Viola_odorata,European violet typically having purple to white flowers; widely naturalized
8938,sweet_white_violet white_violet woodland_white_violet Viola_blanda,short-stemmed violet of eastern North America having fragrant purple-veined white flowers
8939,sweet_woodruff waldmeister woodruff fragrant_bedstraw Galium_odoratum Asperula_odorata,Old World fragrant stoloniferous perennial having small white flowers and narrow leaves used as flavoring and in sachets; widely cultivated as a ground cover; in some classifications placed in genus Asperula
8940,sweet_wormwood Artemisia_annua,wormwood of southeastern Europe to Iran
8941,sweetbrier sweetbriar brier briar eglantine Rosa_eglanteria,Eurasian rose with prickly stems and fragrant leaves and bright pink flowers followed by scarlet hips
8942,sweetleaf Symplocus_tinctoria,small yellowwood tree of southern United States having small fragrant white flowers; leaves and bark yield a yellow dye
8943,sweetsop annon sugar_apple,sweet pulpy tropical fruit with thick scaly rind and shiny black seeds
8944,sweetsop sweetsop_tree Annona_squamosa,tropical American tree bearing sweet pulpy fruit with thick scaly rind and shiny black seeds
8945,swimmeret pleopod,one of the paired abdominal appendages of certain aquatic crustaceans that function primarily for carrying the eggs in females and are usually adapted for swimming
8946,swimming_hole,a small body of water (usually in a creek) that is deep enough to use for swimming
8947,switch_grass Panicum_virgatum,grass of western America used for hay
8948,sword_bean Canavalia_gladiata,twining tropical Old World plant bearing long pods usually with red or brown beans; long cultivated in Orient for food
8949,sword_fern,any of several tropical ferns having more or less sword-shaped fronds including one from which the Boston fern developed
8950,sword_grass,any of various grasses or sedges having sword-shaped leaves with sharp edges
8951,sycamore great_maple scottish_maple Acer_pseudoplatanus,Eurasian maple tree with pale grey bark that peels in flakes like that of a sycamore tree; leaves with five ovate lobes yellow in autumn
8952,sycamore sycamore_fig mulberry_fig Ficus_sycomorus,thick-branched wide-spreading tree of Africa and adjacent southwestern Asia often buttressed with branches rising from near the ground; produces cluster of edible but inferior figs on short leafless twigs; the biblical sycamore
8953,syconium,the fleshy multiple fruit of the fig consisting of an enlarged hollow receptacle containing numerous fruitlets
8954,sympathetic_nervous_system,originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the parasympathetic: reduces digestive secretions; speeds the heart; contracts blood vessels
8955,symphysion,the most forward point of the alveolar process of the mandible
8956,symphysis,a growing together of parts or structures
8957,synapsis,the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis
8958,synchronous_operation,operations that are initiated predictably by a clock
8959,syncretism,the fusion of originally different inflected forms (resulting in a reduction in the use of inflections)
8960,syneresis synaeresis,the contraction of two vowels into a diphthong
8961,syneresis synaeresis,the separation of liquid from a gel that is caused by contraction (as in cheese making)
8962,synergy synergism,the working together of two things (muscles or drugs for example) to produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects
8963,synizesis synezesis,the contraction of chromatin towards one side of the nucleus during the prophase of meiosis
8964,synovial_joint articulatio_synovialis diarthrosis,a joint so articulated as to move freely
8965,synovial_membrane synovium,a thin membrane in synovial (freely moving) joints that lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid
8966,synthesis,the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)
8967,syrinx,the vocal organ of a bird
8968,system,a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
8969,system,the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
8970,systemic_circulation,circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs
8971,systolic_pressure,the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
8972,syzygy,the straight line configuration of 3 celestial bodies (as the sun and earth and moon) in a gravitational system
8973,tabasco_pepper hot_pepper tabasco_plant Capsicum_frutescens,plant bearing very hot medium-sized oblong red peppers; grown principally in the Gulf Coast states for production of hot sauce
8974,table-mountain_pine prickly_pine hickory_pine Pinus_pungens,a small two-needled upland pine of the eastern United States (Appalachians) having dark brown flaking bark and thorn-tipped cone scales
8975,tagasaste Chamaecytisus_palmensis Cytesis_proliferus,shrub of Canary Islands having bristle-tipped oblanceolate leaves; used as cattle fodder
8976,tahoka_daisy tansy_leaf_aster Machaeranthera_tanacetifolia,wild aster with fernlike leaves and flower heads with very narrow bright purple rays; Alberta to Texas and Mexico
8977,tail,the posterior part of the body of a vertebrate especially when elongated and extending beyond the trunk or main part of the body
8978,tail_feather,feather growing from the tail (uropygium) of a bird
8979,tail_fin caudal_fin,the tail of fishes and some other aquatic vertebrates
8980,tailwind,wind blowing in the same direction as the path of a ship or aircraft
8981,talipot talipot_palm Corypha_umbraculifera,tall palm of southern India and Sri Lanka with gigantic leaves used as umbrellas and fans or cut into strips for writing paper
8982,tall_bellflower Campanula_americana,annual or perennial of eastern North America with long spikes of blue or white flowers
8983,tall_cupflower Nierembergia_frutescens,shrubby Chilean herb having bluish-white tubular flowers used as an ornamental
8984,tall_gallberry_holly,an evergreen shrub
8985,tall_goldenrod,a variety of goldenrod
8986,tall_mallow high_mallow cheese cheeseflower Malva_sylvestris,erect or decumbent Old World perennial with axillary clusters of rosy-purple flowers; introduced in United States
8987,tall_oat_grass tall_meadow_grass evergreen_grass false_oat French_rye Arrhenatherum_elatius,coarse perennial Eurasian grass resembling oat; found on roadside verges and rough grassland and in hay meadows; introduced in North America for forage
8988,tall_oil,an oil derived from wood pulp and used in making soaps or lubricants
8989,tall_yellow-eye Xyris_operculata,of Australia
8990,tallgrass tall-grass,any of various grasses that are tall and that flourish with abundant moisture
8991,tallow,obtained from suet and used in making soap, candles and lubricants
8992,tallow_oil,an animal oil obtained by pressing tallow; used as a lubricant
8993,talon,a sharp hooked claw especially on a bird of prey
8994,tamarind tamarind_tree tamarindo Tamarindus_indica,long-lived tropical evergreen tree with a spreading crown and feathery evergreen foliage and fragrant flowers yielding hard yellowish wood and long pods with edible chocolate-colored acidic pulp
8995,tamarind tamarindo,large tropical seed pod with very tangy pulp that is eaten fresh or cooked with rice and fish or preserved for curries and chutneys
8996,tamarisk,any shrub or small tree of the genus Tamarix having small scalelike or needle-shaped leaves and feathery racemes of small white or pinkish flowers; of mostly coastal areas with saline soil
8997,tanbark,bark rich in tannin; bruised and cut in pieces to use for tanning; spent tanbark used as a ground covering
8998,tanbark_oak Lithocarpus_densiflorus,evergreen tree of the Pacific coast area having large leathery leaves; yields tanbark
8999,tanekaha Phyllocladus_trichomanoides,medium tall celery pine of New Zealand
9000,tangelo tangelo_tree ugli_fruit Citrus_tangelo,hybrid between grapefruit and mandarin orange; cultivated especially in Florida
9001,tangelo ugli ugli_fruit,large sweet juicy hybrid between tangerine and grapefruit having a thick wrinkled skin
9002,tangerine,any of various deep orange mandarins grown in the United States and southern Africa
9003,tangerine tangerine_tree,a variety of mandarin orange
9004,tangle,a twisted and tangled mass that is highly interwoven; "they carved their way through the tangle of vines"
9005,tangle_orchid,an orchid of the genus Plectorrhiza having tangled roots and long wiry stems bearing lax racemes of small fragrant green flowers
9006,tanglebush desert_olive Forestiera_neomexicana,spiny branching deciduous shrub of southwestern United States having clusters of insignificant yellow-white flowers appearing before leaves followed by attractive black berrylike fruits
9007,tanning,process in which skin pigmentation darkens as a result of exposure to ultraviolet light
9008,tansy golden_buttons scented_fern Tanacetum_vulgare,common perennial aromatic herb native to Eurasia having buttonlike yellow flower heads and bitter-tasting pinnate leaves sometimes used medicinally
9009,tansy-leaved_rocket Hugueninia_tanacetifolia Sisymbrium_tanacetifolia,perennial stellate and hairy herb with small yellow flowers of mountains of southern Europe; sometimes placed in genus Sisymbrium
9010,tansy_mustard Descurainia_pinnata,North American herb with bitter-tasting pinnate leaves resembling those of tansy
9011,tapa tapa_bark tappa tappa_bark,the thin fibrous bark of the paper mulberry and Pipturus albidus
9012,tape_grass eelgrass wild_celery Vallisneria_spiralis,submerged aquatic plant with ribbonlike leaves; Old World and Australia
9013,taproot,(botany) main root of a plant growing straight downward from the stem
9014,tare,any of several weedy vetches grown for forage
9015,taret_organ,(endocrinology) organ most affected by a particular hormone
9016,target_organ,(radiology) organ intended to receive the therapeutic dose of a radioactive substance
9017,tarn,a mountain lake (especially one formed by glaciers)
9018,taro cocoyam dasheen eddo,edible starchy tuberous root of taro plants
9019,taro taro_plant dalo dasheen Colocasia_esculenta,herb of the Pacific islands grown throughout the tropics for its edible root and in temperate areas as an ornamental for its large glossy leaves
9020,tarragon estragon Artemisia_dracunculus,aromatic perennial of southeastern Russia
9021,tarsal tarsal_bone,any bone of the tarsus
9022,tarsus,the part of the foot of a vertebrate between the metatarsus and the leg; in human beings the bones of the ankle and heel collectively
9023,tartar calculus tophus,an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums
9024,tarweed,any of various resinous glandular plants of the genus Madia; of western North and South America
9025,tarwood tar-wood Dacrydium_colensoi,New Zealand silver pine of conical habit with long slender flexuous branches; adapted to cold wet summers and high altitudes
9026,tarwood tar-wood New_Zealand_mountain_pine Halocarpus_bidwilli Dacrydium_bidwilli,New Zealand shrub
9027,tassel_flower Emilia_coccinea Emilia_javanica Emilia_flammea Cacalia_javanica Cacalia_lutea,tropical African annual having scarlet tassel-shaped flower heads; sometimes placed in genus Cacalia
9028,tassel_flower Emilia_sagitta,tropical Asiatic annual cultivated for its small tassel-shaped heads of scarlet flowers
9029,tassel_hyacinth Muscari_comosum,large beautiful Mediterranean species having sterile bluish-violet flowers with fringed corollas forming a tuft above the fertile flowers
9030,tastebud taste_bud gustatory_organ,an oval sensory end organ on the surface of the tongue
9031,tasting savoring savouring relishing degustation,taking a small amount into the mouth to test its quality; "cooking was fine but it was the savoring that he enjoyed most"
9032,tauon tau-minus_particle,a lepton of very great mass
9033,taxis,a locomotor response toward or away from an external stimulus by a motile (and usually simple) organism
9034,tea Camellia_sinensis,a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree extensively cultivated in e.g. China and Japan and India; source of tea leaves; "tea has fragrant white flowers"
9035,tea_rose Rosa_odorata,any of several hybrid bush roses derived from a tea-scented Chinese rose with pink or yellow flowers
9036,teaberry wintergreen checkerberry mountain_tea groundberry ground-berry creeping_wintergreen Gaultheria_procumbens,creeping shrub of eastern North America having white bell-shaped flowers followed by spicy red berrylike fruit and shiny aromatic leaves that yield wintergreen oil
9037,teak Tectona_grandis,tall East Indian timber tree now planted in western Africa and tropical America for its hard durable wood
9038,teasel teazel teasle,any of several herbs of the genus Dipsacus native to the Old World having flower heads surrounded by spiny bracts
9039,teething dentition odontiasis,the eruption through the gums of baby teeth
9040,teff teff_grass Eragrostis_tef Eragrostic_abyssinica,an African grass economically important as a cereal grass (yielding white flour of good quality) as well as for forage and hay
9041,telegraph_plant semaphore_plant Codariocalyx_motorius Desmodium_motorium Desmodium_gyrans,erect tropical Asian shrub whose small lateral leaflets rotate on their axes and jerk up and down under the influence of sunshine
9042,telencephalon,the anterior division of the forebrain; the cerebrum and related parts of the hypothalamus
9043,teliospore,a chlamydospore that develops in the last stage of the life cycle of the rust fungus
9044,telocentric_chromosome,a chromosome like a straight rod with the centromere in terminal position
9045,telomerase,an enzyme in eukaryotic cells that can add telomeres to the ends of chromosomes after they divide
9046,temperature_change,a process whereby the degree of hotness of a body (or medium) changes
9047,tempest,(literary) a violent wind; "a tempest swept over the island"
9048,tempestuousness,a state of wild storminess
9049,temple,the flat area on either side of the forehead; "the veins in his temple throbbed"
9050,temple_orange,large sweet easily-peeled Florida fruit with deep orange rind
9051,temple_orange temple_orange_tree tangor king_orange Citrus_nobilis,large citrus tree having large sweet deep orange fruit that is easily peeled; widely cultivated in Florida
9052,temporal_artery,any of the three arteries on either side of the brain supplying the cortex of the temporal lobe
9053,temporal_bone os_temporale,a thick bone forming the side of the human cranium and encasing the inner ear
9054,temporal_gyrus,any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum
9055,temporal_lobe temporal_cortex,that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head
9056,temporal_vein vena_temporalis,any of several veins draining the temporal region
9057,temporalis_muscle temporal_muscle temporalis musculus_temporalis,muscle extending from the temporal fossa to the coronoid process of the mandible; acts to raise the mandible and close the jaws
9058,tendergreen spinach_mustard Brassica_perviridis Brassica_rapa_perviridis,Asiatic plant cultivated for its swollen root crown and edible foliage
9059,tendon sinew,a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment
9060,tendril,slender stem-like structure by which some twining plants attach themselves to an object for support
9061,tension,(physics) a stress that produces an elongation of an elastic physical body; "the direction of maximum tension moves asymptotically toward the direction of the shear"
9062,tensor,any of several muscles that cause an attached structure to become tense or firm
9063,tensor_tympani,a small muscle in the middle ear that tenses to protect the eardrum
9064,tentacle,any of various elongated tactile or prehensile flexible organs that occur on the head or near the mouth in many animals; used for feeling or grasping or locomotion
9065,tentorium,(anatomy) a fold of dura mater that covers the cerebellum and supports the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
9066,tepal,an undifferentiated part of a perianth that cannot be distinguished as a sepal or a petal (as in lilies and tulips)
9067,tepary_bean Phaseolus_acutifolius_latifolius,twining plant of southwestern United States and Mexico having roundish white or yellow or brown or black beans
9068,teratogenesis,the development of defects in an embryo
9069,terebinth Pistacia_terebinthus,a Mediterranean tree yielding Chian turpentine
9070,teres teres_muscle,either of two muscles in the shoulder region that move the shoulders and arms
9071,teres_major teres_major_muscle musculus_teres_major,teres muscle that moves the arm and rotates it medially
9072,teres_minor teres_minor_muscle musculus_teres_minor,teres muscle that adducts the arm and rotates it laterally
9073,terrestrial_planet,a planet having a compact rocky surface like the Earth's; the four innermost planets in the solar system
9074,territorial_waters,the waters surrounding a nation and its territories over which that nation exercises sovereign jurisdiction
9075,test,a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins
9076,testa episperm seed_coat,protective outer layer of seeds of flowering plants
9077,testcross test-cross,a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be determined from that of the offspring
9078,testicular_artery internal_spermatic_artery arteria_testicularis,a branch of the aorta supplying the testicles
9079,testicular_vein vena_testicularis,a vein from the testicles
9080,testis testicle orchis ball ballock bollock nut egg,one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens; "she kicked him in the balls and got away"
9081,tetanus_antitoxin,antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus
9082,tetanus_immunoglobulin tetanus_immune_globulin,sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus
9083,tetrasaccharide,any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield four monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
9084,tetrasporangium,a sporangium containing four asexual spores
9085,tetraspore,one of the four asexual spores produced within a sporangium
9086,tetrose,any monosaccharide sugar containing four atoms of carbon per molecule
9087,textile_screw_pine lauhala Pandanus_tectorius,Polynesian screw pine
9088,thalamostriate_vein,a vein serving the thalamus and corpus striatum
9089,thalamus,large egg-shaped structures of grey matter that form the dorsal subdivision of the diencephalon
9090,thallus,a plant body without true stems or roots or leaves or vascular system; characteristic of the thallophytes
9091,thatch,hair resembling thatched roofing material
9092,thatch_palm thatch_tree silver_thatch broom_palm Thrinax_parviflora,small palm of southern Florida and West Indies closely resembling the silvertop palmetto
9093,thaw melt thawing melting,the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid; "the power failure caused a refrigerator melt that was a disaster"; "the thawing of a frozen turkey takes several hours"
9094,thaw thawing warming,warm weather following a freeze; snow and ice melt; "they welcomed the spring thaw"
9095,theca,outer sheath of the pupa of certain insects
9096,theca sac,a case or sheath especially a pollen sac or moss capsule
9097,thenar,the fleshy area of the palm at the base of the thumb
9098,thermal,rising current of warm air
9099,thermion,an electrically charged particle (electron or ion) emitted by a substance at a high temperature
9100,thermionic_current,an electric current produced between two electrodes as a result of electrons emitted by thermionic emission
9101,thermionic_emission thermal_emission,the emission of electrons from very hot substances
9102,thermocoagulation,congealing tissue by heat (as by electric current)
9103,thermoelectricity,electricity produced by heat (as in a thermocouple)
9104,thermonuclear_reaction,a nuclear fusion reaction taking place at very high temperatures (as in the sun)
9105,thermoreceptor,a sensory receptor that responds to heat and cold
9106,thermotropism,an orienting response to warmth
9107,theta_rhythm theta_wave,the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed and drowsy; occurs with low frequency and low amplitude
9108,thick_skin,skin that is very thick (as an elephant or rhinoceros)
9109,thigh,the part of the leg between the hip and the knee
9110,thimbleweed Anemone_cylindrica,a common North American anemone with cylindrical fruit clusters resembling thimbles
9111,thing,a separate and self-contained entity
9112,thing,an entity that is not named specifically; "I couldn't tell what the thing was"
9113,third_eye pineal_eye,a sensory structure capable of light reception located on the dorsal side of the diencephalon in various reptiles
9114,third_ventricle,a narrow ventricle in the midplane below the corpus callosum; communicates with the fourth ventricle via the Sylvian aqueduct
9115,thistle,any of numerous plants of the family Compositae and especially of the genera Carduus and Cirsium and Onopordum having prickly-edged leaves
9116,thoracic_aorta,a branch of the descending aorta; divides into the iliac arteries
9117,thoracic_duct,the major duct of the lymphatic system
9118,thoracic_nerve,any of twelve pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic region of the spinal cord
9119,thoracic_vein vena_thoracica,veins that drain the thoracic walls
9120,thoracic_vertebra dorsal_vertebra,one of 12 vertebrae in the human vertebral column; thoracic vertebrae extend from the seventh cervical vertebra down to the first lumbar vertebra
9121,thoracoepigastric_vein vena_thoracoepigastrica,a vein arising from the region of the superficial epigastric vein and opening into the axillary vein or thoracic vein
9122,thorax,part of an insect's body that bears the wings and legs
9123,thorax,the middle region of the body of an arthropod between the head and the abdomen
9124,thorax chest pectus,the part of the human torso between the neck and the diaphragm or the corresponding part in other vertebrates
9125,thorn_apple,any of several plants of the genus Datura
9126,thorny_amaranth Amaranthus_spinosus,erect annual of tropical central Asia and Africa having a pair of divergent spines at most leaf nodes
9127,threadleaf_groundsel Senecio_doublasii,bluish-green bushy leafy plant covered with close white wool and bearing branched clusters of yellow flower heads; southwestern United States; toxic to range livestock
9128,three-cornered_leek triquetrous_leek Allium_triquetrum,European leek naturalized in Great Britain; leaves are triangular
9129,three-seeded_mercury Acalypha_virginica,weedy herb of eastern North America
9130,threshold_operation,an operation performed on operands in order to obtain the value of a threshold function
9131,thrift,any of numerous sun-loving low-growing evergreens of the genus Armeria having round heads of pink or white flowers
9132,throat,the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's throat
9133,throat pharynx,the passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbone
9134,throatwort nettle-leaved_bellflower Campanula_trachelium,European bellflower with blue-purple to lilac flowers formerly used to treat sore throat
9135,thrombin,an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot
9136,thrombolysis,the process of breaking up and dissolving blood clots
9137,thromboplastin thrombokinase factor_III,an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot
9138,thrush,candidiasis of the oral cavity; seen mostly in infants or debilitated adults
9139,thumb pollex,the thick short innermost digit of the forelimb
9140,thumbnail,the nail of the thumb
9141,thunderbolt bolt bolt_of_lightning,a discharge of lightning accompanied by thunder
9142,thunderhead,a rounded projecting mass of a cumulus cloud with shining edges; often appears before a thunderstorm
9143,thundershower,a short rainstorm accompanied by thunder and lightning
9144,thunderstorm electrical_storm electric_storm,a storm resulting from strong rising air currents; heavy rain or hail along with thunder and lightning
9145,thyme,any of various mints of the genus Thymus
9146,thyme-leaved_sandwort Arenaria_serpyllifolia,Eurasian annual sprawling plant naturalized throughout North America
9147,thyme-leaved_speedwell Veronica_serpyllifolia,perennial decumbent herb having small opposite leaves and racemes of blue flowers; throughout Eurasia and the New World
9148,thymus_gland thymus,a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity; atrophies with age
9149,thyroglobulin,an iodine containing protein that is obtained from the thyroid gland and exhibits the general properties of the globulins
9150,thyroid_cartilage Adam's_apple,the largest cartilage of the larynx
9151,thyroid_gland thyroid,located near the base of the neck
9152,thyroid_vein vena_thyroidea,any of several small veins draining blood from the thyroid area
9153,thyroprotein,a preparation made from iodinated protein and having an action similar to thyroxine
9154,thyrse thyrsus,a dense flower cluster (as of the lilac or horse chestnut) in which the main axis is racemose and the branches are cymose
9155,thyrsopteris Thyrsopteris_elegans,a terrestrial tree fern of South America
9156,ti Cordyline_terminalis,shrub with terminal tufts of elongated leaves used locally for thatching and clothing; thick sweet roots are used as food; tropical southeastern Asia, Australia and Hawaii
9157,tibia shinbone shin_bone shin,the inner and thicker of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle
9158,tibial_vein vena_tibialis,veins of the lower leg; empty into the popliteal vein
9159,tibialis tibialis_muscle musculus_tibialis,either of two skeletal muscle in each leg arising from the tibia; provides for movement of the foot
9160,tibialis_anticus tibialis_anterior,a muscle running from the tibia to the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones
9161,tibialis_posticus tibialis_posterior,a deep muscle of the leg
9162,tick_trefoil beggar_lice beggar's_lice,any of various tropical and subtropical plants having trifoliate leaves and rough sticky pod sections or loments
9163,tickseed_sunflower Bidens_coronata Bidens_trichosperma,North American bur marigold with large flowers
9164,tidal_river tidewater_river tidal_stream tidewater_stream,a stream in which the effects of the tide extend far upstream
9165,tideway,a channel in which a tidal current runs
9166,tidytips tidy_tips Layia_platyglossa,California annual having flower heads with yellow rays tipped with white
9167,tiger_lily devil_lily kentan Lilium_lancifolium,east Asian perennial having large reddish-orange black-spotted flowers with reflexed petals
9168,tiger_lily leopard_lily pine_lily Lilium_catesbaei,lily of southeastern United States having cup-shaped flowers with deep yellow to scarlet recurved petals
9169,tiller,a shoot that sprouts from the base of a grass
9170,timber_tree,any tree that is valued as a source of lumber or timber
9171,timothy herd's_grass Phleum_pratense,grass with long cylindrical spikes grown in northern United States and Europe for hay
9172,tinea ringworm roundworm,infections of the skin or nails caused by fungi and appearing as itching circular patches
9173,tinea_barbae barber's_itch,fungal infection of the face and neck
9174,tinea_capitis,fungal infection of the scalp characterized by bald patches
9175,tinea_corporis,fungal infection of nonhairy parts of the skin
9176,tinea_cruris jock_itch eczema_marginatum,fungal infection of the groin (most common in men)
9177,tinea_pedis athlete's_foot,fungal infection of the feet
9178,tinea_unguium,fungal infection of the nails (especially toenails)
9179,tipu tipu_tree yellow_jacaranda pride_of_Bolivia,semi-evergreen South American tree with odd-pinnate leaves and golden yellow flowers cultivated as an ornamental
9180,tissue,part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
9181,titi buckwheat_tree Cliftonia_monophylla,tree of low-lying coastal areas of southeastern United States having glossy leaves and racemes of fragrant white flowers
9182,toad_lily Montia_chamissoi,a floating or creeping Indian lettuce having terminal racemes of pale rose flowers; wet areas at high elevations of western North America
9183,toadflax butter-and-eggs wild_snapdragon devil's_flax Linaria_vulgaris,common European perennial having showy yellow and orange flowers; a naturalized weed in North America
9184,tobacco tobacco_plant,aromatic annual or perennial herbs and shrubs
9185,toe,forepart of a hoof
9186,toe,one of the digits of the foot
9187,toenail,the nail at the end of a toe
9188,toetoe toitoi Arundo_conspicua Chionochloa_conspicua,used by Maoris for thatching
9189,toke,a puff of a marijuana or hashish cigarette; "the boys took a few tokes on a joint"
9190,tolu_tree tolu_balsam_tree Myroxylon_balsamum Myroxylon_toluiferum,medium-sized tropical American tree yielding tolu balsam and a fragrant hard wood used for high-grade furniture and cabinetwork
9191,tomatillo jamberry Mexican_husk_tomato Physalis_ixocarpa,annual of Mexico and southern United States having edible purplish viscid fruit resembling small tomatoes
9192,tomatillo miltomate purple_ground_cherry jamberry Physalis_philadelphica,Mexican annual naturalized in eastern North America having yellow to purple edible fruit resembling small tomatoes
9193,tomato love_apple tomato_plant Lycopersicon_esculentum,native to South America; widely cultivated in many varieties
9194,tomentum tomentum_cerebri,a network of tiny blood vessels between the cerebral surface of the pia mater and the cerebral cortex
9195,tongue lingua glossa clapper,a mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane and located in the oral cavity
9196,tongueflower tongue-flower,orchid having blue to purple flowers with tongue-shaped or strap-shaped protuberances (calli) at the lip base
9197,tonka_bean coumara_nut,fragrant black nutlike seeds of the tonka bean tree; used in perfumes and medicines and as a substitute for vanilla
9198,tonka_bean tonka_bean_tree Coumarouna_odorata Dipteryx_odorata,tall tropical South American tree having pulpy egg-shaped pods of fragrant black almond-shaped seeds used for flavoring
9199,tonsil palatine_tonsil faucial_tonsil tonsilla,either of two masses of lymphatic tissue one on each side of the oral pharynx
9200,tooth,hard bonelike structures in the jaws of vertebrates; used for biting and chewing or for attack and defense
9201,tooth,toothlike structure in invertebrates found in the mouth or alimentary canal or on a shell
9202,tooth_socket alveolus,a bony socket in the alveolar ridge that holds a tooth
9203,toothache_tree sea_ash Zanthoxylum_americanum Zanthoxylum_fraxineum,small deciduous aromatic shrub (or tree) having spiny branches and yellowish flowers; eastern North America
9204,toothbrush_tree mustard_tree Salvadora_persica,glabrous or pubescent evergreen shrub or tree of the genus Salvadora; twigs are fibrous and in some parts of the world are bound together in clusters and used as a toothbrush; shoots are used as camel fodder; plant ash provides salt
9205,toothed_spurge Euphorbia_dentata,an annual weed of northeastern North America with dentate leaves
9206,top_fermentation,a violent kind of alcoholic fermentation at a temperature high enough to carry the yeast cells to the top of the fermenting liquid; used in the production of ale; "top fermentation uses a yeast that ferments at higher temperatures than that used for bottom fermentation"
9207,top_quark truth_quark,a hypothetical quark with a charge of +2/3 and a mass more than 100,000 times that of an electron
9208,topknot,showy crest or knot of hair or feathers
9209,tor,a prominent rock or pile of rocks on a hill
9210,torchlight,light from a torch or torches
9211,tornado twister,a localized and violently destructive windstorm occurring over land characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground
9212,torsion torque,a twisting force
9213,torso trunk body,the body excluding the head and neck and limbs; "they moved their arms and legs and bodies"
9214,tossup toss-up even_chance,an unpredictable phenomenon; "it's a toss-up whether he will win or lose"
9215,totara Podocarpus_totara,valuable timber tree of New Zealand yielding hard reddish wood used for furniture and bridges and wharves
9216,tower_cress tower_mustard Arabis_turrita,European cress having stiff erect stems; sometimes placed in genus Turritis
9217,tower_mustard tower_cress Turritis_glabra Arabis_glabra,or genus Arabis: erect cress widely distributed throughout Europe
9218,toxicognath,either of a pair of poison fangs in the modified front pair of legs of the centipede
9219,toyon tollon Christmasberry Christmas_berry Heteromeles_arbutifolia Photinia_arbutifolia,ornamental evergreen treelike shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having large white flowers and red berrylike fruits; often placed in genus Photinia
9220,trabecula,rod-shaped structures of fibrous tissue that divide an organ into parts (as in the penis) or stabilize the structure of an organ (as in the spleen)
9221,trachea,one of the tubules forming the respiratory system of most insects and many arachnids
9222,trachea windpipe,membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi
9223,tracheal_vein vena_trachealis,several small veins from the trachea
9224,tracheid,long tubular cell peculiar to xylem
9225,tract,a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose
9226,trade_wind trade,steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator; "they rode the trade winds going west"
9227,tradescant's_aster,a variety of aster
9228,tragus,a small cartilaginous flap in front of the external opening of the ear
9229,trailing_arbutus mayflower Epigaea_repens,low-growing evergreen shrub of eastern North America with leathery leaves and clusters of fragrant pink or white flowers
9230,trailing_four_o'clock trailing_windmills Allionia_incarnata,trailing plant having crowded clusters of 3 brilliant deep pink flowers resembling a single flower blooming near the ground; found in dry gravelly or sandy soil; southwestern United States and Mexico
9231,trajectory flight,the path followed by an object moving through space
9232,tramontane tramontana,a cold dry wind that blows south out of the mountains into Italy and the western Mediterranean
9233,transaminase aminotransferase aminopherase,a class of transferases that catalyze transamination (that transfer an amino group from an amino acid to another compound)
9234,transamination,the process of transfering an amino group from one compound to another
9235,transamination,the process of transposing an amino group within a chemical compound
9236,transcriptase RNA_polymerase,the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA
9237,transcription,(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA
9238,transduction,(genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage
9239,transduction,the process whereby a transducer accepts energy in one form and gives back related energy in a different form; "the transduction of acoustic waves into voltages by a microphone"
9240,transferase,any of various enzymes that move a chemical group from one compound to another compound
9241,transference,(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another; during psychoanalysis the displacement of feelings toward others (usually the parents) is onto the analyst
9242,transferrin beta_globulin siderophilin,a globulin in blood plasma that carries iron
9243,transfusion_reaction,reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its own blood; an adverse reaction can range from fever and hives to renal failure and shock and death
9244,transgression,the spreading of the sea over land as evidenced by the deposition of marine strata over terrestrial strata
9245,translation,(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
9246,translocation,(genetics) an exchange of chromosome parts; "translocations can result in serious congenital disorders"
9247,translocation,the transport of dissolved material within a plant
9248,transmission_mechanism,any mechanism whereby an infectious agent is spread from a reservoir to a human being
9249,transparency transparence,permitting the free passage of electromagnetic radiation
9250,transpiration,the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants
9251,transpiration,the passage of gases through fine tubes because of differences in pressure or temperature
9252,transpiration,the process of giving off or exhaling water vapor through the skin or mucous membranes
9253,transport,an exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes
9254,transverse_colon,the part of the large intestine that extends across the abdominal cavity and joins the ascending to the descending colon
9255,transverse_process,one of two processes that extend from each vertebra and provide the point of articulation for the ribs
9256,transverse_sinus sinus_transversus,a paired dural sinus; terminates in the sigmoid sinus
9257,transversus_abdominis_muscle transverse_muscle_of_abdomen musculus_transversalis_abdominis transversus_abdominis,a flat muscle with transverse fibers that forms the anterior and lateral walls of the abdominal cavity
9258,trap cakehole hole maw yap gob,informal terms for the mouth
9259,trapezium trapezium_bone os_trapezium,the wrist bone on the thumb side of the hand that articulates with the 1st and 2nd metacarpals
9260,trapezius trapezius_muscle cowl_muscle musculus_trapezius,either of two flat triangular muscles of the shoulder and upper back that are involved in moving the shoulders and arms
9261,trapezoid trapezoid_bone os_trapezoideum,the wrist bone between the trapezium and the capitate bones
9262,trapper's_tea glandular_Labrador_tea,a Rocky Mountain shrub similar to Ledum groenlandicum
9263,traveler's_joy traveller's_joy old_man's_beard Clematis_vitalba,vigorous deciduous climber of Europe to Afghanistan and Lebanon having panicles of fragrant green-white flowers in summer and autumn
9264,traveler's_tree traveller's_tree ravenala Ravenala_madagascariensis,giant treelike plant having edible nuts and leafstalks that yield a refreshing drink of clear watery sap; reputedly an emergency source of water for travelers
9265,treasure_flower Gazania_rigens,decumbent South African perennial with short densely leafy stems and orange flower rays with black eyespots at base
9266,tree,a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms
9267,tree_cotton Gossypium_arboreum,East Indian shrub cultivated especially for ornament for its pale yellow to deep purple blossoms
9268,tree_fern,any of numerous usually tropical ferns having a thick woody stem or caudex and a crown of large fronds; found especially in Australia and New Zealand; chiefly of the families Cyatheaceae and Marattiaceae but some from Polypodiaceae
9269,tree_heath briar brier Erica_arborea,evergreen treelike Mediterranean shrub having fragrant white flowers in large terminal panicles and hard woody roots used to make tobacco pipes
9270,tree_heath grass_tree Richea_pandanifolia,gaunt Tasmanian evergreen shrubby tree with slender tapering leaves 3 to 5 feet long
9271,tree_lupine Lupinus_arboreus,evergreen shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having showy yellow or blue flowers; naturalized in Australia
9272,tree_mallow velvetleaf velvet-leaf Lavatera_arborea,arborescent perennial shrub having palmately lobed furry leaves and showy red-purple flowers; southwestern United States
9273,tree_of_heaven tree_of_the_gods Ailanthus_altissima,deciduous rapidly growing tree of China with foliage like sumac and sweetish fetid flowers; widely planted in United States as a street tree because of its resistance to pollution
9274,tree_of_knowledge,the biblical tree in the Garden of Eden whose forbidden fruit was tasted by Adam and Eve
9275,tree_onion Egyptian_onion top_onion Allium_cepa_viviparum,type of perennial onion grown chiefly as a curiosity or for early salad onions; having bulbils that replace the flowers
9276,tree_tobacco mustard_tree Nicotiana_glauca,evergreen South American shrub naturalized in United States; occasionally responsible for poisoning livestock
9277,tree_tomato tamarillo,South American arborescent shrub having pale pink blossoms followed by egg-shaped reddish-brown edible fruit somewhat resembling a tomato in flavor
9278,treelet,a small tree
9279,tremble shiver shake,a reflex motion caused by cold or fear or excitement
9280,tremor earth_tremor microseism,a small earthquake
9281,tribadism,a form of lesbianism that simulates heterosexual intercourse
9282,triceps,any skeletal muscle having three origins (but especially the triceps brachii)
9283,triceps_brachii musculus_triceps_brachii,the skeletal muscle having three origins that extends the forearm when it contracts
9284,trichroism,pleochroism of a crystal so that it exhibits three different colors when viewed from three different directions
9285,tricuspid_valve right_atrioventricular_valve,valve with three cusps; situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle; allows blood to pass from atrium to ventricle and closes to prevent backflow when the ventricle contracts
9286,trifoliate_orange trifoliata wild_orange Poncirus_trifoliata,small fast-growing spiny deciduous Chinese orange tree bearing sweetly scented flowers and decorative but inedible fruit: used as a stock in grafting and for hedges
9287,trifoliolate_leaf,having three leaflets
9288,trigeminal trigeminal_nerve trigeminus nervus_trigeminus fifth_cranial_nerve,the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication
9289,triglyceride,glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body
9290,trillium wood_lily wake-robin,any liliaceous plant of the genus Trillium having a whorl of three leaves at the top of the stem with a single three-petaled flower
9291,triose,any monosaccharide sugar containing three atoms of carbon per molecule
9292,triphosphopyridine_nucleotide,a coenzyme of several enzymes
9293,tripling,increase by a factor of three
9294,triquetral triquetral_bone os_triquetrum cuneiform_bone pyramidal_bone,a wrist bone that articulates with the pisiform and hamate and lunate bones
9295,trisaccharide,any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield three monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
9296,trochanter,one of the bony prominences developed near the upper extremity of the femur to which muscles are attached
9297,trochlear trochlear_nerve trochlearis fourth_cranial_nerve,either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes
9298,trompillo white_horse_nettle prairie_berry purple_nightshade silverleaf_nightshade silver-leaved_nightshade silver-leaved_nettle Solanum_elaeagnifolium,weedy nightshade with silvery foliage and violet or blue or white flowers; roundish berry widely used to curdle milk; central United States to South America
9299,trophoblast,the membrane that forms the wall of the blastocyst in early development; aids implantation in the uterine wall; "after implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall the trophoblast divides into two layers, the chorion and the placenta"
9300,trophotropism,an orienting response to food
9301,tropical_pitcher_plant,any of several tropical carnivorous shrubs or woody herbs of the genus Nepenthes
9302,tropism,an involuntary orienting response; positive or negative reaction to a stimulus source
9303,trotter,foot of a pig or sheep especially one used as food
9304,true_blackberry Rubus_fruticosus,the true blackberry of Europe as well as any of numerous varieties having sweet edible black or dark purple berries
9305,true_laurel bay bay_laurel bay_tree Laurus_nobilis,small Mediterranean evergreen tree with small blackish berries and glossy aromatic leaves used for flavoring in cooking; also used by ancient Greeks to crown victors
9306,true_mahogany Cuban_mahogany Dominican_mahogany Swietinia_mahogani,mahogany tree of West Indies
9307,true_pepper pepper_vine,any of various shrubby vines of the genus Piper
9308,true_rib,one of the first seven ribs in a human being which attach to the sternum
9309,true_sago_palm Metroxylon_sagu,Malaysian palm whose pithy trunk yields sago--a starch used as a food thickener and fabric stiffener; Malaya to Fiji
9310,true_vocal_cord true_vocal_fold inferior_vocal_cord inferior_vocal_fold,either of the two lower vocal folds that come together to form the glottis; produce a vocal tone when they are approximated and air from the lungs passes between them
9311,trumpet_honeysuckle coral_honeysuckle trumpet_flower trumpet_vine Lonicera_sempervirens,evergreen North American honeysuckle vine having coral-red or orange flowers
9312,trumpetwood trumpet-wood trumpet_tree snake_wood imbauba Cecropia_peltata,tropical American tree with large peltate leaves and hollow stems
9313,trunk tree_trunk bole,the main stem of a tree; usually covered with bark; the bole is usually the part that is commercially useful for lumber
9314,trypsin,an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units
9315,trypsinogen,inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine
9316,tube tube-shaped_structure,(anatomy) any hollow cylindrical body structure
9317,tube_foot,tentacular tubular process of most echinoderms (starfish and sea urchins and holothurians) having a sucker at the end and used for e.g. locomotion and respiration
9318,tuber,a fleshy underground stem or root serving for reproductive and food storage
9319,tuberose Polianthes_tuberosa,a tuberous Mexican herb having grasslike leaves and cultivated for its spikes of highly fragrant lily-like waxy white flowers
9320,tuberosity tubercle eminence,a protuberance on a bone especially for attachment of a muscle or ligament
9321,tuberous_begonia,any of numerous begonias having large tuberous roots
9322,tuberous_plant,plant growing from a tuber
9323,tubular_cavity,a cavity having the shape of a tube
9324,tubule,a small tube
9325,tuft,a bunch of feathers or hair
9326,tufted_centaury Centaurium_scilloides,tufted perennial of western Europe and Azores having bright pink to white flowers
9327,tufted_gentian Gentianopsis_holopetala Gentiana_holopetala,small blue-flowered fringed gentian of Sierra Nevada mountains
9328,tufted_vetch bird_vetch Calnada_pea Vicia_cracca,common perennial climber of temperate regions of Eurasia and North America having dense elongate clusters of flowers
9329,tulip,any of numerous perennial bulbous herbs having linear or broadly lanceolate leaves and usually a single showy flower
9330,tulip_orchid Encyclia_citrina Cattleya_citrina,Mexican epiphytic orchid with glaucous grey-green leaves and lemon- to golden-yellow flowers appearing only partially opened; sometimes placed in genus Cattleya
9331,tulip_tree tulip_poplar yellow_poplar canary_whitewood Liriodendron_tulipifera,tall North American deciduous timber tree having large tulip-shaped greenish yellow flowers and conelike fruit; yields soft white woods used especially for cabinet work
9332,tulipwood_tree,any of various trees yielding variously colored woods similar to true tulipwood
9333,tumbleweed,any plant that breaks away from its roots in autumn and is driven by the wind as a light rolling mass
9334,tumbleweed Amaranthus_albus Amaranthus_graecizans,bushy plant of western United States
9335,tumefaction,the process of tumefying; the organic process whereby tissue becomes swollen by the accumulation of fluid within it
9336,tumor_necrosis_factor tumour_necrosis_factor TNF,a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages); has an antineoplastic effect but causes inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis)
9337,tuna Opuntia_tuna,tropical American prickly pear of Jamaica
9338,tuna_oil,an oil obtained from tuna
9339,tung_oil Chinese_wood_oil,a yellow oil obtained from the seeds of the tung tree
9340,tung_tree tung tung-oil_tree Aleurites_fordii,Chinese tree bearing seeds that yield tung oil
9341,tunic tunica adventitia,an enveloping or covering membrane or layer of body tissue
9342,tunica_albuginea_testes,whitish cover of the testicle
9343,tupelo tupelo_tree,any of several gum trees of swampy areas of North America
9344,turban_squash Cucurbita_maxima_turbaniformis,squash plants bearing hard-shelled fruit shaped somewhat like a turban with a rounded central portion protruding from the end opposite the stem
9345,turbinate_bone turbinate turbinal,any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in man and other vertebrates
9346,turbulence,instability in the atmosphere
9347,turbulence turbulency,unstable flow of a liquid or gas
9348,turbulent_flow,flow in which the velocity at any point varies erratically
9349,turfing_daisy Tripleurospermum_oreades_tchihatchewii Matricaria_oreades,mat-forming perennial herb of Asia Minor; sometimes included in genus Matricaria
9350,turfing_daisy Tripleurospermum_tchihatchewii Matricaria_tchihatchewii,low densely tufted perennial herb of Turkey having small white flowers; used as a ground cover in dry places; sometimes included in genus Matricaria
9351,turmeric Curcuma_longa Curcuma_domestica,widely cultivated tropical plant of India having yellow flowers and a large aromatic deep yellow rhizome; source of a condiment and a yellow dye
9352,turning,a shaving created when something is produced by turning it on a lathe
9353,turnip white_turnip Brassica_rapa,widely cultivated plant having a large fleshy edible white or yellow root
9354,turnip_plant,any of several widely cultivated plants having edible roots
9355,turpentine oil_of_turpentine spirit_of_turpentine turps,volatile liquid distilled from turpentine oleoresin; used as paint thinner and solvent and medicinally
9356,turpentine_camphor_weed camphorweed vinegarweed Trichostema_lanceolatum,aromatic plant of western United States
9357,turreae,any of numerous trees and shrubs grown for their beautiful glossy foliage and sweetly fragrant starry flowers
9358,tusk,a long pointed tooth specialized for fighting or digging; especially in an elephant or walrus or hog
9359,tussock_bellflower spreading_bellflower Campanula_carpatica,European perennial bellflower that grows in clumps with spreading stems and blue or white flowers
9360,twayblade,an orchid of the genus Liparis having a pair of leaves
9361,twayblade Listera_ovata,orchid having a pair of ovate leaves and a long slender raceme of green flowers sometimes tinged red-brown; Europe to central Asia
9362,twilight,the diffused light from the sky when the sun is below the horizon but its rays are refracted by the atmosphere of the earth
9363,twinberry Lonicera_involucrata,shrubby honeysuckle with purple flowers; western North America
9364,twinflower Linnaea_borealis,creeping evergreen subshrub of the northern parts of Europe and Asia with delicate fragrant tubular bell-shaped usually pink flowers borne in pairs
9365,two-eyed_violet heartsease Viola_ocellata,violet of Pacific coast of North America having white petals tinged with yellow and deep violet
9366,tympanic_bone,the bone enclosing the middle ear
9367,tympanic_vein,veins from the tympanic cavity that empty into the retromandibular vein
9368,typhoon,a tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans
9369,ubiquinone coenzyme_Q,any of several quinones found in living cells and that function as coenzymes that transfer electrons from one molecule to another in cell respiration
9370,udder bag,mammary gland of bovids (cows and sheep and goats)
9371,ulceration,the process of ulcer formation; the process of becoming ulcerated
9372,ulna elbow_bone,the inner and longer of the two bones of the human forearm
9373,ulnar_artery arteria_ulnaris,large artery that branches from the brachial artery to supply the muscles of the forearm and wrist and hand
9374,ulnar_nerve cubital_nerve nervus_ulnaris,a nerve running along the inner side of the arm and passing near the elbow; supplies intrinsic muscles of the hand and the skin of the medial side of the hand
9375,ulnar_vein vena_ulnaris,any of several veins of the forearm
9376,ultracentrifugation,centrifugation at very high speeds
9377,ultrasound,very high frequency sound; used in ultrasonography
9378,ultraviolet ultraviolet_radiation ultraviolet_light ultraviolet_illumination UV,radiation lying in the ultraviolet range; wave lengths shorter than light but longer than X rays
9379,umbel,flat-topped or rounded inflorescence characteristic of the family Umbelliferae in which the individual flower stalks arise from about the same point; youngest flowers are at the center
9380,umbellifer umbelliferous_plant,any of numerous aromatic herbs of the family Umbelliferae
9381,umbilical_cord umbilical,membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta
9382,umbilical_vein vena_umbilicalis,a vein in the umbilical cord; returns nutrient blood from the placenta to the fetus
9383,umbrella_fern fan_fern Sticherus_flabellatus Gleichenia_flabellata,large Australasian fern with fanlike repeatedly forked fronds; sometimes placed in genus Gleichenia
9384,umbrella_plant Eriogonum_allenii,late blooming perennial plant of shale barrens of Virginia having flowers in flat-topped clusters
9385,umbrella_plant Indian_rhubarb Darmera_peltata Peltiphyllum_peltatum,rhizomatous perennial herb with large dramatic peltate leaves and white to bright pink flowers in round heads on leafless stems; colonizes stream banks in the Sierra Nevada in California
9386,umbrella_tree Schefflera_actinophylla Brassaia_actinophylla,erect evergreen shrub or small tree of Australia and northern New Guinea having palmately compound leaves
9387,umbrella_tree umbrella_magnolia elkwood elk-wood Magnolia_tripetala,small deciduous tree of eastern North America having creamy white flowers and large leaves in formations like umbrellas at the ends of branches
9388,umbrellawort,a plant of the genus Mirabilis
9389,underbelly underbody,the soft belly or underside of an animal's body
9390,undercoat underfur,thick soft fur lying beneath the longer and coarser guard hair
9391,underdevelopment,(photography) inadequate processing of film resulting in inadequate contrast
9392,underlip,the lower lip
9393,underpart,a part lying on the lower side or underneath an animal's body; "the warbler has a white throat and underparts"; "a woodland mouse with white underparts"
9394,undershrub,a low shrub
9395,undescended_testis undescended_testicle,a testis that fails to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops; "undescended testicles have an increased risk for cancer"
9396,unfolding flowering,a developmental process; "the flowering of antebellum culture"
9397,union conglutination,healing process involving the growing together of the edges of a wound or the growing together of broken bones
9398,unit building_block,a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else; "units of nucleic acids"
9399,unit_cell,the smallest group of atoms or molecules whose repetition at regular intervals in three dimensions produces the lattices of a crystal
9400,universal_veil,membrane initially completely investing the young sporophore of various mushrooms that is ruptured by growth; represented in the mature mushroom by a volva around lower part of stem and scales on upper surface of the cap
9401,universe existence creation world cosmos macrocosm,everything that exists anywhere; "they study the evolution of the universe"; "the biggest tree in existence"
9402,unlawful_carnal_knowledge criminal_congress,forbidden or tabu sexual intercourse between individuals
9403,up_quark,a stable quark with an electric charge of +2/3 and a mass 607 times that of an electron
9404,updraft,a strong upward air current
9405,upland_cotton Gossypium_hirsutum,native tropical American plant now cultivated in the United States yielding short-staple cotton
9406,upland_white_aster Aster_ptarmicoides,tufted rigid North American perennial with loose clusters of white flowers
9407,upper_jaw upper_jawbone maxilla maxillary,the jaw in vertebrates that is fused to the cranium
9408,upper_respiratory_tract,the nose and throat and trachea
9409,uptake,a process of taking up or using up or consuming; "they developed paper napkins with a greater uptake of liquids"
9410,uranyl uranyl_group uranyl_radical,the bivalent radical UO2 which forms salts with acids
9411,urbanization urbanisation,the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban
9412,urease,an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia; is present in intestinal bacteria
9413,ureter,either of a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
9414,urethra,duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct
9415,urethral_orifice external_orifice,the orifice through which urine is discharged
9416,urethral_sphincter musculus_sphincter_urethrae,a striated sphincter muscle that constricts the urethra
9417,urge_incontinence,urinary incontinence that is generally attributable to involuntary contracts of the bladder muscle resulting in an urgent need to urinate accompanied by a sudden loss of urine; most common in people over 60 years of age
9418,urinary_bladder,a membranous sac for temporary retention of urine
9419,urinary_tract,the organs and tubes involved in the production and excretion of urine
9420,urocele,extravasation of urine into the scrotal sac
9421,urochesia urochezia,passage of urine from the anus
9422,urochord,a notochord of a larval tunicate typically confined to the caudal region
9423,urogenital_system urogenital_apparatus urinary_system urinary_apparatus genitourinary_system genitourinary_apparatus systema_urogenitale apparatus_urogenitalis,the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine
9424,urolith,a urinary stone
9425,uropygial_gland preen_gland,oil-secreting gland situated at the base of the tail in most birds
9426,uropygium,posterior part of a bird's body from which the tail feathers grow
9427,ursinia,any of various plants of the genus Ursinia grown for their yellow- or orange- or white-rayed flowers
9428,uterine_artery arteria_uterina,a branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies the uterus and the upper part of the vagina
9429,uterine_cavity,the space inside the uterus between the cervical canal and the Fallopian tubes
9430,uterine_vein,one of two veins on each side that arise from the uterine plexus and empty into the internal iliac vein
9431,uterus womb,a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females; contains the developing fetus
9432,utricle utriculus,a small pouch into which the semicircular canals open
9433,utterer vocalizer vocaliser,an organism that can utter vocal sounds; "an utterer of foul oaths"; "is the giraffe a vocalizer?"
9434,uvea,the part of the eye that contains the iris and ciliary body and choroid
9435,uveoscleral_pathway,a tubule that drains excess aqueous humor
9436,uvula,a small pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the soft palate
9437,vacuole,a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell
9438,vagina,the lower part of the female reproductive tract; a moist canal in female mammals extending from the labia minora to the uterus; "the vagina receives the penis during coitus"; "the vagina is elastic enough to allow the passage of a fetus"
9439,vaginal_artery arteria_vaginalis,a branch of the internal iliac that provides blood for the vagina and the base of the bladder and the rectum
9440,vaginal_smear,smear taken from the vaginal mucosa for cytological analysis
9441,vagus vagus_nerve nervus_vagus pneumogastric pneumogastric_nerve tenth_cranial_nerve wandering_nerve,a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera
9442,valence_electron,an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules
9443,valency,the phenomenon of forming chemical bonds
9444,valerian,a plant of the genus Valeriana having lobed or dissected leaves and cymose white or pink flowers
9445,valve,a structure in a hollow organ (like the heart) with a flap to insure one-way flow of fluid through it
9446,valve,one of the paired hinged shells of certain molluscs and of brachiopods
9447,valve,the entire one-piece shell of a snail and certain other molluscs
9448,valvule valvelet valvula,a small valve
9449,van_der_Waal's_forces,relatively weak attraction between neutral atoms and molecules arising from polarization induced in each particle by the presence of other particles
9450,vanda,any of numerous showy orchids of the genus Vanda having many large flowers in loose racemes
9451,vandyke_beard vandyke,a short pointed beard (named after the artist Anthony Vandyke)
9452,vane web,the flattened weblike part of a feather consisting of a series of barbs on either side of the shaft
9453,vanilla,any of numerous climbing plants of the genus Vanilla having fleshy leaves and clusters of large waxy highly fragrant white or green or topaz flowers
9454,vanilla_orchid Vanilla_planifolia,a climbing orchid bearing a podlike fruit yielding vanilla beans; widely cultivated from Florida southward throughout tropical America
9455,vapor_pressure vapour_pressure,the pressure exerted by a vapor; often understood to mean saturated vapor pressure (the vapor pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid form)
9456,vaporization vaporisation vapor vapour evaporation,the process of becoming a vapor
9457,variable,something that is likely to vary; something that is subject to variation; "the weather is one variable to be considered"
9458,variable_star variable,a star that varies noticeably in brightness
9459,variation,(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9460,variation,the process of varying or being varied
9461,varicose_vein,a vein that is permanently dilated; most common in the legs
9462,variegated_horsetail variegated_scouring_rush Equisetum_variegatum,northern North America; Greenland; northern and central Europe
9463,variously-leaved_pondweed Potamogeton_gramineous,of Europe (except the Mediterranean area) and the northern United States
9464,vas_deferens ductus_deferens,a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
9465,vasa_efferentia,the several highly convoluted tubules that lead from the rete testis to the vas deferens and form the head of the epididymis
9466,vasa_vasorum,any small blood vessel ramifying on the outside of a major artery or vein
9467,vascular_bundle vascular_strand fibrovascular_bundle,a unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem
9468,vascular_plant tracheophyte,green plant having a vascular system: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
9469,vascular_ray medullary_ray,a sheet of vascular tissue separating the vascular bundles
9470,vascular_structure,a structure composed of or provided with blood vessels
9471,vascular_system,the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids such as blood or lymph or sap through the body of an animal or plant
9472,vascular_tissue,tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants
9473,vascularization vascularisation,the organic process whereby body tissue becomes vascular and develops capillaries
9474,vector-borne_transmission,indirect transmission of an infectious agent that occurs when a vector bites or touches a person
9475,vegetable,any of various herbaceous plants cultivated for an edible part such as the fruit or the root of the beet or the leaf of spinach or the seeds of bean plants or the flower buds of broccoli or cauliflower
9476,vegetable_oil oil,any of a group of liquid edible fats that are obtained from plants
9477,vegetable_sheep sheep_plant Haastia_pulvinaris,cushion-forming New Zealand herb having leaves densely covered with tawny hairs
9478,vegetable_wax,a waxy substance obtained from plants (especially from the trunks of certain palms)
9479,vegetation,an abnormal growth or excrescence (especially a warty excrescence on the valves of the heart)
9480,vegetation,the process of growth in plants
9481,vehicle-borne_transmission,indirect transmission of an infectious agent that occurs when a vehicle (or fomite) touches a person's body or is ingested
9482,veil velum,a membranous covering attached to the immature fruiting body of certain mushrooms
9483,vein nervure,any of the vascular bundles or ribs that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ
9484,vein nervure,one of the horny ribs that stiffen and support the wing of an insect
9485,vein vena venous_blood_vessel,a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart; "all veins except the pulmonary vein carry unaerated blood"
9486,vein_of_penis,a vein serving the penis
9487,velvet_bent velvet_bent_grass brown_bent Rhode_Island_bent dog_bent Agrostis_canina,common grass with slender stems and narrow leaves
9488,velvet_grass Yorkshire_fog Holcus_lanatus,tall European perennial grass having a velvety stem; naturalized in United States and used for forage
9489,velvetleaf velvet-leaf velvetweed Indian_mallow butter-print China_jute Abutilon_theophrasti,tall annual herb or subshrub of tropical Asia having velvety leaves and yellow flowers and yielding a strong fiber; naturalized in southeastern Europe and United States
9490,vena_bulbi_penis,vein of the head of the penis; tributary of the internal pudendal vein that drains the perineum
9491,vena_bulbi_vestibuli,vein of the vestibular bulb
9492,vena_canaliculi_cochleae,vein of the cochlear canal
9493,vena_cava,either of two large veins that return oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium of the heart
9494,vena_dorsalis_clitoridis_profunda,deep dorsal vein of the clitoris; tributary of the vesical venous plexus
9495,vena_profunda_penis,deep vein of the penis; enters the prostatic plexus
9496,venae_dorsales_clitoridis_superficiales,superficial dorsal veins of the clitoris; tributaries of the external pudendal vein on either side
9497,venae_dorsales_penis_profunda,deep dorsal vein of the penis; tributary of the prostatic plexus
9498,venae_dorsales_penis_superficiales,superficial dorsal veins of the penis; paired tributaries of the external pudendal veins on each side
9499,venae_interlobulares_hepatis,interlobular veins of the liver
9500,venae_interlobulares_renis,interlobular veins of the kidney; receive blood from the arcuate vein and empty into the renal veins
9501,venae_labiales_anteriores anterior_labial_veins,veins from the labia majora to the external pudendal vein
9502,venae_labiales_posteriores posterior_labial_veins,veins that pass posterior from the labia majora to the internal pudendal vein
9503,venae_palpebrales,veins of the eyelids
9504,venae_profundae_clitoridis,deep veins of the clitoris; join the vesical plexus
9505,venae_renis,veins of the kidney; drain the kidney into the renal vein
9506,venation venous_blood_system,(zoology) the system of venous blood vessels in an animal
9507,venous_pressure,the pressure exerted on the walls of the veins by the circulating blood
9508,venous_sinus sinus,a wide channel containing blood; does not have the coating of an ordinary blood vessel
9509,vent,external opening of urinary or genital system of a lower vertebrate
9510,venter,a bulging body part (as the belly of a muscle)
9511,venter,the womb; "`in venter' is legal terminology for `conceived but not yet born'"
9512,ventral_root ventral_horn anterior_root anterior_horn,one of the two roots of a spinal nerve that passes ventrally from the spinal cord and that consists of motor fibers
9513,ventricle,one of four connected cavities in the brain; is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and contains cerebrospinal fluid
9514,ventricle heart_ventricle,a chamber of the heart that receives blood from an atrium and pumps it to the arteries
9515,venule venula capillary_vein,a minute vein continuous with a capillary
9516,verbena vervain,any of numerous tropical or subtropical American plants of the genus Verbena grown for their showy spikes of variously colored flowers
9517,vermis vermis_cerebelli,the narrow central part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres
9518,vernal_witch_hazel Hamamelis_vernalis,fragrant shrub of lower Mississippi valley having very small flowers from midwinter to spring
9519,veronica speedwell,any plant of the genus Veronica
9520,vertebra,one of the bony segments of the spinal column
9521,vertebral_artery arteria_vertebralis,the first branch of the subclavian artery; divided into four parts
9522,vertebral_vein vena_vertebralis,a vein that goes through the foramina of the cervical vertebrae and forms a plexus around the vertebral artery; empties into the brachiocephalic vein
9523,vertebrate_foot pedal_extremity,the extremity of the limb in vertebrates
9524,very_low_density_lipoprotein VLDL,large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL
9525,vesical_vein vena_vesicalis,veins that drain the vesical plexus and join the internal iliac veins
9526,vesicle cyst,a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid)
9527,vesiculation vesication blistering,the formation of vesicles in or beneath the skin
9528,vessel vas,a tube in which a body fluid circulates
9529,vestibular_apparatus vestibular_system,organs mediating the labyrinthine sense; concerned with equilibrium
9530,vestibular_gland,a gland that opens into the vestibule of the vagina; secretions lubricate the vagina during coitus
9531,vestibular_vein vena_vestibularis,veins that drain the saccule and utricle
9532,vestibule,any of various bodily cavities leading to another cavity (as of the ear or vagina)
9533,vestibule_of_the_ear,the central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the ear
9534,vestibule_of_the_vagina,the space between the labia minora containing the orifice of the urethra
9535,vesture,something that covers or cloaks like a garment; "fields in a vesture of green"
9536,vetch,any of various climbing plants of the genus Vicia having pinnately compound leaves that terminate in tendrils and small variously colored flowers; includes valuable forage and soil-building plants
9537,vetchling,any of various small plants of the genus Lathyrus; climb usually by means of tendrils
9538,vicious_circle vicious_cycle,one trouble leads to another that aggravates the first
9539,video_digitizing,the process of capturing and converting and storing video images for use by a computer
9540,villus,a minute hairlike projection on mucous membrane
9541,vine,a plant with a weak stem that derives support from climbing, twining, or creeping along a surface
9542,vine_maple Acer_circinatum,small maple of northwestern North America having prostrate stems that root freely and form dense thickets
9543,vinifera vinifera_grape common_grape_vine Vitis_vinifera,common European grape cultivated in many varieties; chief source of Old World wine and table grapes
9544,vinifera_grape,grape from a cultivated variety of the common grape vine of Europe
9545,vinification,the process whereby fermentation changes grape juice into wine
9546,vinyl vinyl_group vinyl_radical,a univalent chemical radical derived from ethylene
9547,viola,any of the numerous plants of the genus Viola
9548,violet,any of numerous low-growing violas with small flowers
9549,violet-flowered_petunia Petunia_integrifolia,herb or small shrublet having solitary violet to rose-red flowers
9550,violet_suksdorfia Suksdorfia_violaceae,slender delicate plant with wide roundish deeply lobed leaves and deep pink to violet funnel-shaped flowers; British Columbia to northern Oregon and west to Idaho and Montana
9551,violet_wood_sorrel Oxalis_violacea,perennial herb of eastern North America with palmately compound leaves and usually rose-purple flowers
9552,virga,light wispy precipitation that evaporates before it reaches the ground (especially when the lower air is low in humidity)
9553,virgin's_bower old_man's_beard devil's_darning_needle Clematis_virginiana,common climber of eastern North America that sprawls over other plants and bears numerous panicles of small creamy white flowers
9554,virino,(microbiology) a hypothetical infectious particle thought to be the cause of scrapie and other degenerative diseases of the central nervous system; consists of nucleic acid in a protective coat of host cell proteins
9555,virion,(virology) a complete viral particle; nucleic acid and capsid (and a lipid envelope in some viruses)
9556,virtual_image,a reflected optical image (as seen in a plane mirror)
9557,viscera entrails innards,internal organs collectively (especially those in the abdominal cavity); "`viscera' is the plural form of `viscus'"
9558,visceral_pleura,pleura that covers the lungs
9559,visual_area visual_cortex,the cortical area that receives information from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
9560,visual_system,the sensory system for vision
9561,vital_organ vitals,a bodily organ that is essential for life
9562,vitelline_circulation,circulation of blood between the embryo and the yolk sac
9563,vitrification,the process of becoming vitreous
9564,vocal_cord vocal_fold vocal_band plica_vocalis,either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx
9565,volcanism,the phenomena associated with volcanic activity
9566,voltage electromotive_force emf,the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts
9567,voluntary_muscle,striated muscle that can be controlled voluntarily
9568,volva,cuplike structure around the base of the stalk of certain fungi
9569,vomer,thin trapezoidal bone of the skull forming the posterior and inferior parts of the nasal septum
9570,vomit vomiting emesis regurgitation disgorgement puking,the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth
9571,vortex_vein vorticose_vein vena_vorticosum,a vein formed by branches from the back surface of the eye and the ciliary body; empties into the ophthalmic veins
9572,voyeurism,a perversion in which a person receives sexual gratification from seeing the genitalia of others or witnessing others' sexual behavior
9573,vulcanization vulcanisation,process of treating rubber or rubberlike materials with sulphur at great heat to improve elasticity and strength or to harden them
9574,vulva,external parts of the female genitalia
9575,wahoo burning_bush Euonymus_atropurpureus,deciduous shrub having purple capsules enclosing scarlet seeds
9576,wailing bawling,loud cries made while weeping
9577,waist waistline,the narrowing of the body between the ribs and hips
9578,walking_fern walking_leaf Asplenium_rhizophyllum Camptosorus_rhizophyllus,ferns having lanceolate fronds that root at the tip
9579,wall_germander Teucrium_chamaedrys,European perennial subshrub with red-purple or bright rose flowers with red and white spots
9580,wall_pepper Sedum_acre,mossy European creeping sedum with yellow flowers; widely introduced as a ground cover
9581,wall_rock,a rock immediately adjacent to a vein or fault
9582,wall_rocket Diplotaxis_muralis Diplotaxis_tenuifolia,yellow-flowered European plant that grows on old walls and in waste places; an adventive weed in North America
9583,wall_rue wall_rue_spleenwort Asplenium_ruta-muraria,small delicate spleenwort found on a steep slope (as a wall or cliff) of Eurasia and North America
9584,wallflower,any of numerous plants of the genus Erysimum having fragrant yellow or orange or brownish flowers
9585,wallflower Cheiranthus_cheiri Erysimum_cheiri,perennial of southern Europe having clusters of fragrant flowers of all colors especially yellow and orange; often naturalized on old walls or cliffs; sometimes placed in genus Erysimum
9586,wallow,a puddle where animals go to wallow
9587,walnut,nut of any of various walnut trees having a wrinkled two-lobed seed with a hard shell
9588,walnut walnut_tree,any of various trees of the genus Juglans
9589,walnut_oil,oil from walnuts
9590,walrus_mustache walrus_moustache,a bushy droopy mustache
9591,wand,a thin supple twig or rod; "stems bearing slender wands of flowers"
9592,wandflower Sparaxis_tricolor,a showy often-cultivated plant with tawny yellow often purple-spotted flowers
9593,waratah Telopea_Oreades,tall shrub of eastern Australia having oblanceolate to obovate leaves and red flowers in compact racemes
9594,waratah Telopea_speciosissima,straggling shrub with narrow leaves and conspicuous red flowers in dense globular racemes
9595,warm_front,the front of an advancing mass of warmer air
9596,wasabi,a Japanese plant of the family Cruciferae with a thick green root
9597,washout wash,the erosive process of washing away soil or gravel by water (as from a roadway); "from the house they watched the washout of their newly seeded lawn by the water"
9598,wasp's_nest wasps'_nest hornet's_nest hornets'_nest,habitation for wasps or hornets
9599,wasp_waist,a very slender waist
9600,wastage,the process of wasting
9601,water-mint water_mint Mentha_aquatica,a European mint that thrives in wet places; has a perfume like that of the bergamot orange; naturalized in eastern North America
9602,water-shield Brasenia_schreberi water-target,aquatic plant with floating oval leaves and purple flowers; in lakes and slow-moving streams; suitable for aquariums
9603,water-shield fanwort Cabomba_caroliniana,common aquatic plant of eastern North America having floating and submerged leaves and white yellow-spotted flowers
9604,water_avens Indian_chocolate purple_avens chocolate_root Geum_rivale,erect perennial of north temperate zone having pinnate leaves and a few nodding flowers with a brown-purple calyx and orange and pink petals
9605,water_blister,blister containing a nonpurulent clear watery content
9606,water_caltrop Jesuits'_nut Trapa_natans,a variety of water chestnut
9607,water_chestnut,edible bulbous tuber of a Chinese marsh plant
9608,water_chestnut water_chestnut_plant caltrop,a plant of the genus Trapa bearing spiny four-pronged edible nutlike fruits
9609,water_chinquapin,edible nutlike seeds of an American lotus having the flavor of a chinquapin
9610,water_chinquapin American_lotus yanquapin Nelumbo_lutea,water lily of eastern North America having pale yellow blossoms and edible globular nutlike seeds
9611,water_clover Marsilea_quadrifolia,water fern of Europe and Asia and the eastern United States distinguished by four leaflets resembling clover leaves
9612,water_crowfoot water_buttercup Ranunculus_aquatilis,plant of ponds and slow streams having submerged and floating leaves and white flowers; Europe and North America
9613,water_elm Ulmus_laevis,Eurasian elm closely resembling the American elm; thrives in a moist environment
9614,water_gum Nyssa_aquatica,columnar swamp tree of southeastern to midwestern North America yielding pale soft easily worked wood
9615,water_hickory bitter_pecan water_bitternut Carya_aquatica,hickory of southern United States having many narrow leaflets and rather bitter nuts
9616,water_hole,a natural hole or hollow containing water
9617,water_horehound Lycopus_americanus,aromatic perennial herb of United States
9618,water_hyacinth water_orchid Eichhornia_crassipes Eichhornia_spesiosa,a tropical floating aquatic plant having spikes of large blue flowers; troublesome in clogging waterways especially in southern United States
9619,water_lily,an aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae
9620,water_lobelia Lobelia_dortmanna,erect perennial aquatic herb of Europe and North America having submerged spongy leaves and pendulous racemes of blue flowers above the water
9621,water_locust swamp_locust Gleditsia_aquatica,honey locust of swamps and bottomlands of southern United States having short oval pods; yields dark heavy wood
9622,water_milfoil,an aquatic plant of the genus Myriophyllum having feathery underwater leaves and small inconspicuous flowers
9623,water_nymph fragrant_water_lily pond_lily Nymphaea_odorata,a water lily having large leaves and showy fragrant flowers that float on the water; of temperate and tropical regions
9624,water_oak possum_oak Quercus_nigra,relatively tall deciduous water oak of southeastern United States often cultivated as a shade tree; thrives in wet soil
9625,water_pimpernel,a white-flowered aquatic plant of the genus Samolus
9626,water_shamrock buckbean bogbean bog_myrtle marsh_trefoil Menyanthes_trifoliata,perennial plant of Europe and America having racemes of white or purplish flowers and intensely bitter trifoliate leaves; often rooting at water margin and spreading across the surface
9627,water_speedwell Veronica_michauxii Veronica_anagallis-aquatica,plant of wet places in Eurasia and America
9628,water_star_grass mud_plantain Heteranthera_dubia,grassy-leaved North American aquatic plant with yellow star-shaped blossoms
9629,water_starwort,any of several aquatic plants having a star-shaped rosette of floating leaves; America, Europe and Asia
9630,water_vascular_system,system of fluid-filled tubes used by echinoderms in locomotion and feeding and respiration
9631,watercourse,natural or artificial channel through which water flows
9632,watercress,any of several water-loving cresses
9633,waterfall falls,a steep descent of the water of a river
9634,waterleaf,any of several plants of the genus Hydrophyllum
9635,watermelon,large oblong or roundish melon with a hard green rind and sweet watery red or occasionally yellowish pulp
9636,watermelon watermelon_vine Citrullus_vulgaris,an African melon
9637,watermelon_begonia Peperomia_argyreia Peperomia_sandersii,grown as a houseplant for its silvery striped fleshy foliage; South America
9638,waterpower,the power to do work that is latent in a head of water
9639,waterspout,a tornado passing over water and picking up a column of water and mist
9640,waterway,a navigable body of water
9641,waterweed,a weedy aquatic plant of genus Elodea
9642,waterwheel_plant Aldrovanda_vesiculosa,floating aquatic carnivorous perennial of central and southern Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia having whorls of 6 to 9 leaves ending in hinged lobes for capturing e.g. water fleas
9643,wattle,any of various Australasian trees yielding slender poles suitable for wattle
9644,wattle lappet,a fleshy wrinkled and often brightly colored fold of skin hanging from the neck or throat of certain birds (chickens and turkeys) or lizards
9645,wave,a hairdo that creates undulations in the hair
9646,wave,a persistent and widespread unusual weather condition (especially of unusual temperatures); "a heat wave"
9647,wave_front,all the points just reached by a wave as it propagates
9648,wavy-leaved_aster,a variety of aster
9649,wax,any of various substances of either mineral origin or plant or animal origin; they are solid at normal temperatures and insoluble in water
9650,wax_bean,a common bean plant grown for its edible golden pod
9651,wax_begonia Begonia_semperflorens,hybrid fibrous-rooted begonia having broad-ovate green to bronze-red leaves and small clusters of white or pink or red flowers; widely used as a bedding plant
9652,wax_myrtle,any shrub or small tree of the genus Myrica with aromatic foliage and small wax-coated berries
9653,wax_palm Ceroxylon_andicola Ceroxylon_alpinum,palm of the Andes yielding a resinous wax which is mixed with tallow to make candles
9654,wax_plant Hoya_carnosa,succulent climber of southern Asia with umbels of pink and white star-shaped flowers
9655,waxmallow wax_mallow sleeping_hibiscus,any of various plants of the genus Malvaviscus having brilliant bell-shaped drooping flowers like incompletely opened hibiscus flowers
9656,wayfaring_tree twist_wood twistwood Viburnum_lantana,vigorous deciduous European treelike shrub common along waysides; red berries turn black
9657,weak_interaction weak_force,(physics) an interaction between elementary particles involving neutrinos or antineutrinos that is responsible for certain kinds of radioactive decay; mediated by intermediate vector bosons
9658,weakly_interacting_massive_particle WIMP,a hypothetical subatomic particle of large mass that interacts weakly with ordinary matter through gravitation; postulated as a constituent of the dark matter of the universe
9659,weather weather_condition conditions atmospheric_condition,the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation; "they were hoping for good weather"; "every day we have weather conditions and yesterday was no exception"; "the conditions were too rainy for playing in the snow"
9660,web,membrane connecting the toes of some aquatic birds and mammals
9661,webbed_foot,a bird's foot with folds of skin between the toes
9662,webfoot,a foot having the toes connected by folds of skin
9663,weed,any plant that crowds out cultivated plants
9664,weeping_beech Fagus_pendula Fagus_sylvatica_pendula,variety of European beech with pendulous limbs
9665,weeping_love_grass African_love_grass Eragrostis_curvula,perennial South African grass having densely clumped flimsy stems; introduced into United States especially for erosion control
9666,weeping_spruce Brewer's_spruce Picea_breweriana,medium-sized spruce of California and Oregon having pendulous branches
9667,weeping_tree_broom,small shrubby tree of New Zealand having weeping branches and racemes of white to violet flowers followed by woolly indehiscent two-seeded pods
9668,weeping_willow Babylonian_weeping_willow Salix_babylonica,willow with long drooping branches and slender leaves native to China; widely cultivated as an ornamental
9669,weigela Weigela_florida,deciduous shrub widely cultivated for its white or pink or red flowers
9670,welted_thistle Carduus_crispus,European biennial introduced in North America having flower heads in crowded clusters at ends of branches
9671,welwitschia Welwitschia_mirabilis,curious plant of arid regions of southwestern Africa having a yard-high and yard-wide trunk like a turnip with a deep taproot and two large persistent woody straplike leaves growing from the base; living relic of a flora long disappeared; some may be 700-5000 years old
9672,west_wind wester,wind that blows from west to east
9673,western_blackberry western_dewberry Rubus_ursinus,American blackberry with oblong black fruit
9674,western_buttercup Ranunculus_occidentalis,perennial of western North America
9675,western_chokecherry Prunus_virginiana_demissa Prunus_demissa,chokecherry of western United States
9676,western_hemlock Pacific_hemlock west_coast_hemlock Tsuga_heterophylla,tall evergreen of western North America; commercially important timber tree
9677,western_holly_fern Polystichum_scopulinum,North American fern
9678,western_ladies'_tresses Spiranthes_porrifolia,similar to Spiranthes romanzoffiana; western United States
9679,western_larch western_tamarack Oregon_larch Larix_occidentalis,tall larch of western North America have pale green sharply pointed leaves and oblong cones; an important timber tree
9680,western_mugwort white_sage cudweed prairie_sage Artemisia_ludoviciana Artemisia_gnaphalodes,perennial cottony-white herb of southwestern United States
9681,western_poppy Papaver_californicum,showy annual of California with red flowers
9682,western_ragweed perennial_ragweed Ambrosia_psilostachya,coarse perennial ragweed with creeping roots of dry barren lands of southwestern United States and Mexico
9683,western_red_cedar red_cedar canoe_cedar Thuja_plicata,large valuable arborvitae of northwestern United States
9684,western_redbud California_redbud Cercis_occidentalis,shrub of western United States having pink or crimson flowers; often forms thickets
9685,western_saxifrage Saxifraga_occidentalis,saxifrage having loose clusters of white flowers on hairy stems growing from a cluster of basal leaves; moist slopes of western North America
9686,western_wall_flower Erysimum_asperum Cheiranthus_asperus Erysimum_arkansanum,biennial or short-lived perennial prairie rocket having orange-yellow flowers; western North America to Minnesota and Kansas; sometimes placed in genus Cheiranthus
9687,western_wheatgrass bluestem_wheatgrass Agropyron_smithii,valuable forage grass of western United States
9688,western_white_pine silver_pine mountain_pine Pinus_monticola,tall pine of western North America with stout blue-green needles; bark is grey-brown with rectangular plates when mature
9689,westland_pine silver_pine Lagarostrobus_colensoi,timber tree of New Zealand having shiny white wood
9690,whacker whopper,something especially big or impressive of its kind
9691,whale_oil train_oil,a white to brown oil obtained from whale blubber; formerly used as an illuminant
9692,wheat,annual or biennial grass having erect flower spikes and light brown grains
9693,wheat_berry,a grain of wheat
9694,wheat_gluten,gluten prepared from wheat
9695,wheatgrass wheat-grass,a grass of the genus Agropyron
9696,wheel_tree firewheel_tree Stenocarpus_sinuatus,eastern Australian tree widely cultivated as a shade tree and for its glossy leaves and circular clusters of showy red to orange-scarlet flowers
9697,wheeze,breathing with a husky or whistling sound
9698,whinstone whin,any of various hard colored rocks (especially rocks consisting of chert or basalt)
9699,whirlwind,a more or less vertical column of air whirling around itself as it moves over the surface of the Earth
9700,whisk_fern,chiefly tropical clump-forming plants of skeletal appearance resembling whisk brooms; lacking roots
9701,whisker vibrissa sensory_hair,a long stiff hair growing from the snout or brow of most mammals as e.g. a cat
9702,white-berry_yew Pseudotaxus_chienii,yew of southeastern China, differing from the Old World yew in having white berries
9703,white-leaved_rockrose Cistus_albidus,compact white pubescent shrub of southwestern Europe having pink flowers
9704,white-rayed_mule's_ears Wyethia_helianthoides,herb with basal leaves and leafy hairy stems bearing solitary flower heads with white or pale cream-colored rays; northwestern United States
9705,white-topped_aster,herb having corymbose white-rayed flowers with scaly bracts and silky indehiscent fruits
9706,white_alder mountain_alder Alnus_rhombifolia,tree of western United States
9707,white_ash Fraxinus_Americana,spreading American ash with leaves pale green or silvery beneath and having hard brownish wood
9708,white_basswood cottonwood Tilia_heterophylla,American basswood of the Allegheny region
9709,white_broom white_Spanish_broom Cytisus_albus Cytisus_multiflorus,low European broom having trifoliate leaves and yellowish-white flowers
9710,white_bryony devil's_turnip Bryonia_alba,white-flowered vine having thick roots and bearing small black berries; Europe to Iran
9711,white_camas Zigadenus_glaucus,plant of eastern and central North America having creamy white flowers tinged with brown or purple; poisonous especially to grazing animals
9712,white_campion evening_lychnis white_cockle bladder_campion Silene_latifolia Lychnis_alba,bluish-green herb having sticky stems and clusters of large evening-opening white flowers with much-inflated calyx; sometimes placed in genus Lychnis
9713,white_clover dutch_clover shamrock Trifolium_repens,creeping European clover having white to pink flowers and bright green leaves; naturalized in United States; widely grown for forage
9714,white_currant Ribes_sativum,garden currant bearing small white berries
9715,white_dead_nettle Lamium_album,European dead nettle with white flowers
9716,white_dipladenia Mandevilla_boliviensis Dipladenia_boliviensis,shrubby climber having glossy leaves and white funnel-shaped flowers with yellow throats
9717,white_dogtooth_violet white_dog's-tooth_violet blonde_lilian Erythronium_albidum,North American dogtooth having solitary white flowers with yellow centers and blue or pink exteriors
9718,white_dwarf white_dwarf_star,a faint star of enormous density
9719,white_false_indigo Baptisia_lactea,erect or spreading herb having racemes of creamy white flowers; the eastern United States
9720,white_fir Colorado_fir California_white_fir Abies_concolor Abies_lowiana,medium to tall fir of central to western United States having a narrow erect crown and soft wood
9721,white_fringed_orchis white_fringed_orchid Habenaria_albiflora,bog orchid of eastern North America with a spike of pure white fringed flowers
9722,white_fritillary Fritillaria_liliaceae,California herb with white conic or bell-shaped flowers usually tinged with green
9723,white_globe_lily white_fairy_lantern Calochortus_albus,globe lily having open branched clusters of egg-shaped white flowers; southern California
9724,white_heather Cassiope_mertensiana,heath of mountains of western United States having bell-shaped white flowers
9725,white_hellebore American_hellebore Indian_poke bugbane Veratrum_viride,North American plant having large leaves and yellowish green flowers growing in racemes; yields a toxic alkaloid used medicinally
9726,white_honeysuckle Lonicera_albiflora,bushy honeysuckle with twining branches and white or yellow-white flowers; southern United States
9727,white_lettuce cankerweed Nabalus_alba Prenanthes_alba,herb of northeastern North America having drooping clusters of yellowish-white flowers; sometimes placed in genus Prenanthes
9728,white_lupine field_lupine wolf_bean Egyptian_lupine Lupinus_albus,white-flowered Eurasian herb widely cultivated for forage and erosion control
9729,white_maire Olea_lanceolata,small New Zealand tree having red pulpy one-seeded fruit
9730,white_mallee congoo_mallee Eucalyptus_dumosa,small shrubby mallee
9731,white_mangrove Avicennia_officinalis,a small to medium-sized tree growing in brackish water especially along the shores of the southwestern Pacific
9732,white_mangrove Laguncularia_racemosa,shrub to moderately large tree that grows in brackish water along the seacoasts of western Africa and tropical America; locally important as a source of tannin
9733,white_matter substantia_alba,whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths
9734,white_milkweed Asclepias_albicans,tall herb with leafless white waxy stems and whitish starlike flowers; southwestern United States
9735,white_mountain_ash Eucalyptus_fraxinoides,large tree with dark compact bark on lower trunk but smooth and white above; yields lumber similar to that of European or American ashes
9736,white_mulberry Morus_alba,Asiatic mulberry with white to pale red fruit; leaves used to feed silkworms
9737,white_mullein Verbascum_lychnitis,densely hairy Eurasian herb with racemose white flowers; naturalized in North America
9738,white_mustard Brassica_hirta Sinapis_alba,Eurasian mustard cultivated for its pungent seeds; a source of table mustard and mustard oil
9739,white_oak,any of numerous Old World and American oaks having 6 to 8 stamens in each floret, acorns that mature in one year and leaf veins that never extend beyond the margin of the leaf
9740,white_pine,any of several five-needled pines with white wood and smooth usually light grey bark when young; especially the eastern white pine
9741,white_poplar white_aspen abele aspen_poplar silver-leaved_poplar Populus_alba,a poplar that is widely cultivated in the United States; has white bark and leaves with whitish undersurfaces
9742,white_prairie_aster Aster_falcatus,perennial of western North America having white flowers
9743,white_rocket Diplotaxis_erucoides,from Mediterranean region; a naturalized weed throughout southern Europe
9744,white_snakeroot white_sanicle Ageratina_altissima Eupatorium_rugosum,American herb having flat-topped clusters of small white flower heads; reputedly a cause of trembles and milk sickness; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium
9745,white_snapdragon Antirrhinum_coulterianum,California plant with slender racemes of white flowers
9746,white_spruce Picea_glauca,medium-sized spruce of northeastern North America having short blue-green leaves and slender cones
9747,white_stringybark thin-leaved_stringybark Eucalyptusd_eugenioides,stringybark having white wood
9748,white_sweet_clover white_melilot Melilotus_alba,biennial plant; valuable honey plant
9749,white_willow Huntingdon_willow Salix_alba,large willow tree of Eurasia and North Africa having greyish canescent leaves and grey bark
9750,white_wood_aster Aster_divaricatus,rhizomatous perennial wood aster of eastern North America with white flowers
9751,white_yam water_yam Dioscorea_alata,grown in Australasia and Polynesia for its large root with fine edible white flesh
9752,white_zinnia Zinnia_acerosa,subshrub with slender woolly stems and long narrow leaves and flower heads with white rays; southern United States and northern Mexico
9753,whitebark_pine whitebarked_pine Pinus_albicaulis,small pine of western North America; having smooth grey-white bark and soft brittle wood; similar to limber pine
9754,whitecup Nierembergia_repens Nierembergia_rivularis,prostrate woody South American herb with white tubular flowers often tinged with blue or rose
9755,whiteout,an arctic atmospheric condition with clouds over snow produce a uniform whiteness and objects are difficult to see; occurs when the light reflected off the snow equals the light coming through the clouds
9756,whitethorn English_hawthorn may Crataegus_laevigata Crataegus_oxycantha,thorny Eurasian shrub of small tree having dense clusters of white to scarlet flowers followed by deep red berries; established as an escape in eastern North America
9757,whitlow_grass shadflower shad-flower Draba_verna,annual weed of Europe and North America having a rosette of basal leaves and tiny flowers followed by oblong seed capsules
9758,whole unit,an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity; "how big is that part compared to the whole?"; "the team is a unit"
9759,whole_gale,wind moving 55-63 knots; 10 on the Beaufort scale
9760,whorled_aster Aster_acuminatus,North American perennial with apparently whorled leaves and showy white purple-tinged flowers
9761,whorled_caraway,a caraway with whorled leaves
9762,whorled_loosestrife Lysimachia_quadrifolia,common North American yellow-flowered plant
9763,whorled_milkweed Asclepias_verticillata,milkweed of the eastern United States with narrow leaves in whorls and greenish-white flowers
9764,widening broadening,an increase in width
9765,wild_China_tree Sapindus_drumondii Sapindus_marginatus,deciduous tree of southwestern United States having pulpy fruit containing saponin
9766,wild_angelica Angelica_sylvestris,European herb with compound leaves and white flowers; adventive on Cape Breton Island
9767,wild_apple crab_apple crabapple,any of numerous wild apple trees usually with small acidic fruit
9768,wild_basil cushion_calamint Clinopodium_vulgare Satureja_vulgaris,aromatic herb having heads of small pink or whitish flowers; widely distributed in United States, Europe and Asia
9769,wild_buckwheat California_buckwheat Erigonum_fasciculatum,low-growing shrub with spreading branches and flowers in loose heads; desert regions of western United States (California to Utah)
9770,wild_cabbage Brassica_oleracea,wild original of cultivated cabbages; common in western coastal Europe
9771,wild_carrot Queen_Anne's_lace Daucus_carota,a widely naturalized Eurasian herb with finely cut foliage and white compound umbels of small white or yellowish flowers and thin yellowish roots
9772,wild_celery Apium_graveolens,herb of Europe and temperate Asia
9773,wild_cherry,the fruit of the wild cherry tree
9774,wild_cherry wild_cherry_tree,an uncultivated cherry tree
9775,wild_cinnamon white_cinnamon_tree Canella_winterana Canella-alba,large evergreen shrub or small tree having white aromatic bark and leathery leaves and small purple to red flowers in terminal cymes
9776,wild_cotton Arizona_wild_cotton Gossypium_thurberi,shrub of southern Arizona and Mexico
9777,wild_crab Malus_sylvestris,wild crab apple native to Europe; a chief ancestor of cultivated apples
9778,wild_fig Clusia_flava,a West Indies clusia having fig-shaped fruit
9779,wild_garlic wood_garlic Ramsons Allium_ursinum,pungent Old World weedy plant
9780,wild_geranium spotted_cranesbill Geranium_maculatum,common wild geranium of eastern North America with deeply parted leaves and rose-purple flowers
9781,wild_ginger,low-growing perennial herb with pungent gingery leaves and rhizomes
9782,wild_hollyhock Iliamna_remota Sphaeralcea_remota,a rare mallow found only in Illinois resembling the common hollyhock and having pale rose-mauve flowers; sometimes placed in genus Sphaeralcea
9783,wild_hyacinth indigo_squill Camassia_scilloides,eastern camas; eastern and central North America
9784,wild_hyacinth wood_hyacinth bluebell harebell Hyacinthoides_nonscripta Scilla_nonscripta,sometimes placed in genus Scilla
9785,wild_hydrangea Hydrangea_arborescens,deciduous shrub with creamy white flower clusters; eastern United States
9786,wild_indigo false_indigo,any of several plants of the genus Baptisia
9787,wild_leek Levant_garlic kurrat Allium_ampeloprasum,coarse Old World perennial having a large bulb and tall stalk of greenish purple-tinged flowers; widely naturalized
9788,wild_licorice Galium_lanceolatum,bedstraw with sweetish roots
9789,wild_licorice wild_liquorice American_licorice American_liquorice Glycyrrhiza_lepidota,North American plant similar to true licorice and having a root with similar properties
9790,wild_licorice wild_liquorice Astragalus_glycyphyllos,European perennial
9791,wild_lily_of_the_valley Pyrola_rotundifolia,evergreen with rounded leaves and very fragrant creamy-white flowers; widely distributed in northern parts of Old and New Worlds
9792,wild_lily_of_the_valley shinleaf Pyrola_elliptica,North American evergreen with small pinkish bell-shaped flowers and oblong leaves used formerly for shinplasters
9793,wild_lupine sundial_lupine Indian_beet old-maid's_bonnet Lupinus_perennis,stout perennial of eastern and central North America having palmate leaves and showy racemose blue flowers
9794,wild_madder white_madder white_bedstraw infant's-breath false_baby's_breath Galium_mollugo,Eurasian herb with ample panicles of small white flowers; naturalized in North America
9795,wild_mango dika wild_mango_tree Irvingia_gabonensis,African tree with edible yellow fruit resembling mangos; valued for its oil-rich seed and hardy green wood that resists termites
9796,wild_medlar wild_medlar_tree medlar Vangueria_infausta,small deciduous tree of southern Africa having edible fruit
9797,wild_oat wild_oat_grass Avena_fatua,common in meadows and pastures
9798,wild_olive Elaeagnus_latifolia,erect shrub or climber of India and China with red olivelike fruit
9799,wild_onion,any of various plants of the genus Allium with edible bulbs found growing wild
9800,wild_pansy Johnny-jump-up heartsease love-in-idleness pink_of_my_John Viola_tricolor,a common and long cultivated European herb from which most common garden pansies are derived
9801,wild_parsley,any of various uncultivated umbelliferous plants with foliage resembling that of carrots or parsley
9802,wild_parsnip madnep,biennial weed in Europe and America having large pinnate leaves and yellow flowers and a bitter and somewhat poisonous root; the ancestor of cultivated parsnip
9803,wild_pea,any of various plants of the family Leguminosae that usually grow like vines
9804,wild_peach Kiggelaria_africana,large much-branched shrub grown primarily for its evergreen foliage
9805,wild_pink Silene_caroliniana,perennial of eastern and central North America having short-stalked pink or white flowers in hairy clusters
9806,wild_plum wild_plum_tree,an uncultivated plum tree or shrub
9807,wild_potato Solanum_jamesii,erect or spreading perennial of southwestern United States and Mexico bearing small pale brown to cream-colored tubers resembling potatoes
9808,wild_potato_vine wild_sweet_potato_vine man-of-the-earth manroot scammonyroot Ipomoea_panurata Ipomoea_fastigiata,tropical American prostrate or climbing herbaceous perennial having an enormous starchy root; sometimes held to be source of the sweet potato
9809,wild_raspberry European_raspberry framboise Rubus_idaeus,the common European raspberry; fruit red or orange
9810,wild_red_oat animated_oat Avene_sterilis,Mediterranean oat held to be progenitor of modern cultivated oat
9811,wild_rice Zizania_aquatica,perennial aquatic grass of North America bearing grain used for food
9812,wild_rosemary marsh_tea Ledum_palustre,bog shrub of northern and central Europe and eastern Siberia to Korea and Japan
9813,wild_rye,any of several grasses of the genus Elymus
9814,wild_sage wild_clary vervain_sage Salvia_verbenaca,Eurasian sage with blue flowers and foliage like verbena; naturalized in United States
9815,wild_sarsaparilla false_sarsaparilla wild_sarsparilla Aralia_nudicaulis,common perennial herb having aromatic roots used as a substitute for sarsaparilla; central and eastern North America
9816,wild_senna Senna_marilandica Cassia_marilandica,North American perennial herb; leaves are used medicinally; sometimes placed in genus Cassia
9817,wild_service_tree Sorbus_torminalis,European tree bearing edible small speckled brown fruit
9818,wild_spurge flowering_spurge tramp's_spurge Euphorbia_corollata,common perennial United States spurge having showy white petallike bracts
9819,wild_strawberry wood_strawberry Fragaria_vesca,Europe
9820,wild_tamarind Lysiloma_latisiliqua Lysiloma_bahamensis,a tree of the West Indies and Florida and Mexico; resembles tamarind and has long flat pods
9821,wild_teasel Dipsacus_sylvestris,European teasel with white to pink flowers; naturalized in United States
9822,wild_thyme creeping_thyme Thymus_serpyllum,aromatic dwarf shrub common on banks and hillsides in Europe; naturalized in United States
9823,wild_tobacco Indian_tobacco Nicotiana_rustica,tobacco plant of South America and Mexico
9824,wild_vanilla Trilisa_odoratissima,perennial of southeastern United States with leaves having the fragrance of vanilla
9825,wild_wheat wild_emmer Triticum_dicoccum_dicoccoides,found wild in Palestine; held to be prototype of cultivated wheat
9826,wild_yam Dioscorea_paniculata,having a rhizome formerly dried and used to treat rheumatism or liver disorders
9827,wildflower wild_flower,wild or uncultivated flowering plant
9828,wilding,a wild uncultivated plant (especially a wild apple or crabapple tree)
9829,willow willow_tree,any of numerous deciduous trees and shrubs of the genus Salix
9830,willow_aster,a variety of aster
9831,willow_oak Quercus_phellos,medium to large deciduous oak of the eastern United States having long lanceolate leaves and soft strong wood
9832,willowherb,a plant of the genus Epilobium having pink or yellow flowers and seeds with silky hairs
9833,wince flinch,a reflex response to sudden pain
9834,wind,a tendency or force that influences events; "the winds of change"
9835,wind,breath; "the collision knocked the wind out of him"
9836,wind air_current current_of_air,air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure; "trees bent under the fierce winds"; "when there is no wind, row"; "the radioactivity was being swept upwards by the air current and out into the atmosphere"
9837,wind_generation wind_power,power derived from the wind (as by windmills)
9838,wind_poppy flaming_poppy Stylomecon_heterophyllum Papaver_heterophyllum,California wild poppy with bright red flowers
9839,windage,the retarding force of air friction on a moving object
9840,windfall,fruit that has fallen from the tree
9841,windmill_grass creeping_windmill_grass star_grass Chloris_truncata,perennial Australian grass having numerous long spikes arranged like the vanes of a windmill
9842,windstorm,a storm consisting of violent winds
9843,wine_palm jaggery_palm kitul kittul kitul_tree toddy_palm Caryota_urens,fishtail palm of India to Malay Peninsula; sap yields a brown sugar (jaggery) and trunk pith yields sago
9844,wineberry Rubus_phoenicolasius,raspberry of China and Japan having pale pink flowers grown for ornament and for the small red acid fruits
9845,wing,a movable organ for flying (one of a pair)
9846,wing_case elytron,either of the horny front wings in beetles and some other insects which cover and protect the functional hind wings
9847,wing_nut wing-nut,any tree of the genus Pterocarya; fruit is a small winged nutlet; Caucasus to southeastern Asia
9848,winged_bean winged_pea goa_bean goa_bean_vine Manila_bean Psophocarpus_tetragonolobus,a tuberous twining annual vine bearing clusters of purplish flowers and pods with four jagged wings; Old World tropics
9849,winged_elm wing_elm Ulmus_alata,North American elm having twigs and young branches with prominent corky projections
9850,winged_everlasting Ammobium_alatum,Australian plant widely cultivated for its beautiful silvery-white blooms with bright yellow centers on long winged stems
9851,winged_pea asparagus_pea Lotus_tetragonolobus,sprawling European annual having a 4-winged edible pod
9852,winged_pigweed tumbleweed Cycloloma_atriplicifolium,bushy annual weed of central North America having greenish flowers and winged seeds
9853,winged_spindle_tree Euonymous_alatus,bushy deciduous shrub with branches having thin wide corky longitudinal wings; brilliant red in autumn; northeastern Asia to central China
9854,wingstem golden_ironweed yellow_ironweed golden_honey_plant Verbesina_alternifolia Actinomeris_alternifolia,perennial herb with showy yellow flowers; the eastern United States
9855,winter's_bark,aromatic bark having tonic and stimulant properties
9856,winter's_bark winter's_bark_tree Drimys_winteri,South American evergreen tree yielding winter's bark and a light soft wood similar to basswood
9857,winter_aconite Eranthis_hyemalis,small Old World perennial herb grown for its bright yellow flowers which appear in early spring often before snow is gone
9858,winter_cress St._Barbara's_herb scurvy_grass,any plant of the genus Barbarea: yellow-flowered Eurasian cresses; widely cultivated for winter salad
9859,winter_crookneck winter_crookneck_squash Cucurbita_moschata,any of various plants bearing squash having hard rinds and elongated recurved necks
9860,winter_currant Ribes_sanguineum,a flowering shrub
9861,winter_hazel flowering_hazel,any of several Asiatic deciduous shrubs cultivated for their nodding racemes of yellow flowers that appear before the leaves
9862,winter_heath spring_heath Erica_carnea,dwarf European shrub with very early blooming bell-shaped red flowers
9863,winter_heliotrope sweet_coltsfoot Petasites_fragrans,European herb with vanilla-scented white-pink flowers
9864,winter_jasmine Jasminum_nudiflorum,deciduous rambling shrub widely cultivated for its winter-blooming yellow flowers
9865,winter_melon,the fruit of the winter melon vine; a green melon with pale green to orange flesh that keeps well
9866,winter_melon Persian_melon honeydew_melon winter_melon_vine Cucumis_melo_inodorus,any of a variety of muskmelon vines having fruit with a smooth white rind and white or greenish flesh that does not have a musky smell
9867,winter_purslane miner's_lettuce Cuban_spinach Montia_perfoliata,succulent herb sometimes grown as a salad or pot herb; grows on dunes and waste ground of Pacific coast of North America
9868,winter_savory Satureja_montana Satureia_montana,erect perennial subshrub having pink or white flowers and leathery leaves with a flavor of thyme; southern Europe
9869,winter_squash winter_squash_plant,any of various plants of the species Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata producing squashes that have hard rinds and mature in the fall
9870,winter_sweet poison_arrow_plant Acocanthera_oblongifolia Acocanthera_spectabilis,medium-sized shrubby tree of South Africa having thick leathery evergreen leaves and white or pink flowers and globose usually two-seeded purplish black fruits
9871,wintergreen boxberry checkerberry teaberry spiceberry,spicy red berrylike fruit; source of wintergreen oil
9872,wintergreen pyrola,any of several evergreen perennials of the genus Pyrola
9873,wisdom_tooth,any of the last 4 teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaw; the last of the permanent teeth to erupt (between ages 16 and 21)
9874,wishbone wishing_bone,the furcula of a domestic fowl
9875,wisteria wistaria,any flowering vine of the genus Wisteria
9876,witch_elm wych_elm Ulmus_glabra,Eurasian elm often planted as a shade tree
9877,witch_hazel witch_hazel_plant wych_hazel wych_hazel_plant,any of several shrubs or trees of the genus Hamamelis; bark yields an astringent lotion
9878,witchgrass witch_grass old_witchgrass old_witch_grass tumble_grass Panicum_capillare,North American grass with slender brushy panicles; often a weed on cultivated land
9879,withe withy,strong flexible twig
9880,withers,the highest part of the back at the base of the neck of various animals especially draft animals
9881,woad,any of several herbs of the genus Isatis
9882,wood_anemone Anemone_nemorosa,European anemone with solitary white flowers common in deciduous woodlands
9883,wood_anemone snowdrop Anemone_quinquefolia,common anemone of eastern North America with solitary pink-tinged white flowers
9884,wood_aster,any of several asters of eastern North America usually growing in woods
9885,wood_fern wood-fern woodfern,any of various ferns of the genus Dryopteris
9886,wood_horsetail Equisetum_Sylvaticum,Eurasia except southern Russia; northern North America
9887,wood_lily Lilium_philadelphicum,lily of eastern North America having orange to orange-red purple-spotted flowers
9888,wood_meadowgrass Poa_nemoralis Agrostis_alba,slender European grass of shady places; grown also in northeastern America and temperate Asia
9889,wood_mint,American herb of genus Blephilia with more or less hairy leaves and clusters of purplish or bluish flowers
9890,wood_nettle Laportea_canadensis,American perennial herb found in rich woods and provided with stinging hairs; provides fibers used for textiles
9891,wood_pulp,wood that has been ground to a pulp; used in making cellulose products (as rayon or paper)
9892,wood_sage Teucrium_scorodonia,European germander with one-sided racemes of yellow flowers; naturalized in North America
9893,wood_spurge Euphorbia_amygdaloides,European perennial herb with greenish yellow terminal flower clusters
9894,wood_sugar xylose,a sugar extracted from wood or straw; used in foods for diabetics
9895,woodbine Lonicera_periclymenum,European twining honeysuckle with fragrant red and yellow-white flowers
9896,woodland_oxeye Buphthalmum_salicifolium,hairy Eurasian perennial having deep yellow daisies on lax willowy stems; found in the wild in open woodland and on rocky slopes
9897,woodland_star Lithophragma_affine Lithophragma_affinis Tellima_affinis,California perennial herb cultivated for its racemose white flowers with widely spreading petals; sometimes placed in genus Tellima
9898,woodruff,any plant of the genus Asperula
9899,woodsia,any fern of the genus Woodsia
9900,woodwaxen dyer's_greenweed dyer's-broom dyeweed greenweed whin woadwaxen Genista_tinctoria,small Eurasian shrub having clusters of yellow flowers that yield a dye; common as a weed in Britain and the United States; sometimes grown as an ornamental
9901,woody_plant ligneous_plant,a plant having hard lignified tissues or woody parts especially stems
9902,wool fleece,outer coat of especially sheep and yaks
9903,wool_oil,any oil used to oil wool before spinning
9904,woolly_daisy dwarf_daisy Antheropeas_wallacei Eriophyllum_wallacei,tiny grey woolly tufted annual with small golden-yellow flower heads; southeastern California to northwestern Arizona and southwestern Utah; sometimes placed in genus Eriophyllum
9905,woolly_sunflower,any plant of the genus Eriophyllum
9906,woolly_thistle Cirsium_flodmanii,thistle of western North America having white woolly leaves
9907,wooly_lip_fern hairy_lip_fern Cheilanthes_lanosa,small North American evergreen fern whose stipes and lower frond surfaces are densely wooly
9908,word_processing,rapid and efficient processing (storage and printing) of linguistic data for composition and editing
9909,work,(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force; "work equals force times distance"
9910,world,a part of the earth that can be considered separately; "the outdoor world"; "the world of insects"
9911,wormseed_mustard Erysimum_cheiranthoides,slender yellow-flowered European mustard often troublesome as a weed; formerly used as an anthelmintic
9912,wormwood,any of several low composite herbs of the genera Artemisia or Seriphidium
9913,wormwood_oil absinthe_oil,a dark bitter oil obtained from wormwood leaves; flavors absinthe liqueurs
9914,wormwood_sage prairie_sagewort Artemisia_frigida,silky-leaved aromatic perennial of dry northern parts of the northern hemisphere; has tawny florets
9915,wort,usually used in combination: `liverwort'; `milkwort'; `whorlywort'
9916,wrist carpus wrist_joint radiocarpal_joint articulatio_radiocarpea,a joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones
9917,xenolith,(geology) a piece of rock of different origin from the igneous rock in which it is embedded
9918,xeranthemum,any plant of the genus Xeranthemum native to southern Europe having chaffy or silvery flower heads with purplish tubular flowers
9919,xiphoid_process,smallest of the three parts of the breastbone; articulates with the corpus sternum and the seventh rib
9920,xylem,the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels
9921,xylosma Xylosma_congestum,shrub or small tree grown as an ornamental in mild climates for its neat evergreen foliage and fragrant late flowers; native of China
9922,yacca yacca_podocarp Podocarpus_coriaceus,West Indian evergreen with medium to long leaves
9923,yam,edible tuber of any of several yams
9924,yam yam_plant,any of a number of tropical vines of the genus Dioscorea many having edible tuberous roots
9925,yam_bean Pachyrhizus_erosus,Central American twining plant with edible roots and pods; large tubers are eaten raw or cooked especially when young and young pods must be thoroughly cooked; pods and seeds also yield rotenone and oils
9926,yam_bean potato_bean Pachyrhizus_tuberosus,twining plant of Amazon basin having large edible roots
9927,yardgrass yard_grass wire_grass goose_grass Eleusine_indica,coarse annual grass having fingerlike spikes of flowers; native to Old World tropics; a naturalized weed elsewhere
9928,yarrow milfoil Achillea_millefolium,ubiquitous strong-scented mat-forming Eurasian herb of wasteland, hedgerow or pasture having narrow serrate leaves and small usually white florets; widely naturalized in North America
9929,yaupon_holly,an evergreen shrub
9930,yautia tannia spoonflower malanga Xanthosoma_sagittifolium Xanthosoma_atrovirens,tropical American aroid having edible tubers that are cooked and eaten like yams or potatoes
9931,yawn yawning oscitance oscitancy,an involuntary intake of breath through a wide open mouth; usually triggered by fatigue or boredom; "he could not suppress a yawn"; "the yawning in the audience told him it was time to stop"; "he apologized for his oscitancy"
9932,yellow-eyed_grass,any of several rushlike plants, especially of the pine barrens of southern United States
9933,yellow-leaf_sickle_pine Falcatifolium_taxoides,a rain forest tree or shrub of New Caledonia having a conic crown and pale green sickle-shaped leaves; host species for the rare parasite yew
9934,yellow_adder's_tongue trout_lily amberbell Erythronium_americanum,eastern North American dogtooth having solitary yellow flowers marked with brown or purple and spotted interiors
9935,yellow_avens Geum_alleppicum_strictum Geum_strictum,erect subshrub with deep yellow flowers; Europe and Asia and North America
9936,yellow_avens Geum_macrophyllum,hairy yellow-flowered plant of eastern Asia and North America
9937,yellow_bedstraw yellow_cleavers Our_Lady's_bedstraw Galium_verum,common yellow-flowered perennial bedstraw; North America and Europe and Asia
9938,yellow_bells California_yellow_bells whispering_bells Emmanthe_penduliflora,viscid herb of arid or desert habitats of southwestern United States having pendulous yellow flowers
9939,yellow_birch Betula_alleghaniensis Betula_leutea,tree of eastern North America with thin lustrous yellow or grey bark
9940,yellow_bristlegrass yellow_bristle_grass yellow_foxtail glaucous_bristlegrass Setaria_glauca,common weedy and bristly grass found in nearly all temperate areas
9941,yellow_chamomile golden_marguerite dyers'_chamomile Anthemis_tinctoria,Eurasian perennial herb with hairy divided leaves and yellow flowers; naturalized in North America
9942,yellow_clintonia heal_all Clintonia_borealis,common woodland herb of temperate North America having yellow nodding flowers and small round blue fruits
9943,yellow_colicroot Aletris_aurea,colicroot with yellow-bracted racemose flowers; smaller than Aletris farinosa; southeastern United States
9944,yellow_cypress yellow_cedar Nootka_cypress Alaska_cedar Chamaecyparis_nootkatensis,tall evergreen of the Pacific coast of North America often cultivated for ornament
9945,yellow_foxglove straw_foxglove Digitalis_lutea,European yellow-flowered foxglove
9946,yellow_giant_hyssop Agastache_nepetoides,erect perennial with stout stems and yellow-green flowers; southern Canada and southeastern United States
9947,yellow_globe_lily golden_fairy_lantern Calochortus_amabilis,globe lily having open branched clusters of clear yellow egg-shaped flowers; northern California
9948,yellow_henbane Physalis_viscosa,found on sea beaches from Virginia to South America having greenish-yellow flowers and orange or yellow berries
9949,yellow_honeysuckle Lonicera_dioica,twining deciduous shrub with clusters of purple-tinged yellow-green flowers; northeastern America
9950,yellow_honeysuckle Lonicera_flava,climbing deciduous shrub with fragrant yellow (later orange) flowers in terminal whorls; southeastern United States
9951,yellow_iris yellow_flag yellow_water_flag Iris_pseudacorus,common yellow-flowered iris of Europe and North Africa, naturalized in United States and often cultivated
9952,yellow_jasmine yellow_jessamine Carolina_jasmine evening_trumpet_flower Gelsemium_sempervirens,poisonous woody evergreen vine of southeastern United States having fragrant yellow funnel-shaped flowers
9953,yellow_lady's_slipper yellow_lady-slipper Cypripedium_calceolus Cypripedium_parviflorum,maroon to purple-brown orchid with yellow lip; Europe, North America and Japan
9954,yellow_loosestrife garden_loosestrife Lysimachia_vulgaris,frequently considered a weed; Europe and Asia
9955,yellow_lupine Lupinus_luteus,yellow-flowered European lupine cultivated for forage
9956,yellow_mariposa_tulip Calochortus_luteus,mariposa having clusters of a few large deep yellow bell-shaped flowers atop slender stems; California coastal ranges
9957,yellow_marrow yellow_bone_marrow,bone marrow that is yellow with fat; found at the ends of long bones in adults
9958,yellow_mountain_saxifrage Saxifraga_aizoides,tufted evergreen perennial having ciliate leaves and yellow corymbose flowers often spotted orange
9959,yellow_oleander Thevetia_peruviana Thevetia_neriifolia,tropical American shrub or small tree having glossy dark green leaves and fragrant saffron yellow to orange or peach- colored flowers; all parts highly poisonous
9960,yellow_pimpernel Lysimachia_nemorum,trailing European evergreen with yellow flowers
9961,yellow_pine,any of various pines having yellow wood
9962,yellow_rocket rockcress rocket_cress Barbarea_vulgaris Sisymbrium_barbarea,noxious cress with yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Sisymbrium
9963,yellow_salsify Tragopogon_dubius,European perennial naturalized throughout United States having hollow stems with a few long narrow tapered leaves and each bearing a solitary pale yellow flower
9964,yellow_sand_verbena Abronia_latifolia,plant having hemispherical heads of yellow trumpet-shaped flowers; found in coastal dunes from California to British Columbia
9965,yellow_spiny_daisy Haplopappus_spinulosus,slender perennial of western North America having weakly bristly leaves and yellow flower heads
9966,yellow_squash,any of various squash plants grown for their yellow fruits with somewhat elongated necks
9967,yellow_sweet_clover Melilotus_officinalis,biennial yellow-flowered Eurasian plant having aromatic leaves used as carminative or flavoring agent; widely cultivated especially as green manure or cover crop
9968,yellow_twining_snapdragon Antirrhinum_filipes,southwestern United States plant with yellow flowers on stems that twist and twine through other vegetation
9969,yellow_water_lily Nuphar_lutea,a water lily with yellow flowers
9970,yellowwood yellowwood_tree,any of various trees having yellowish wood or yielding a yellow extract
9971,yerba_buena Micromeria_chamissonis Micromeria_douglasii Satureja_douglasii,trailing perennial evergreen herb of northwestern United States with small white flowers; used medicinally
9972,yerba_mansa Anemopsis_californica,stoloniferous herb of southwestern United States and Mexico having a pungent rootstock and small spicate flowers with white bracts suggesting an anemone
9973,yerba_santa Eriodictyon_californicum,viscid evergreen shrub of western United States with white to deep lilac flowers; the sticky aromatic leaves are used in treating bronchial and pulmonary illnesses
9974,yew,any of numerous evergreen trees or shrubs having red cup-shaped berries and flattened needlelike leaves
9975,yolk_sac,membranous structure enclosing the yolk of eggs in birds, reptiles, marsupials, and some fishes; circulates nutrients to the developing embryo
9976,yolk_sac vitelline_sac umbilical_vesicle vesicula_umbilicus,membranous structure that functions as the circulatory system in mammalian embryos until the heart becomes functional
9977,yucca,any of several evergreen plants of the genus Yucca having usually tall stout stems and a terminal cluster of white flowers; warmer regions of North America
9978,zamia,any of various cycads of the genus Zamia; among the smallest and most verdant cycads
9979,zebra_orchid Caladenia_cairnsiana,orchid with reddish linear leaves and panicle of purple-marked pale-yellow flowers with deep red or purple lip; southwestern Australia
9980,zebrawood zebrawood_tree,any of various trees or shrubs having mottled or striped wood
9981,zigzag_goldenrod broad_leaved_goldenrod,a variety of goldenrod
9982,zinnia old_maid old_maid_flower,any of various plants of the genus Zinnia cultivated for their variously and brightly colored flower heads
9983,zizz,a nap; "Arthur's taking a short zizz"
9984,zodiacal_light,a luminous tract in the sky; a reflection of sunlight from cosmic dust in the plane of the ecliptic; visible just before sunrise and just after sunset
9985,zona_pellucida,thick membrane around the mammalian ovum; can be penetrated by one sperm in the fertilization process; usually remains around the fertilized egg until it is implanted in the wall of the uterus
9986,zone zona,(anatomy) any encircling or beltlike structure
9987,zonule zonula,small beltlike zone
9988,zooid,one of the distinct individuals forming a colonial animal such as a bryozoan or hydrozoan
9989,zoophilia zoophilism,a sexual attraction to animals
9990,zoospore,an asexual spore of some algae and fungi that moves by means of flagella
9991,zoysia,any of several creeping grasses of the genus Zoysia
9992,zucchini courgette,marrow squash plant whose fruit are eaten when small
9993,zygodactyl_foot,a bird's foot having the first and fourth toes of each foot directed backward and the second and third forward
9994,zygoma zygomatic_arch arcus_zygomaticus,the slender arch formed by the temporal process of the cheekbone that bridges to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
9995,zygomatic_process,a slender process of the temporal bone that strengthens the zygomatic arch
9996,zygospore,a plant spore formed by two similar sexual cells
9997,zymase,a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms
9998,zymosis,(medicine) the development and spread of an infectious disease (especially one caused by a fungus)
9999,zymosis zymolysis fermentation fermenting ferment,a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol
